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A Special issue on Ayurveda
Guest Editors: Pulok K. Mukherjee, Katiyar C. K. and Bhushan
Patwardhan An initiative of
Society for Ethnopharmacology, India 23/3 Saktigarh, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
www.ethnopharmacology.in
4/7/2017 Journal of Ethnopharmacology | Vol 197, Pgs 1306, (2 February 2017) | ScienceDirect.com
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 197, Pages 1-306 (2 February 2017) Special issue on Ayurveda
Edited by Pulok K. Mukherjee, Katiyar C. K. and Bhushan Patwardhan
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New times for traditional medicine researchPage 1
Dr. Rob Verpoorte PDF (160 K)
Editorial: Special issue on AyurvedaPage 2
Pulok K. Mukherjee, C.K. Katiyar, Bhushan Patwardhan PDF (175 K)
Some excerpts from Charaka Samhita – An ancient treatise on Ayurveda & healthy livingPages 3-9
C.K. Katiyar, Pulok K. Mukherjee PDF (1675 K)
Development of Ayurveda – Tradition to trend Original Research ArticlePages 10-24
Pulok K. Mukherjee, Ranjit K. Harwansh, Shiv Bahadur, Subhadip Banerjee, Amit Kar, Joydeb Chanda, Sayan Biswas,Sk. Milan Ahmmed, C.K. Katiyar
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (4265 K)
Government policies and initiatives for development of Ayurveda Original Research ArticlePages 25-31
Dinesh Katoch, Jitendra S. Sharma, Subhadip Banerjee, Rajarshi Biswas, Bhaskar Das, Debayan Goswami, Ranjit K.Harwansh, C.K. Katiyar, Pulok K. Mukherjee
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (681 K)
Articles 1 - 34
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The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, development and perspectives Original Research ArticlePages 32-38
Vinod Kumar Joshi, Apurva Joshi, Kartar Singh DhimanAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (596 K) Supplementary content
Contributions of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in the area of Medicinalplants/Traditional medicine Review ArticlePages 39-45
Neeraj Tandon, Satyapal Singh YadavAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (294 K)
Management of Parkinson's disease in Ayurveda: Medicinal plants and adjuvant measures OriginalResearch ArticlePages 46-51
Namyata Pathak- Gandhi, Ashok D.B. VaidyaAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (402 K)
Chyawanprash: A review of therapeutic benefits as in authoritative texts and documented clinicalliterature Original Research ArticlePages 52-60
D.B. Anantha Narayana, Sharanbasappa Durg, P. Ram Manohar, Anita Mahapatra, A.R. AramyaAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (295 K) Supplementary content
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Understanding the mode-of-action of Cassia auriculata via in silico and in vivo studies towardsvalidating it as a long term therapy for type II diabetes Original Research ArticlePages 61-72
Fazlin Mohd Fauzi, Cini Mathew John, Arunkumar Karunanidhi, Hamse Y. Mussa, Rajesh Ramasamy, Aishah Adam,Andreas Bender
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (1759 K) Supplementary content
Safety and bioactivity studies of Jasad Bhasma and its in-process intermediate in Swiss mice OriginalResearch ArticlePages 73-86
Aparna Chavare, Praneeth Chowdari, Sandipto Ghosh, Priyanka Pawar, Meena Patkar, Suresh Dakave, Vikram Gota,Pradip Chaudhari, S.V. Chiplunkar, Shantaram Kane, A.K. Suresh, Jayesh Bellare
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (2172 K)
RAACFDb: Rheumatoid arthritis ayurvedic classical formulations database Original Research ArticlePages 87-91
A.M. Mohamed Thoufic Ali, Aakash Agrawal, S. Sajitha Lulu, A. Mohana Priya, S. VinoAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (1316 K) Supplementary content
The Ayurvedic plant Bacopa monnieri inhibits inflammatory pathways in the brain Original Research ArticlePages 92-100
Michelle D. Nemetchek, Andrea A. Stierle, Donald B. Stierle, Diana I. LurieAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (1210 K) Supplementary content
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Effect of standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI-08) on testicular functions in adult malemice Original Research ArticlePages 101-109
Shishir Kumar Patel, Shilpi Singh, Hemant Kumar Singh, Shio Kumar SinghAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (3703 K) Supplementary content
Dosha phenotype specific Ayurveda intervention ameliorates asthma symptoms through cytokinemodulations: Results of whole system clinical trial Original Research ArticlePages 110-117
Kalpana S. Joshi, Tanuja M. Nesari, Amrish P. Dedge, Vikram R. Dhumal, Sushant A. Shengule, Maithili S. Gadgil,Sundeep Salvi, Marthanda Varma Sankaran Valiathan
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (787 K) Supplementary content
Combination of Zizyphus jujuba and silymarin showed better neuroprotective effect as compared tosingle agent in MCAo-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats Original Research ArticlePages 118-127
Sangeetha Gupta, Yogendra Kumar GuptaAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (935 K)
Evaluation of Cynodon dactylon for wound healing activity Original Research ArticlePages 128-137
Tuhin Kanti Biswas, Srikanta Pandit, Shrabana Chakrabarti, Saheli Banerjee, Nandini Poyra, Tapan SealAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (2178 K)
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Screening of six Ayurvedic medicinal plants for anti-obesity potential: An investigation on bioactiveconstituents from Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz bark Original Research ArticlePages 138-146
Priyanka Mangal, Pragyanshu Khare, Sneha Jagtap, Mahendra Bishnoi, Kanthi Kiran Kondepudi, Kamlesh KumarBhutani
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (3333 K) Supplementary content
Sameerpannag Ras Mixture (SRM) improved neurobehavioral deficits following acute ischemicstroke by attenuating neuroinflammatory response Original Research ArticlePages 147-156
Priya Jhelum, Abhipradnya B. Wahul, Avijeet Kamle, Sudhir Kumawat, Arvind Kumar, Kamlesh Kumar Bhutani,Shailendra Mani Tripathi, Sumana Chakravarty
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (2195 K) Supplementary content
Pharmacokinetics and comparative metabolic profiling of iridoid enriched fraction of Picrorhiza kurroa– An Ayurvedic Herb Original Research ArticlePages 157-164
Sultan Zahiruddin, Washim Khan, Rinki Nehra, Md. Javed Alam, Md. Nasar Mallick, Rabea Parveen, Sayeed AhmadAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (1192 K) Supplementary content
Evaluation of herb-drug interaction of a polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation through high throughputcytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition assay Original Research ArticlePages 165-172
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Subrata Pandit, Satyajyoti Kanjilal, Anshumali Awasthi, Anika Chaudhary, Dipankar Banerjee, B.N. Bhatt, AvinashNarwaria, Rahul Singh, Kakoli Dutta, Manu Jaggi, Anu T. Singh, Neena Sharma, Chandra Kant Katiyar
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (2053 K) Supplementary content
Age dependent neuroprotective effects of medhya rasayana prepared from Clitoria ternatea Linn. instress induced rat brain Original Research ArticlePages 173-183
Kothanahalli S. Raghu, Bhanuvalli R. Shamprasad, Shama P. Kabekkodu, Puspendu Paladhi, Manjunath B. Joshi,Marthandavarma S. Valiathan, Kanive P. Guruprasad, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (3188 K) Supplementary content
Beneficial effects of aqueous extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.), An ayurvedic drug inexperimental pulmonary hypertension Original Research ArticlePages 184-194
Himanshu Meghwani, Pankaj Prabhakar, Soheb A. Mohammed, Sandeep Seth, Milind P. Hote, Sanjay K. Banerjee,Sudheer Arava, Ruma Ray, Subir Kumar Maulik
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (2314 K) Supplementary content
Ayurvedic medicine in Mauritius: Profile of Ayurvedic outlet, use, sale, distribution, regulation andimportation Original Research ArticlePages 195-210
Naailah Elaheebocus, M. Fawzi MahomoodallyAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (837 K) Supplementary content
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Utilizing Ayurvedic literature for the identification of novel phytochemical inhibitors of botulinumneurotoxin A Original Research ArticlePages 211-217
Chinni Yalamanchili, Vamshi K. Manda, Amar G. Chittiboyina, Rebecca L. Guernieri, William A. Harrell Jr., Robert P.Webb, Leonard A. Smith, Ikhlas A. Khan
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (2910 K) Supplementary content
Antidiabetic potential of polyherbal formulation DB14201: Preclinical development, safety andefficacy studies Original Research ArticlePages 218-230
Geetha Krishnan Gopalakrishna Pillai, Sonali S. Bharate, Anshumali Awasthi, Ritu Verma, Gautam Mishra, Anu T. Singh,Manu Jaggi, Ambrish Mithal, Ram A. Vishwakarma
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (1750 K) Supplementary content
Inventorization of some ayurvedic plants and their ethnomedicinal use in Kakrajhore forest area ofWest Bengal Original Research ArticlePages 231-241
Soumyajit Biswas, Rupa Shaw, Sanjay Bala, Asis MazumdarAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (804 K)
Investigation of anti-asthmatic potential of Kanakasava in ovalbumin-induced bronchial asthma andairway inflammation in rats Original Research ArticlePages 242-249
Poonam Arora, S.H. Ansari, Varisha Anjum, Rajani Mathur, Sayeed AhmadAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (1688 K)
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Network ethnopharmacological evaluation of the immunomodulatory activity of Withania
somnifera Original Research ArticlePages 250-256
Uma Chandran, Bhushan PatwardhanAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (1189 K) Supplementary content
Anti-inflammatory and associated analgesic activities of HPLC standardized alcoholic extract ofknown ayurvedic plant Schleichera oleosa Original Research ArticlePages 257-265
Mohammed Junaid Khan, Swarnlata Saraf, Shailendra SarafAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (1101 K)
Ameliorative effect of two Ayurvedic herbs on experimentally induced arsenic toxicity in calves OriginalResearch ArticlePages 266-273
Suman Biswas, Chinmoy Maji, Prasanta Kumar Sarkar, Samar Sarkar, Abichal Chattopadhyay, Tapan Kumar MandalAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (1199 K)
Ayurgenomics for stratified medicine: TRISUTRA consortium initiative across ethnically andgeographically diverse Indian populations Review ArticlePages 274-293
Bhavana Prasher, Binuja Varma, Arvind Kumar, Bharat Krushna Khuntia, Rajesh Pandey, Ankita Narang, PradeepTiwari, Rintu Kutum, Debleena Guin, Ritushree Kukreti, Debasis Dash, TRISUTRA Ayurgenomics Consortium, MitaliMukerji
Abstract Close graphical abstract PDF (2895 K)
The figure illustrates stratification of individuals of a heterogeneous population into homogeneous groups throughAyurgenomics that integrates Prakriti principles of Ayurveda along with genomics and phenomics approaches.Variability in genes related to drug response amongst extreme Prakriti types identified through this approach in thepresent study has been depicted as an example.
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Articles 1 - 34
Gastroprotective potential of hydro-alcoholic extract of Pattanga (Caesalpinia sappan Linn.) OriginalResearch ArticlePages 294-305
David Raj Chellappan, Arun K. Purushothaman, Pemiah BrindhaAbstract Close graphical abstract PDF (2128 K)
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JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
An interdisciplinary journal devoted to indigenous drugs
www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm
The Journal of Ethnopharmacology is dedicated to the exchange of information and understandings about people’s use of plants, fungi, animals, microorganisms and minerals and their biological and pharmacological effects based on the principles established through international conventions. Early people confronted with illness and disease, discovered a wealth of useful therapeutic agents in the plant and animal kingdoms. The empirical knowledge of these medicinal substances and their toxic potential was passed on by oral tradition and sometimes recorded in herbals and other texts on materia medica. Many valuable drugs of today (e.g., atropine, ephedrine, tubocurarine, digoxin, reserpine) came into use through the study of indigenous remedies. Chemists continue to use plant-derived drugs (e.g., morphine, taxol, physostig-mine, quinidine, emetine) as prototypes in their attempts to develop more effective and less toxic medicinals.
In recent years the preservation of local knowledge, the promotion of indigenous medical systems in primary health care, and the conservation of biodiversity have become even more of a concern to all scientists working at the interface of social and natural sciences but especially to ethnopharmacologists. Recognizing the sovereign rights of States over their natural resources, ethnopharmacologists are particularly concerned with local people’s rights to further use and develop their autochthonous resources.
Accordingly, today’s ethnopharmacological research embraces the multidisciplinary effort in the:• documentation of indigenous medical knowledge,• scientifi c study of indigenous medicines in order to contribute in the long-run to improved health care in the regions of study, as well as search for
pharmacologically unique principles from existing indigenous remedies.
The Journal of Ethnopharmacology publishes original articles concerned with the observation and experimental investigation of the biological activities of plant and animal substances used in the traditional medicine of past and present cultures. The journal will particularly welcome interdisciplinary papers with an ethnopharmacological, an ethnobotanical or an ethnochemical approach to the study of indigenous drugs. Reports of anthropological and ethnobotanical fi eld studies fall within the journal’s scope. Studies involving pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms of action are especially welcome. Clinical studies on effi cacy will be considered if contributing to the understanding of specifi c ethnopharmacological problems. The journal also welcomes review articles in the above mentioned fi elds especially on novel methodologies relevant to disease states.
EDITOR-IN-CHIEFA.M. Viljoen, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Nelson Mandela Avenue, Private Bag X680, 0001, Pretoria, South AfricaE-mail: [email protected] manuscripts with the exception of reviews and book reviews should be submitted via electronic submission https://www.evise.com/evise/jrnl/JEP
ASSOCIATE EDITORSP. Dias Fernandes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
A.K. Jäger, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
M. Leonti, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
G. Lin, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
P.K. Mukherjee, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
G. Schmeda Hirschmann, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
K. Shaari, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
A. Shikov, Saint Petersburg Institute of Pharmacy, Kuzmolovo P 245, Russian Federation
E. Yesilada, Yeditepe University, Erenkoy-Istanbul, Turkey
REVIEWS EDITOR (including commentaries and book reviews)M. Heinrich, School of Pharmacy, University of London, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.E-mail: [email protected]
Founding EditorsJ.G. Bruhn, (Lausanne, Switzerland)
L. Rivier, (Lausanne, Switzerland)
MANAGING EDITORSB. Pomahacova, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
I. Vermaak, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
M. Sandasi, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
L.J. McGaw, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
EDITORIAL BOARD
S. Alban (Kiel, Germany)M.J. Balick (Bronx, New York, USA)R. Bauer (Cayenne, French Guiana)G. Bourdy (Cayenne, French Guiana)J.B. Calixto (Florianopólis, Brazil)C.-T. Che (Hong Kong, Hong Kong)G.A. Cordell (Evanston, Illinois, USA)V.S. da Silva Bolzani (Araraquara, Brazil)J. Ding (Shanghai, China)V.M. Dirsch (Vienna, Austria)E. Elisabetsky (Porto Alegre, Brazil)J. Fleurentin (Metz, France)B.L. Furman (Glasgow, UK)M.P. Germano (Messina, Italy)J. Gertsch (Bern, Switzerland)
A.H. Gilani (Karachi, Pakistan)M.P. Gupta (Panama City, Panama)A. Hensel (Münster, Germany)P.J. Houghton (London, UK)Z. Ismail (Penang, Malaysia)W. Jia (Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA)T. Johns (Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada)A.K. Jäger (Copenhagen O, Denmark)G. Kavalalı (Istanbul, Turkey)H.-S. Kim (Cheongju, South Korea)J. Kim (Seoul, South Korea)Y. Kimura (Ehime, Japan)M.A. Lacaille-Dubois (Dijon, France)M. Leonti (Cagliari, Italy) E. Matteucci (Pisa, Italy)
I. Merfort (Freiburg, Germany)J.J.M. Meyer (Pretoria, South Africa)D.E. Moerman (Guildford, England, UK)D.A. Mulholland (Guildford, England, UK)A. Panthong (Chiang Mai, Thailand)X. Peigen (Beijing, China)A. Pieroni (Pollenzo/Bra, Italy)D.D. Soejarto (Chicago, Illinois, USA)E. Speroni (Bologna, Italy)A.J. Vlietinck (Antwerpen, Belgium)H. Wagner (München, Germany)C.S. Weckerle (Zurich, Switzerland)C.W. Wright (Bradford, UK)S. Zacchino (Rosario, Argentina)
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 197 (2017) 1
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
http://d0378-87
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
New times for traditional medicine research
It is my pleasure to make some introductory remarks for thisspecial issue on Ayurvedic medicine. First of all my congratulationsto the guest editors Dr. Mukherjee, Dr. Katiyar, and Dr. Patward-han, they did an excellent job in covering the whole field fromregulations to cutting edge research in the exciting field of tradi-tional medicine and their use.
In the past years a remarkable change occurred in the per-ception of traditional medicine. For many years western medicinedid not take traditional medicine serious. For many it was evenconsidered as quackery. For different reasons there is now a clearchange in thinking about traditional medicines. First of all progressin developing novel medicines in western medicine is stalling,among others, because the most important diseases are multi-factorial and it is unlikely that a single medicine could cure or atleast suppress a disease. The final breakthrough for treatment ofHIV, was combining several medicines. The idea of using mixturesof compounds became accepted, and a major argument againsttraditional medicines lost most of its validity. Traditional medi-cines are mixtures of compounds, and often traditionally certainplant materials are mixed by purpose. Losing the battle againstmicroorganisms because of their resistance against the singlecompound antibiotics also has attributed to a change in thinking.Finally the year 2015 Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology wasthe recognition of top medical scientists that nature is a very in-teresting source for novel medicines. The excellent work in manylaboratories all over the world in unraveling the mechanisms ofaction involved in traditional medicine, and in bioprospecting thusshould feel honored with this recognition.
As clear from this special issue, to achieve evidence-based useof traditional medicine a multidisciplinary approach is needed. Itrequires state-of-the-art infrastructures and equipment. Specia-lists from different disciplines, including the “omics” tools andbioinformatics should collaborate in a systemic approach toquestions related to evidence-based use of traditional medicines.
x.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.01841/& 2017 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
That means systems biology rather than the reductionist approachof “single target – single compound” as applied in drug develop-ment during the past decades. Synergy and prodrugs will be im-portant aspects in such studies, aspects which require in-vivomodels and metabolomics approaches.
Understanding the knowledge of our ancestors: “knowledge ofour ancestors and learning from nature” should be the paradigmfor the coming years. Our ancestors were able to find artemisinin,morphine, salicylic acid, reserpine, atropine and tubocurarine, justto name a few, by observing nature with their own senses, withoutany of the tools we have nowadays. So we should be able to findnew medicines and treatments, just like our ancestors did, byobservation instead of hypotheses and synthesis. The back-up ofgovernments will be important to create the basis for an efficientuse of traditional practices and medicines in integrated health caresystems. This special issue about Ayurveda, one of the majormedical systems in the world, gives us many excellent examples ofthe ongoing research in this exciting field of research. The political,and regulatory aspects are also dealt with, it should thus be im-portant reading for both scientists and administrators.
The support from the medical field should stimulate all re-searchers in the field to start new collaborations and further im-prove our efforts in building cases for evidence-based use of tra-ditional medicines. This could build a platform on which in thecoming years a further Nobel Prize might be awarded to our field.
Prof. emeritusDr. Rob Verpoorte
Natural Products Laboratory, IBL, Leiden University, Leiden, theNetherlands
E-mail address: [email protected]
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 197 (2017) 2
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
http://d0378-87
☆Edit
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep
Editorial: Special issue on Ayurveda$
“प्रयोजनं चास्य स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्यरक्षणमातुरस्यविकारप्रशमनं and Ethnopharmacology.
च|”||Prayojanam chasya swasthasya swasthyarakshanamaturasya vikararprasamanam cha ||Ch. Su. - 30/26(The aim of Ayurveda is to preserve health of the healthyand treatment of the diseased).The term Ayurveda originated from the two words 'Ayu'
meaning life and 'Veda' meaning science or knowledge. Ayurvedadefines life as the combination of Shareera (body), Indriya (senseorgans), Satwa (mind) and Atma (soul). It deals with health in allaspects; physical health, mental balance, spiritual well-being, so-cial welfare, environmental considerations, dietary life style habits,daily living trends and seasonal variations in lifestyle, as well astreating and managing specific diseases. Ayurveda represents aholistic approach in respect of appreciation of life and the meansto empower the individual for sustainable living.
Ayurveda is getting global acceptance primarily due to its age-oldtherapeutic practice, profound conceptual basis and survival of itsmedicines for thousands of year. It is great to see that the concepts,drugs, formulations developed in ancient times finds their relevancetoday albeit changes in environment, lifestyle & culture and diseasepatterns. The philosophy of treating a system or body as a whole isgaining relevance during transition from reductionist approach to“systems” approach in the post genomic era. Chemical standardizationlike biomarker and metabolite profiling has unfolded a diverse che-mical space of safe and therapeutically relevant molecules. On-goingresearch on Ayurgenomics is adding evidence regarding the genomiccorrelates of Vata, Pitta and Kapha the three dynamic principle biofactors termed as Tridosha. Exploring molecular and network phar-macology of intelligent traditional formulations to elucidate and vali-date safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, metabolic stability, drug-herbinteractions etc. are gaining importance. Focus on the validation ofclinical traditions and practices like Panchakarma, Marmachikitsa, Ag-nikarma, Parpatichikitsa, Sarpavishachikitsa, Rasayana needs in depthscientific exploration. Ayurveda pharmaceutics needs special explora-tion as it presents rational multi-component formulations, safer drugsfrom herbs, metals and minerals, marine sources with novel phar-maceutical processes detailed in ‘Bhaisajyakalpana and Rasasashtra’.
This special issue on “Ayurveda” presents different scientificfacets of a tradition in motion; alive and progressing. This willprovide a forum for Ayurveda interest groups to exchange ideas,learn about developments and salute initiatives that hold promisefor evidence based research regarding health and well-being.
This special issue contains 30 articles emphasizing on severalcrucial aspects on Ayurveda, traditional Indian system of medicine
x.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.01941/& 2017 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
orial Assistants: Mr. Ranjit K Harwansh, Mr. Rajarshi Biswas, Mr. Subhadip Bane
This special issue is developed through the initiatives of theSociety for Ethnopharmacology, India, (SFE-India) (www.ethnopharmacology.in), affiliated to the International Society for Eth-nopharmacology. The SFE-India provides networking opportunityfor development and promotion of medicinal plants and Ethno-pharmacology. The Society works on dissemination of knowledgein this area with the major highlights on “Globalizing localknowledge and localizing global technologies.”
We express our special gratitude to all the authors for their va-luable contribution and to the reviewers for their esteemed supportfor this issue. It would have not been possible to complete this workwithout the active help rendered from the research group of Prof.Pulok K. Mukherjee at the School of Natural Product Studies, Ja-davpur University, Kolkata. We are thankful to Mr. Ranjit K Har-wansh, Mr. Rajarshi Biswas, Mr. Subhadip Banerjee, Mr. Bhaskar Das,Mr. Amit Kar, Mr. Debayan Goswami, Mr. Shiv Bahadur, Mr. SayanBiswas, Mr. Joydeb Chanda and others for their support and help.
We express our special gratitude to Prof. Rob Verpoorte (Editor-in-Chief), Prof. A. M. Viljoen (Deputy Editor-in-Chief) for their gui-dance and support to make this issue. We would like to thankMarianne Verberne, I. Vermaak, M. Sandasi, L. J. McGaw, B. Poma-hacova (Handling Editor), Monica Mary Saravanan, Reny Pio, Mee-nakkshi VS (Journal Manager), Selvam Balasubramaniam (Publishingcontent specialist, Elsevier) for their support for this Special Issue.
Guest EditorPulok K. Mukherjee
School of Natural Product Studies, Dept. of PharmaceuticalTechnology, Jadavpur University & Society for Ethnopharmacology
(SFE-India), Kolkata, India
Guest EditorC.K. Katiyar
Health Care Technical, Emami Limited, Kolkata, India
Guest EditorBhushan Patwardhan
Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Center for Complementary& Integrative Health, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
rjee, Mr. Bhaskar Das.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Ethnopharmacology
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Some excerpts from Charaka Samhita – An ancient treatise on Ayurveda &healthy living
Charaka is the name of the great sage, Maharishi Charaka and Samhita means lexicon or encyclopedia. Charaka Samhita is almost 3000 yearsold written in original Sanskrit language. It contains information about lifestyle guidelines, foods and drugs to ensure longevity and includes healthpromotion, disease prevention measures besides behavioral aspects. It has provided equal emphasis on food, lifestyle, drug and diseasemanagement. Charaka Samhita comprises eight sthana (parts) containing 120 chapters. Sutra Sthana (General principles) is having 30 chapterswhich deal with general principles, philosophy, definitions, and prevention through healthy living. Nidana Sthana (Pathology) contains 8 chapterson causes of diseases. Vimana Sthana comprises 8 chapters containing training of a physician, ethics of medical practice, pathology, diet andnourishment, taste of medicines. Sharira Sthana (Anatomy) is having 8 chapters which describe embryology & anatomy of a human body. IndriyaSthana contains description on diagnosis & prognosis based on sensory response of the patient covered in 12 chapters. Chikitsa Sthana(Therapeutics) is having 30 chapters dealing with medicines and treatment of diseases. Kalpa Sthana (Pharmaceutics and toxicology) comprises 12chapters describing pharmacy, the preparation and dosage of medicine, signs of their abuse, and dealing with poisons. Siddhi Sthana described in12 chapters describes the signs of cure, hygiene and healthier living.
Given below are some selected excerpts from Charaka Samhita on Ayurveda, healthy lifestyle, dietary principles and attribute of drugs. For theconvenience of readers Sanskrit shlokas have been reproduced with their near English translations (Sharma, 2000).
The efforts of Dr. C.K. Katiyar, CEO (Technical), Emami Ltd., Kolkata, India, for compiling these verses from the ancient text is greatlyappreciated.
1. Ayurveda
Hitahitam sukham dukham-ayustsya hitahitam |Maanam cha tachcha yatroktam-ayurvedah sa uchchayte ||+(Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana 1/41)[Diacritical Script]“Ayurveda deals with happy and unhappy life. It explains what is appropriate (the promoters of the health) and what is inappropriate (thenon promoters of the health) in relation to the life, as well as it measures the life expectancy and the nature (quality) of the life”
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.067
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 197 (2017) 3–9
Available online 26 October 20160378-8741/ © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
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1.1. Causes of disease
Kalabuddhindriyarthanam yogo mithya n cati ch |Dwayashryanam vyadhinam trividho hetusangraha||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-1/54)[Diacritical Script]“Improper use i.e. Erroneous, Non-use and excessive conjunction of time, action of intelligence and sense objects causes of both psychic andsomatic disorders”
1.2. Eight branches of Ayurveda
Tasya ayurvedsyanganyasthyo; tadyatha – kayachikitsha shalakyam, shalyaphartrikam, vishagarvairodhikprashamanam,bhutavidya, kaumarbhrityakam, rasayanam, vajikaranamiti ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-30/28)[Diacritical Script]“Ayurveda has eight branches such as – Kayacikitsa (Internal medicine), Salakya Tantra (Eye and ENT), Salya (Surgery and Para-surgicalmethods), Agad tantra (Toxicology and Jurisprudence), Bhuta vidya (Psychiatry), Kaumarabhrtya (Pediatrics and Gynaecology), Rasayana(Geriatrics) and Vajikarana (Reproductive Health)”
1.3. Four components of treatment
Bhishagdravyanyupasthata rogi padachatusthayam |Gunavat karanam geyam vikarvyupshantaye ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-9/3)[Diacritical Script]“The quadruple i.e. Physician, drug, attendant (nursing staff) and patient endowed with qualities, leads to alleviation of disorders”
1.4. Avoidance of incapable physicians
Sati padatraye gyagyo bhishajavatra karanam |
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Varatma hutoagyena na chikitsa pravartita ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana–9/16)[Diacritical Script]“It is better to self-immolate than to be treated by an incapable physician”
2. Healthy lifestyle
For a healthy state, Ayurveda emphasizes on the systematic daily routine, seasonal regimens and various guidelines.
2.1. Urges which should always be suppressed
Bhshokabhayakrodhamanvegan Vidharayet |Naylarjjayershyaatiragaanambhidyayasch bhuddiman ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-7/27)[Diacritical Script]“The urges of greed, grief, fear, anger, vanity and also of Shamelessness, envy, excessive attachment and desire of taking another's propertyshould always be suppressed which will help to reduce mental disorders”
2.2. Thirteen urges which should never be suppressed
Na Vegan dharayedwimanjatan mutrapurishayo |Na retaso na vatasya na chardya kshabthonrna ch ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-7/3)No dwarasya na jrimbhya na vegan shutpipasyayo |Na vashpsy na nidraya nishwasasya shramena ch ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-7/4)[Diacritical Script]“There are 13 types on non-suppressible urges which if suppressed causes pathological state; these are urges of urine, faces, semen, flatus,vomiting, sneezing, eructation, yawning, hunger, thirst, tears, sleep and breathing after exertion ”
2.3. Benefits of physical exercise
Laghavam Karmasamarthay stharyam dukhasahinsnuta |Doshokshayo agnivriddhisha vyayamadupjayate ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-7/32)[Diacritical Script]
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“By doing physical exercise the following can be achieved such as lightness, increased capacity to work, firmness, tolerance of difficulties,balances the bodily humours, improve digestive capacity and metabolism”
2.4. Symptoms of appropriate exercise
Swedagama Swasabriddhigatranam laghava tatha ||| Hridyadyuprodhascha eti vyayayamlakshanam ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-7/33-1)[Diacritical Script]“Appearances of perspiration, increased respiration, lightness of the body, increased heart beat are the signs of proper physical exercise”
2.5. Adverse effects of excessive exercise
Shrama Klama Kshayatrishna raktapittam pratamaka |Ativyayamata kaso jwaraschardisha jayate ||(Samhita Sutrasthana-7/33)[Diacritical Script]“Excessive physical exercise results in fatigue, exhaustion, emaciation, thirst, internal bleeding, breathlessness with feeling of darkness, cough,fever and nausea”
3. Food
Food (Diet) is the most important part of life. To stay in good health physically, mentally and spiritually one should follow few good codes ofconducts related to diet and Life style. Proper diet and lifestyle, which are congenial to an individual helps to maintain normal body functions andprevents the diseases.
3.1. Eight factors of diet and dietetics
Tatra khalvimanyaashtavaharvidhivisheshayatanani bhabanti; tadyatha – prakritikaransamyograshideshkalopyogsamstha-pyoktraashtamani (bhavanti) ||(CharkaCharaka Samhita Vimanasthana-1/21)[Diacritical Script]“To determine the maximum benefit of food there are eight factors required which are complementary to each other; these are Food attribute(nature), processing method, Combination, quantity, habitat/climate, time, food intake rules and consumer/user”
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3.2. How to take food
Tatredamaharvidhividhanamroganamaturanam chapi keshanchit kale prakrityaiva hitatambhunjananam bhavati – ush-nam, snigdham, matravat, jirne viryavirudham, esthe deshe, eshtasarbopkaranam, natidrutam, natibilambam, ajalpan,ahasan, tanmana bhunjit, atmanambhisamikshyasamyak ||(Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana-1/24)[Diacritical Script]“The following are the various method of dieting for the healthy and the sick – one should eat warm, unctuous, in proper quantity, after theprevious food is digested, non-antagonistic, in favorable place, with all the favorable accessories, not too fast, not too slow, not while talkingor laughing and with full concentration after due consideration to the self”
3.3. How to know that appropriate quantity of food has been taken
Tatra matravatwam purvamuddishtam kukshyamshvibhagen, tadbhuyo vistarenanuvyakhyashyama |Tadyatha – Kuksherapranidanmaharena, hridaysyanavarodha; parsvayorvipatanam, anatigauravamudarasya, prinanan-mindiyanam, kshutpipasopram, sthanasansayangamanochwasapraswasahasysankathasu sukhanivritti, sayam pratashchasukhena parinamanam bala varnopchayakaratwa ch; eti matrabato lakshanamaharasya bhabati ||(Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana-2/6)[Diacritical Script]“The appropriate intake quantity of food is judged by various symptoms; these are no undue pressure generated on heart, no pain in sides, noexcessive heaviness in abdomen, sense of saturation, cessation of hunger and thirst, ease in standing, sitting, lying down, movement,inspiration, expiration, laughing and gossiping, easy digestion (of food) in evening and morning, promotion of strength, complexion anddevelopment”
3.4. Factors responsible for improper digestion even though food is appropriate
Matrayapyabhyavahritam pathyam channam na jiryati |Chintasokabhayakrodhadukhasaiyyaprajagaraii ||(Charaka Samhita Vimanasthana-2/9)[Diacritical Script]“Even the compatible food taken in proper quantity, does not get digested due to anxiety, grief, fear, anger, uncomfortable bed andSleeplessness”
4. Drug
Use of drugs has been recommended in Ayurveda for both preventive as well as curative purposes. Attributes of drugs have been mentioned in
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detail in this ancient text of Ayurveda, Charak Samhita.
4.1. Importance of proper use of drug
Yogadapi Visham tikshnamuttamam bheshajam bhabet |Bheshajam chapi duryuktam tikshnam sampadyate visham ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-1/127)Tasmanna Vishaja yuktam yuktivhayhena bheshajam |Dhimita kinchidadyeyam jivitarogyakandikshana ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-1/128)[Diacritical Script]“Even if the most dangerous poison is used in proper way will become a medicine. Similarly, the drugs if used in improper manner will turnout to be poison. So, if a person who wants health and Life should avoid receiving medicines from such physician who is ignorant about theproper use of drugs”
4.2. Results of known and unknown usage of drugs
Yatha Visham yatha shastram yatha agnirshinyartha |Tathayoshadhamvigyatam vigyatmmritam yatha ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-1/125)Aushadham hyanbhigyatam namarupagunastribhi |Vigyatam chapi duryuktamnathrayopapadyate ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-1/126)[Diacritical Script]“If the drug is unknown, it is fatal like poison, weapon, fire and thunderbolt; While the known drugs help to protect life as elixir. If the name,form and properties of drug are unknown or even if known but is misused – both are responsible for development of complications”
4.3. Parts of plants used as drug
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Mool twak saar niryasa nala swarasapallaba |Kshara kshiram phalam pushpam bhasma tailani kantaka ||Patrani shunga kandascha praroha audhvidho guna |(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-1/74)[Diacritical Script]“The 18 useful parts of plants used as drugs are root, bark, heartwood, Secretions (gum), stalk, expressed juice, tender leaves, alkali, latex,fruit, flower, ash, oil, thorn, leaves, leaf-buds, tubers and sprouts”
4.4. Four qualities of drug
Bahuta tatrayogyatwamanekvidh kalpana |Sampaaccheti chatushkoayam dravyanam guna uchhyate ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-9/7)[Diacritical Script]“Available in abundance, effectivity, various pharmaceuticals forms and having appropriate properties are the four qualities of drugs”
4.5. Mode of action of drugs
Na tu kevalam gunapravadeva dravyani karmukani bhabanti; dravyani hi dravyapravabadrunapravavaddravyagunaprab-habaccha tasminstasmin kale tatadhikaranamasadya tam tam ch yuktimartham ch tam tambhipretya yat kurbanti, tatkarma; yen kurbanti, tadirya; yatra kurbanti, tadhikaranam; yada kurbanti, sa kala; yatha kurbanti, sa upaya; yatsadhayanti, tat phalam ||(Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana-26/13)[Diacritical Script]“The drugs are effective not only due to their properties but also due to their intrinsic potential, properties and both combined together inparticular time, on reaching a particular location, with a particular mechanism and objective. What they perform is karma (action), by meansof which they act is virya (potency), where they act is adhikarana (locus of action), when they act is kala (time), how they act is upaya(mechanism) and what they achieve is result”
Reference
Sharma, P.V., 2000. Charaka-Samhita with English translation. Pub. Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, India.
C.K. Katiyar Guest Editor, Pulok K. Mukherjee Guest Editor1
School of Natural Product Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, IndiaE-mail address: [email protected]
1 Associate Editor - J. Ethnopharmacology
C.K. Katiyar, P.K. Mukherjee Journal of Ethnopharmacology 197 (2017) 3–9
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