A STATE OF THE ART: WORLDWIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEMBRANES ... · A STATE OF THE ART: WORLDWIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEMBRANES AND JOINTS Stefan Lemke Sika Services AG [email protected]

A STATE OF THE ART: WORLDWIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEMBRANES AND JOINTS

Stefan Lemke

Sika Services AG

[email protected]

INTRODUCTION

Modern traffic tunnels and shafts are generally protected against mountain waterand water penetrating through rock fissures by a sealing system. The waterproofingsealing systems must be reliably fulfilling their function during the whole service lifeof the tunnel structure of regularly 100 years. Watertightness is directly related tothe durability and serviceability of the concrete lining.

OWNER’S PROJECT REQUIREMENT

e.g. acc. to BS 8102 (UK), Ril 853 (GER), SIA 197 (CH),

STUVA Report (GER)


2a Predictable influences 2b Life time prognosis

During construction During service

log𝑎𝑇 =𝑐1𝑅

1

𝑇−

1

𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓

Life time


2a Predictable influences 2b Life time prognosis

During construction During service

log𝑎𝑇 =𝑐1𝑅

1

𝑇−

1

𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓

Life time

EXAMPLE SPECIFICATION CLAUSE

EXAMPLE MANUFACTURE'S RESPOND

Lifetime of tunnel membranes

Dear Sir or Madam,

Herewith we declare that the expected durability of our product is morethan 120 years under normal conditions when installed from ourauthorised installation company.

Our products are manufactures under extremely strict quality controland assurance management system.

LIFE TIME PROGNOSIS

During service the waterproofing is subjected to chemical, biological and physical influences from the environment, which affects its mechanical properties - and it ages.

The long-term resistance of the waterproofing defines its ability to maintain the required characteristics under exposure to the predictable environmental influences during its service life.

GOAL/CHALLENGE

The challenge for the industry, owners and designers is finally the development of qualification testing and requirements (acceptance criteria) for products to ensure the design life time performance.

Long-term aging behavior is not given per se and has to be explored extensively by suitable tests, which simulate - under accelerated processes -real exposures, loads and degradation mechanisms.

Hereby the understanding of the individual aging processes are crucial beside the long-term experience (references) with these materials to ensure the transfer of the laboratory results and performance to site practice (test calibration) and vice versa.

PREDICTABLE INFLUENCES

Predictable influences include the potential specific material performance reduction factors such as:

o hydrolysis (water attack) and humidity

o temperature effects

o oxidation (break-up of molecular chains due to acid, oxygen or ozone)

o solvation, i.e. change in physical properties due to absorption of liquids

o chemical and microbiological attack

o mechanical stresses/loads (e.g. pressures, tension, fatigue)

o high-energy radiation (e.g. UV light radiation)

These factors obviously also act in synergy.

Specific material groups are affected by these various degradation mechanisms in different ways, which means that the aging processes differ from each other, e.g. concrete vs plastics or PVC vs TPO → different lab-tests for each specific materials groups are necessary.

ARRHENIUS EQUATION

Accelerated aging is testing that uses aggravated conditions of heat, oxygen, sunlight, vibration, etc. to speed up the normal aging processes of items. It is used to help determine the long-term effects of expected levels of stress within a shorter time, usually in a laboratory by controlled standard test methods.

Chemical intuition suggests that the higher the temperature, the faster a given chemical reaction will proceed. Quantitatively this relationship between the rate a reaction precedes and its temperature is determined by the Arrhenius Equation.

ARRHENIUS EQUATION

A historically useful generalization supported by Arrhenius' equation is that, for many common chemical reactions at room temperature, the reaction rate doubles for every 10 degree Celsius increase in temperature.

Polymers are often kept at elevated temperatures, in order to accelerate chemical reaction or breakdown, measured indirectly by changes of material properties.

This indicates that a test temperature of 70˚C will accelerate with a factor of 4-5 the aging behavior in water at 45˚C and with a factor of 40 at 10-15˚C.

BASICS FOR LIFE TIME PROGNOSIS

As with many methodologies, there is also some criticism:

Arrhenius' equation is mostly applicable to elementary thermo-oxidation related processes

Struggle with more complex and superimposed processes as found, for example, for PVC-P based products, where polymer degradation, water incorporation and diffusion processes running parallel

In contradiction to the thermo-oxidation related processes, such diffusion processes are more related to the contact with various media showing the fastest decrease of properties in the first years of application. This initial decrease is followed by an exponential slowdown

Fig.: Change of mechanical properties of aPVC-P roofing membrane over time


Ecritical material characteristic

(e.g. tensile strength)

Elimit

lg t(years)

T2 > T1 Life time extrapolationaccording to Arrhenius

Problems/ Discussions:

T2: Higher test temperatures → significant accelerated reaction within a shorter test period

T1: Lower test temperatures → realistic transfer from laboratory test to site-practice within a longer test duration

Consequence → different degradation processes at different temperatures

T1 (temperature)


Regarding the long-term effects of water, two processes are combined:

o Some water absorption occurs

o Constituents can leach out (e.g. plasticizers from PVC-P, or stabilisers from polyolefin).

The most important parameter for the aging behaviour in accelerated aging tests in short-term investigations are:

o for PVC-P is the leaching of plasticizer constituents at elevated temperatures. This depends on the specific material compound, the type of plasticisers (e.g. molecular weight and linearity) and its stabilisation system.

o for polyolefin materials is their oxidation resistance. This depends on the specific material compound and its stabilisation system (HALS, HAS, antioxidants, thermo-stabilisation).


The Use of Autoclaves to Assess the Oxidation Resistance of Plastics made from Polyolefin according to EN ISO 13438 or ROXI (Neat, Alptransit)

A combination of specific temperature, an increase oxygen pressure and the presence of an aqueous medium allows an acceleration of the auto-oxidation with simultaneous extraction of additives.

ISO 13 438 Method C, 28d80˚C; 50 bar; O2; ph 10; tensile testing

ROXI, 2 years 70˚C; 3 bar O2 ; ph 10; tensile testing


change of material characteristics during the aging process

Induction period Degradation

slow oxygen up-takesmall increase in ROOH

← fast oxygen up-take← rapid increase in ROOH (hydroperoxide)← carbonyl built-up← deterioration of physical properties← changes in molecular weight and MW distribution← mechanical failure

time

abrupt change

The process of polymer degradation,especially in view to TPO/FPO/EVA


A B C

100

50

A = depletion time of antioxidants

B = induction time to onset of polymerdegradation

C = time to reach 50%degradation of a particular property

aging time (log scale)

property retained (%)

In stage A → prevention of the oxidative polymer (polyolefin) degradation by use of antioxidants (additives, stabilisers, HAS, HALS), along with their own depletion


change of material characteristics during the aging process

time

The process of plasticizer migration,especially in view to PVC-P

Degradation

← complex and superimposed processes ← diffusion processes running parallel← polymer degradation is negligible,

based on strong/resistant polymers← leaching/migrating of plasticizer← water incorporation (saponification)← reduction of the flexibility← embrittlement effects← shrinkage effects (change of dimension)

time


Finally, all these methods cannot predict an exact lifespan for the tested materials, but they can be used to rank products in their specific application fields.

Correlations with the results obtain during an accelerated test are not precise, but the material whose properties proven to be very poor in the long term showed very poor properties during the accelerated test.

A typical example for such evidence is shown by testing recycled materials in contradiction to virgin (new) materials. This highlights the interest of such a test type → e.g. drainage pipe investigation for the Gotthard Base Tunnel (AlpTransit).

TEST PROGRAMS

Concerning the aging mechanisms of PVC-P and FPO based materials, some information is already available from various evaluation programs.

o NEAT (new railway tunnels through the Swiss Alps) has investigated in a 2, 5 and 10 years research program for the waterproofing systems in view to a permanent temperatures up to 45-50˚C .

Fig.: Gotthard tunnel, Sikaplan PVC Fig.: Gotthard tunnel, Sikaplan/Sarnafil FPO

Section Bodio

Section Erstfeld

TEST PROGRAMS



Fig.: NEAT, Installation Test in an Experimental Gallery

TEST PROGRAMS



Fig. Aged PP and PE products during NEAT test evaluation, insufficient stabilized

TEST PROGRAMS



o BASt (German Federal Highway Research Institute) has investigated in life time prediction of polyolefin, in-situ aged materials (PVC, FPO, ECB) and in new test method for assessing the durability of PVC-P based products .

o Polymer Competence Centre Leoben/Austria (PCCL) GmbH has investigated in life time prediction of polyolefin.

o Muenster University of Applied Sciences (IKFM-Institute of Construction and Functional Material/Germany) has investigated in life time prediction of materials under the consideration of tunnel relevant exposure conditions.

IN-SITU AGED MATERIAL

Tunnel Reussport/ Lucerne/ Switzerland

built 1970, mined construction 600 meters long twin tubes, each with three lanes PVC-P membrane installed 1971 still watertight, 41 years of service life

Tunnel Allmend/ Thun/ Switzerland

part of the A8, bypass of city of Thun built in 1968, cut and cover construction 960 meters long twin tubes, each with two lanes PVC-P membrane installed 1968 still watertight, 44 years service life time

1970, Reussport


The 41 year old membrane, excavated in 2012 by heavy construction equipment, which caused scratches and holes

membrane was very flexible

single ply membrane made of PVC-P, monomeric plasticizers

contains a glass fleece inlay, roofing membrane (state of the art 1971 for tunnel application)

original thickness 1.5 mm

semi-transparent with a beige colour


The 44 year old membrane, excavated in 2012

membrane was very flexible

single ply membrane made of PVC-P, monomeric plasticizers

contains a polyester fabric inlay, roofing membrane (state of the art 1968 for tunnel application)

original thickness 1.2 mm

black colour


Samples were tested at - Institute of Materials Application at the University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany - manufacturer’s R&D centre

Requirements according to the current standards of ZTV-ING/ German road authority, 2007 and SIA 272, 2009

Test program:o Thickness acc. EN 1849-2o Tensile Strength and elongation at break acc. EN ISO 527-3o Impact Resistance acc. EN 12691, Method Ao Folding at Low Temperature acc. EN 495-5o Water Tightness acc. EN 1928o Plasticiser Content acc. Manufacturer's Testo Seam testing acc. ZTV-ING/2007


Conclusion:

PVC-P waterproofing membranes with 41 and 44 years of real exposure in road tunnels still possess material properties that exceed the requirements for new membranes.

After this long exposure period the aged membranes can securely be joined with new membranes by means of hot air welding.

The above fact and the excellent material properties after 41/44 years of real service life suggest that these membrane properties will fulfil their waterproofing function for many more decades.

This evaluation assumes that these membranes can reach the expected 100 years of service life.

NEW STANDARDS

Austrian ÖBV-Guideline "Tunnel Waterproofing"

The "Principles of tunnel waterproofing execution and inspection" incorporating the knowledge base of the 1980s, were encapsulated in the 1988 road research volume 365, which was issued by the then Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs. The requirements it contained for the substrates and waterproofing materials, together with the relevant inspections, were for many years the basis for the design and execution of tunnel waterproofing, including far beyond Austria’s borders.New knowledge and further technical developments, including those developed with the latest European Standards, provided the impetus in 2007 for the ÖBV Concrete in Tunnelling working group to revisit the subject of tunnel waterproofing.

Now available in English language

NEW STANDARDS

ÖBV-Guideline "Tunnel Waterproofing" covers waterproofing systems for :

Closed (NATM and TBM) and cut-and-cover construction methods for tunnels, with and without water pressure, drained/undrained

Including the requirements for the various components (e.g. substrate, installation (e.g. fixation, welding, flexibility), geotextile, drainage design, quality control, inspection and joint design

Repairs (e.g. grouting, material compatibility) and some specialized construction methods are also described in brief (e.g. spray-applied)

Material specification for a design life time of > 100 years, related on different permanent groundwater temperatures

Environmental and health aspects: REACH (Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals)

SPECIALITIES

→ Spray applied waterproofing→ Cross-passage waterproofing

Spray-/liquid appliedmembrane

Loose-laid plastic sheetmembrane, PVC

Loose-laid plastic sheetmembrane, LLDPE/VLDPE

SPRAY-APPLIED MEMBRANES

APPLICATION FIELDS OF SPRAY-APPLIED MEMBRANES

01. Feb. 2015

1 Soil/rockShotcrete, primary liningGeotextile/Drainage Sheet waterproofing, loose-laidCast-in-place concrete, permanent lining

2

3

4

5

6 Spray-applied waterproofingwith double side adhesionShotcrete (or cast-in-place),permanent lining

7

Conventional

double-shell lining

2

3

4

5

1

1

2

6

7

Composite shell lining with

spray-applied membrane

DESIGN ASPECTS/ SPRAY-APPLIED

Sliding surface, prevention of the

transfer of shear stresses

Minimize potential shrinkage cracks in

the inner concrete shell

Improvement of the impermeability of

the inner shell by providing redundancy

Full surface bond → transfer of shear

stresses

Potential shrinkage cracks in the

inner concrete shell

Delamination → water pathes on both

sides of the waterproofing layer


Conventional

double-shell lining

2

3

4

5

1

1

2

6

7

Composite shell lining with

spray-applied membrane


1 Soil/rockShotcrete, primary liningGeotextile/ Drainage Sheet waterproofing, loose-laidCast-in-place concrete, permanent lining

2

3

4

5

6 Spray-applied waterproofingShotcrete (or cast-in-place),permanent lining

7

Advantage in comparison to the conventional double shell lining with sheet waterproofing:

Direct application of sprayed concrete onto waterproofing units

Elimination of costly formwork operations

If a fibre-reinforced sprayed concrete is used, additional savings on reinforcement works

Application fields: Short tunnel lengthsComplex geometries

Double-shell lining withspray-applied membranes

1 Soil/rockShotcrete, primary liningGeotextile/ Drainage Sheet waterproofing, loose-laidCast-in-place concrete, permanent lining

2

3

4

5

6 Spray-applied waterproofingShotcrete (or cast-in-place),permanent lining

7

Double-shell lining withspray-applied membranes

Disadvantage in comparison to the conventional double shell lining with sheet waterproofing:

The whole system has to be designed to withstand water pressure → increase of the design thickness, reinforcement and need of rounded geometry

By definition unsuitable for drained tunnels

Additional drainage methods , e.g. dimple sheets, will effect the bonding and finally the monolithic behaviour of the whole structure


A waterproofing system has the key function of:

Protecting the tunnel construction against the unintentional entry of water, as well as the danger posed by aggressive water or soils and the effects of chemicals.

Both functions for a service life time of over 100 years.

The real Achilles heel of composite shell linings remains the position of the waterproofing layer, which is more or less in the center of the lining.

The permanent bond of the spray-applied membrane to the substrate is system-relevant. Hereby the substrate itself is relevant and has to be dry.

Permanent

protected

Permanent contact

with fluids and soil

H2O

Cl-

SO42

Mg2+

Exposure

classes acc.

to EN 206


DESIGN FLOW CHART/ SPRAY-APPLIED

STANDARDS

1-shell 1-shell 1-shell 2-shell

Emergency escape tunnel (X) X X ̶

Air ventilation channel (X) X X ̶

Cross passages ̶ ̶ (X) X

Enlargements (above

intermediate-ceiling level)̶ ̶ ̶ X

Cavern (above inter-

mediate-ceiling level)̶ ̶ ̶ X

Portals ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶

Main tunnel/tube ̶ ̶ ̶ ̶

2. layer

shotcrete,

reinforced

2. layer

shotcrete,

fiber rein-

forced

2. layer cast-in-

place concrete,

fiber reinforced

2. layer

shotcrete,

bar-/steel fiber

reinforced

waterproofing

X recommended (X) restrictive recommended ̶ not recommended

Recommended application fields for permanent shotcrete (BAST/ GER, 2004)

Application field

SIA 272 (Swiss)/ 2009

•Open pits

•Cut&cover

•Galeries

Mined

tunnel

Pit&

Ponds

Water

canals

Swimming

-pools

Water

reservoires

Sewage

plants

Upcom-

ming

humidity

according standard

SIA 270, table 3

B1.1

B1.2

B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 E

Watertightness class of

the whole structure

1 or 2 1 or 2 2 or 3 2 or 3 1 or 2 2 2 1

rigid

3.1 watetight concrete

3.2 watertight mortar

3.3 fluid asphalt

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

flexible

3.4 polymer-bitumen

3.5 plastic sheet membrane

3.6 bentonite layer

3.7 liquid applied membrane

3.8 polymer- mod. bituminouse

coatings

x

x

x

x

x

x1

x

x1

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x x

x

x

1 lower-ranked (subordinated) application fields (e.g. emergency escape tunnel) X recommended

STANDARDS

STANDARDS

Ril 853/ 2011 – GER, watertightness class 1 (absolutely dry) only via sheet waterproofing system incl. redundancy

STANDARDS

Primary layer/ shotcrete

Preliminary waterproofing and a polymer modified, accelerated waterproofing gunite

Inner liner/ shotcrete or

polymer modified shotcrete

For example: emergency access tunnel acc. ZTV-ING part 5 (2)/ GER,

reduced (lower) watertightness class, now class 3, single shell, polymyer

modified shotcrete with steel fibers (Friebel et al. 2013)

Friebel et al. 2013

BONDING STRENGTH/ SPRAY-APPLIED

Comparison of long term bond test – all available spray-applied products, Crossrail

Typical manufacturer’s bond test data: 1.2+/- 0.2MPa

1.5MPa “Greater than the cohesive strength of the concrete”

Long term behaviour in contact with water ?

Source: M. King/Hagerbach-Sargans 2015

MATERIALS/ SPRAY-APPLIED

The material characteristics vary considerably according to their specific material composition (e.g. water: powder ratio) and layer thickness

Environmental conditions have a significant influence on the product curing behavior and finally on the material characteristics and durability

The layer thickness itself has an influence on the curing performance

Plastics or plastic hybrids generally “creep” under permanent load

Water absorption has a significant influence on the material characteristics, e.g. bonding strength (reduces ≈ 70%), cohesion or tensile strength

The properties based on laboratory testing/sampling (e.g. hand mixed and molded into sheet samples) will vary when applied on a construction site where conditions are not similar

SUBSTRATE/ SPRAY-APPLIED

The success of sprayed waterproofing systems is closely linked with the condition of the substrate

Surface roughness can result in excess material consumption, application time and cost

Pre-sealing, drainage measures, water management methods, regulating layer or water-stopping mortars and remedial grouting may be required

If the substrate is presumed to be ‘water saturated’ in the long term → the waterproofing is fully exposed to hydrolytic attack

If the substrate is not permanent, the bond is not either

SUBSTRATE/ SPRAY-APPLIED

The regulating/smoothening/levelling layer is used, a typical thickness of 3 cm

Maximum aggregate size of 4 mm, surface texture must be closed

Application technique: dry-spray or towel applied

The bond has to be of the same quality and characteristic as needed for the spray-applied membrane

The regulating layer is one of the cost-driver

Surface pollution has a negative impact

Finally, the substrate for spray-applied water-proofing has to be in a much better condition/ quality than for sheet waterproofing

REFERENCE/ SPRAY-APPLIED

total 400mm as primary, no steel bar reinforcement

Project: Crossrail C510, Liverpool Street, Whitechapel

Partly in London clay (dry ground conditions)

Sealing layer SFRC: 75mm

Primary lining 1 SFRC: 225mm

Primary lining 2 SFRC: 100mm

Regulating layer: nominal approx. 35mm (would be more in practice to cover the fibres)

Spray-applied waterproofing in 2-3 layers , each min 2mm (= total 4-6mm).

Secondary lining SFRC in 2 layers 250mm + 150mm

Designed as a double shell lining

Fire proofing layer (in addition to the steel fibers, PP fibres ): 50mm

Finally → wet primary lining, the invert was sealed via sheet waterproofing

REFERENCE/ SPRAY-APPLIED

Fig.: Spray-applied water-proofing, above axis, UK 2014

Fig.: Loose-laid waterproofing, below axis, UK 2014

CONCLUSION/ SPRAY-APPLIED

The use of site-produced spray-applied waterproofing system, with all of their necessary components, is much more complex to handle than promoted

It is also impossible to establish a realistic cost and time saving when compared with a loose-laid sheet membrane system, and especially when considered as a whole, with identical waterproofing requirements, quality aspects and risk assessments

Composite systems with an integrated spray-applied water-proofing system generally remain an idealistic approach, as there are still far too many unknowns, risks and unanswered questions, especially in view of a structural element

From practical experience and references - it is recommended for a max water head of 5 m and for a lower-ranked watertightness class

CHALLENGES/ CROSS-PASSAGES

Finnetunnel/ Germany

Uneven surfaces (e.g. shotcrete)

Damp/ wet surfaces

Ground freezing treatment

Expansion/ dilatation joints between segmental lining and cross-passages


CHALLENGES/ CROSS-PASSAGES

Cut of a segment jointwith EPDM gasket

Ground settlements

Offsets between segments of approx. < 1.5 cm (tolerance)

Location of the gaskets/ grooves

3-dimensional water paths

Grease/dirt inside the joints

POSSIBLE SOLUTION FOR TERMINATION

B → Adhesive Strip/Tape

Acc. to SIA 272/2009 (Swiss Standard)

Acc. to ÖBV tunnel waterproofing/2012 (Austrian Guideline)

Acc. to Tunnelling Manual 2014 (DGGT/Germany))

A → Mechanical Clamping

Acc. to DIN 18195-part 9

(German Standard)

Acc. to Tunnelling Manual 2014 (DGGT/Germany)

There must be a minimum of unevenness in the mortar bed

Any offsets in the segment joints may require a mortar bed thickness of up to 3cm

The mortar bed is complex to construct and has to be drilled into for the anchors

The mortar levelling layer must be load bearing, sound, watertight and free from cracks, voids, defects and burrs and unevenness

Mortar levelling layer

Offset and mechanical clamping ?

A → MECHANICAL CLAMPING/ DETAILS

(1) Watertight concrete structure (e.g. segments)

(2) Mortar/Grout as levelling layer

(3) Substrate (e.g. shotcrete)

(4) Mortar chamfer/groove

(5) Protection geotexile

10

10

11

(6) EPDM/neopren gasket/ rubber seal

(7) Plastic waterproofing sheet membrane

(8) Loose-flange/external mechanical clamping

(9) Anchor/bolt

(10) Hydrophilic waterstop

(11) Injection hose

8

Schlüchterner Tunnel/ Germany

A → MECHANICAL CLAMPING/ DETAILS

Adhesive Tape/Strip

Concrete structure

Epoxy resin

B → ADHESIVE STRIP/TAPE


In-situ applied bonded (adhesive) strip/tape

External termination, flexible solution

Epoxy resin levels all offsets and unevenness

Thermal-welding of waterproofing membrane with the adhesive tape/strip

Limitation: Concrete tensile strength, requirement of resin application

B → BONDED STRIP TERMINATION

Segments

Gasket profile

Water path injected with

PU-injection resinReinforced (e.g. glass fiber fabric)

inside the epoxy resin

Epoxy resin

Waterproofing membrane

Epoxy resin as

adhesive for the strip/tape

Adhesive tape/strip

Gap between segments <

1.5 cm (tolerance)

A-A

DESIGN ASPECTS FOR A & B

Table: Comparison between clamped and bonded connection systems according to Tunnelling Manual 2014/ DGGT (Germany).

Criteria Clamped type Bonded type

Effect on the excavation geometry High workspace requirement Low workspace requirement

Substrate requirements 1) No difference No difference

Surface characteristics requirements

High Low

Required assembly steps Medium Low

Time required for installation High Low2)

Inspection demands High Low

Susceptibility to defects High Medium

Effectiveness Medium High

Cost High Low

1) e.g. evenness criteria 2) carried out crosswise parallel to the waterproofing works

BONDED STRIP VS MECHANICAL CLAMPING

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS

A close fit to the shotcrete substrate and small radiuses require a multi-axial elongation of the waterproofing material, a high flexibility and an excellent workability.

Joints and cracks are always bi-axial

Bi-(multi) axial behaviour/ burst strength (EN 14151, Ø 1m: > 50%)

E1-2 modulus (material flexibility) acc. ISO 527 < 65 N/mm2 (ÖBV/ 2012 AT)

Workability/welding behaviour/testing acc. DVS 2225-part 5 (tunnelling)

Waterproofing incl. thermal-welded seam during

bi-axial-behaviour

Thermal welded seam

REFERENCESADHESIVE STRIP

Project: Finnetunnel/ Germany(Part of NBS Erfurt – Halle/Leipzig)

Client: Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB Netz AG)

Contractor: JV Wyss & Freytag, Max Bögl, Porr

Tunnel Lining Installer: I.A.T Gmbh

Construction period: 2010-2011

Construction:Rail tunnel, twin tubes of each 6.8 km, TBM driven, with pre-cast-concrete-elements, water pressure of 6.5 bar, environ-mental sensitive area, watertightness class two. Cross-passages: NATM, shotcrete, loose-laid FPO-membrane acc.RIL 853, cast-in-place concrete, watertightness class one“completely dry”. Connection detail between segment andcross-passage waterproofing via bonded termination, epoxyresin and hot-air welding.

3 mm, FPO waterproofing sheet membrane

FPO Waterbar AF-600/34

FPO Protection Sheet, 4 mm

FPO Adhesive Tape, 200 mm width, 2 mm thickness

Epoxy resin (SD 31)Source: Bonded strip termination, RETC 2015

…as a water barrier systembetween shotcrete and

sheet membrane

…as a water barriersystem for cut & coverstructures (roof area)

…as a connection detail, e.g. for pre-cast-concrete

elements

Weinbergtunnel/ Switzerland Bypass Bazenheid / Switzerland Gotthard/ Switzerland

ADDITIONAL APPLICATION FIELDS

WATERPROOFING OF TBM DRIVEN TUNNELS

Project: Islisbergtunnel / Switzerland(Part of West-bypass Zurich)

Client: Baudirektion Kanton Zürich

Designer: Pöyry Infra AG

Contractor: Marti AG

Tunnel Lining Installer: Renesco AG


Construction:Road tunnel, twin tubes of each 4.7 km, TBM driven, double shell method with pre-cast-concrete-elements (tubbing), loose-laid plastic sheet membrane, umbrella seal, 15 cm cast-in-place concrete lining. Horizontal Ventilation Shaft: In-situ-concrete with SCC technology.

Sealing system:Hot-Melt Technology, PVC-P membrane acc. SIA-V280 (Swiss standard) backed with a 500 g/sqm PP geotextile

2 mm, PVC-P waterproofing sheet membrane with 500g/sqm

PP geotextile laminated acc. SIA V 280 (fire behaviour class

V.2)

GeoComposite strips for drainage: Tundrain Typ A

SHAFT WATERPROOFING

Project: STEP Pumping station / Abu Dhabi

Client: Abu Dhabi Sewerage Services

Designer: Mott MacDonald/ Halcrow-CH2M Hill

Contractor: Odebrecht (Design and Build)

Tunnel Lining Installer: Tashareeq

Waterproofing Supervisor: Renesco AG

Construction period: 2014

Construction:Sewerage tunnel, shaft, water pressure of 100 m, double shell method with shotcrete, 1000 g/sqm geotextile and 3 mm PVC-P membrane incl. compartment system (redundancy) and water-bars acc. ÖBV (Austrian standard). Connection between shaft waterproofing and sewerage tunnel via adhesive tape/ strip.

3 mm, PVC-P waterproofing sheet membrane acc. ÖBV

Waterbars 400/30/6 inject

Protection geotextile 900 g/ sqm

Adhesive tape/ strip, SD 31 epoxy resin

Acrylate injection resin, injection hoses

TENT WATERPROOFING

Project: Norrströmtunnel/ Sweden(Stockholm City Line)

Client/Owner: Swedish Transport Administration

Designer: WSP

Contractor: NCC Sverige AB

Waterproofing applicator: Renesco a.s.


Construction:Stockholm City Line is a 6 km long commuter train tunnel runningbetween Tomteboda and Stockholm South, with two new stations atOdenplan and T-Centralen, wherein the Norrström’s contract extendbetween Riddarholmen and Gamla Brogatan. The requirements forwaterproofing and construction were according to BV Tunnel. Theconstruction (inner tunnel) consists of a membrane behind a meshreinforced shotcrete (90mm) suspended from the anchor bolts,building a tent inside the shotcrete supported rock-structure.

1.5 mm thick LLDPE incl. signal layer and roughed surface

Swelling profile, FPO Waterbars

Sigunit, S-MonoTop-910N

S-Quick 506 FG, Flexodrain system

WATERPROOFINGUNDER HIGH PRESSURE

Project: Hallandsås/ Sweden

Client: Trafikverke (Swedish Transport Administration)

Contractor: Skanska-Vinci

Tunnel lining applicator/installer: Renesco AG

Construction period : 1992-1997, 2004-2014

Construction:Rail tunnel, twin tubes a 8.7km, 19 cross sections, waterpressure of 15 bar. 1992-1997: pre-sealing by grouting, NATMincl. shotcrete, 1st concrete liner (cast-in-place), loose-laid FPOwaterproofing membrane, compartments via waterstops,injection system, 2nd liner of cast-in-place concrete. 2004-2014:TBM driven incl. pre-cast-concrete elements (approx.65% of thetotal tunnel). Cross-passages: NATM, shotcrete, loose-laidplastic sheet membrane, FPO acc. ZTV-ING/Ril853, cast-in-place concrete, adhesive tape to connect the segments with thewaterproofing membrane. Environmentally sensitive (water,chemicals and ecology).

3 mm, FPO waterproofing sheet membrane

FPO Waterbar AF-600/34

FPO Protection Sheet, 2.5 mm, embossed surface

FPO Adhesive Tape, 200 mm width, 2 mm thickness

Stefan Lemke

Sika Services AG

[email protected]

Tueffenwies 16, 8048 Zurich/Switzerland

Telephone: +41 58 436 78 80

Website: www.sika.com

THANKS

Documents

A STATE OF THE ART: WORLDWIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEMBRANES ... · A STATE OF THE ART: WORLDWIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEMBRANES AND JOINTS Stefan Lemke Sika Services AG [email protected]