A Small Dose of ToxicologyPrinciples of Toxicology - 09/11/10 An Very Brief Introduction to the Principles of Toxicology A Nano-Dose of Toxicology Steven

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology - 09/11/10

An Very Brief Introduction to the

Principles of Toxicology

A Nano-Dose of Toxicology

Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABTwww.asmalldoseof.org

www.toxipedia.org

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10

A Small Dose of Toxicology

See: www.asmalldoseof.org -- smdose


Small Dose of Toxicology


Milestones of Toxicology


www.toxipedia.org

A free toxicology encyclopedia and resource center that anyone can edit. Toxipedia provides comprehensive, accurate, and scientifically based information on the hazards and risks of chemical and physical agents, with the goal of advancing human and environmental health. Toxipedia


Toxipedia suite of sites

www.ipmopedia.org

www.healthyworldtheater.orgwww.wanmec.org

www.toxipedia.org

www.wltox.org


The World Library of Toxicology

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10www.wltox.org


Connecting Gardeners and Experts for Green Gardening Solutions Identify Your Pest

Find the Right Plant Ask the Experts Garden Design Guide Indoor Pest Control

www.ipmopedia.org

Supported by Local Hazardous Waste Management Program in King County, WA.


10


Healthy World Theater• http://healthyworldtheater.org

• promote awareness and understanding through the arts to create a more healthy and peaceful world

• plays, poems, jokes, fiction, music, cartoons, haiku, and even limericks


12


Washington Nuclear Museum and Educational Center (WANMEC)

• http://wanmec.org

• learning from the past for a safer tomorrow

• a project of Washington Physicians for Social Responsibility - funded in part by WA DOE


Healthy World Press (www.healthyworldpress.org)

• publishes interdisciplinary books connecting science, history, and art.

Healthy World Press

Particles on the WallParticles on the Wall: An interdisciplinary exhibit connecting science and art in exploring the history of Hanford and major themes of today's nuclear age


Toxipedia www.toxipedia.orgConnecting Science and People

Washington Nuclear Museum and Education Center - www.wanmec.org

Integrate Pest Managementwww.IPMopedia.org

World Library of Toxicology www.wltox.org

Healthy World Theaterwww.healthyworldtheater.org

A product of the Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders (INND) For more information contact Steven G. Gilbert at [email protected]

Connecting Gardeners and Experts for Green Gardening Solutions

Learning from the past for a safer tomorrow Uniting art and science for a healthy, peaceful world

Connecting Scientists and Experts to Improve Global Health

Toxicology History Roomwww.toxhistoyroom.orgParticles On The Wall (POTW)

www.particlesonthewall.org


LDDI Consensus Statement

Scientific Consensus Statement on Environmental Agents Associated with

Neurodevelopmental DisordersDeveloped by the Collaborative on

Health and the Environment’s Learning and Developmental Disabilities

InitiativeNovember 7, 2007

http://www.iceh.org/LDDI.html



http://www.iceh.org/LDDI.html

Given the established knowledge, protecting children from neurotoxic environmental exposures from the earliest stages of fetal development clearly is an essential public health measure if we are to help prevent learning and developmental disorders and create an environment in which children can reach and maintain their full potential.


NW Public Health

See: http://healthlinks.washington.edu/nwcphp/nph/

nwph

Public Health and the Precautionary

Principle

By Steven G. Gilbert


Precautionary Principle

“When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment,

precautionary measures should be take even if some cause and effect relationships are not

fully established scientifically.”

Wingspread Conference, 1998.


• Setting goals (Health indicators)• Taking preventive action in the face of

uncertainty• Shifting the burden of responsibility to the

proponents of an activity (Who benefits?)• Exploring a wide range of alternatives to

possibly harmful actions (Is it necessary?)• Increasing public participation in decision

making (transparency of information & environmental justice)

Central components


Child Health


So Many Chemicals so Little Data

2863 above 1 Million pounds

78.2% no data

21.4% some data

12 or 0.4% good data

www.preventingharm.org


Nearly 12 million children (17%) under age 18 in the US suffer from one or more developmental disabilities

Learning disabilities – 5-10% of kids in public school

ADHD – 3-6% of all school kids, maybe higher

The Consequences


The study of poisonsor

the adverse effects of chemical and physical agents on living

organisms.

Toxicology Definitions


“Conditions that ensure that all living things have the best opportunity to reach and maintain their full genetic potential.”

Steven G. Gilbert, 1999

Human & Environmental Health


What Is This?

N

NN

N

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

O

1

3

7


Key Words

Risk =

Hazard X Exposure

Dose / Response

Individual Sensitivity


Thalidomide

Introduced in 1956 as sedative (sleeping pill) and to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

Withdrawn in 1961

Discovered to be a human teratogen causing absence of limbs or limb malformations in newborns

5000 to 7000 infants effected Resulted in new drug testing rules


What Is This?

CH

H

H

OHC

H

H

(CH3-CH2-OH)


Effects of Prenatal Alcohol

A Small Dose of Toxicology Principles of Toxicology – 09/11/10FAS Child


A Small Dose of Lead


Lead In Homes


Lead History

Greek 2nd BC

Lead Makes the Mind Give Way


Recycling Lead


Agency Blood Lead Levels

60

40

3025

2015

10

20

10

20

30

40

50

60

Blo

od

Lea

d (

ug

/dl)

CDC1960

CDC1973

CDC1975

CDC1985

WHO1986

EPA1986

CDC1990

CDC2006?

Agency and Year

Acceptable Childhood Blood Lead Levels


Glasses of Wine - Dose Response

0

25

50

75

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Glasses of Wine

% D

iffi

cult

y W

alki

ng

All Effected

NO Effect

Amount half are effected


Dose (mg/kg body weight)Increasing dose

Dose Response Function

0

25

50

75

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% R

esp

on

se

NO Effect

All Effected

Half Effected


1) Skin (dermal)

2) Lung (inhalation)

3) Oral (gut)

Route of exposure

Exposure & Absorption


Number of Times

Time Between

4 Beers in an hour or4 Beers in 4 Days

Frequency Of Exposure


Acute Exposure

Sub-chronic Exposure

Chronic Exposure

Duration Of Exposure


Where It Goes

(body water, fat, bone)

Where It Accumulates

Distribution


In uteroInfantPregnancyelderly

Timing


How The Body Breaks It Down

What It Turns Into

How Fast It Does It

Metabolism


N

NN

N

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

O

1

3

7

Caffeine - 1,3,7 Trimethylxanthine


Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µg

/ml)

Time (hrs)

How Long It Takes To Go

Half-life

02

46

810

1214

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


• Young or Old

• Male or Female

• Individual Variability

• Genetics Differences

• Species Differences

Susceptibility & Variability


“When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment,

precautionary measures should be take even if some cause and effect relationships are not

fully established scientifically.”


Precautionary Principle


• Taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty

• Shifting the burden of proof/responsibility to the proponents of an activity

• Exploring a wide range of alternatives to possibly harmful actions

• Increasing public participation in decision making


Central components


• Children have a right to a safe, fair and healthy environment

• Ethical Responsibility to share and use of knowledge

• Duty to promote health and well being of children

• Thoughtful public health advocate

Knowledge - Responsibility


The Potential of Children


Principles of Toxicology


Authorship Information

Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABTE-mail: [email protected]: www.toxipedia.org



Scientific Consensus Statement on Environmental Agents Associated with

Neurodevelopmental DisordersDeveloped by the Collaborative on

Health and the Environment’s Learning and Developmental Disabilities

InitiativeNovember 7, 2007

http://toxipedia.org/x/H6xb



Given the established knowledge, protecting children from neurotoxic environmental exposures from the earliest stages of fetal development clearly is an essential public health measure if we are to help prevent learning and developmental disorders and create an environment in which children can reach and maintain their full potential.

http://toxipedia.org/x/H6xb


NW Public Health

See: http://healthlinks.washington.edu/nwcphp/nph/

nwph

Public Health and the Precautionary

Principle

By Steven G. Gilbert


N

CH3N

What Is This?


Structure of PBDEs

X & Y are number of Bromine atomsCommon Penta, Octa, and Deca

PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ether

O

BrxBry


PBDEs in House Dust (ppb)

From EWG - Toxic Fire Retardants Contaminate American Homes - http://www.ewg.org/reports/inthedust/summary.php


PBDEs in Breast Milk (ppb)

From EWG - Toxic Fire Retardants in Breast Milk from American Mothers - http://www.ewg.org/reports/mothersmilk/es.php

Documents

A Small Dose of ToxicologyPrinciples of Toxicology - 09/11/10 An Very Brief Introduction to the Principles of Toxicology A Nano-Dose of Toxicology Steven