A Simplified Grammar of the Japanese

8/12/2019 A Simplified Grammar of the Japanese

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TBUBNEB'S COLLECTION

OP

SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS

OF THE PHINCIPAL

ASIATIC AND EUBOPEAN LANGUAGES.

EDITKD BY

REINHOLD HOST, L.L.D., Ph. D.

XV.

JAPANESE.

BY BASIL HALL OHAMBEBLAIN.


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YOKOHAMA :PRINTBD AT THE JAPAN GAZETTE OFFICE,m.7% MAIN STREET.

1


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A

SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAROP THE

JAPANESE LANGUAGE.

(MODEEN WRITTEN STYLE)

BY

BASIL HALL CHAMBERLAIN.

AUTHOR OF

THE CLASSICAL POETRY OF THE JAPANESE/Etc.

LONDON: -; f.;::-;/[/]ITRUBNER CO., 57 59, LUDGATE HlLL*^ ^^^

YOKOHAMA : KELLY AND WALSH, No. 28, MAIN STREET*

18S6. ^\All tightareserved,]


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Z/'fp-

Iv^f.


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PEEFACE.

In Japan, as in other Eastern countries, two dialects are usedsimultaneously, one for speaking, the other for writing pur-oses.

The spoken or colloquial dialect is that to whichconsuls, merchants, missionaries, and others who are broughtinto dailyrelations with the Japanese, must devote their firstefforts. Their next step should be to acquire the writtenlanguage, without a knowledge of which every book, everynewspaper, every post-card,every advertisement, every noticein a railway-stationr on board a steamer remains a mystery,even when transliterated into Eoman character? Some of

the differences affect the vocabulary. But the constantlyrecurring difficulties are rather in the grammar, and may bemastered in a few weeks by those to whom the colloquialisfamihar. The great obstacle hitherto has been the absence ofany book speciallydevoted to the elucidation of the modemform of the written language. Mr. Aston's admirable treatisecovers a much wider field. Previous writers had left Japanesegrammar a chaos. Mr. Aston brought lightand order into itsevery part. But most persons have neither time nor inclina-ion

to investigateevery part. Their concern is, not withthe Japanese classics and philologicalresearch, but with thelanguage as commonly written now; and they weary ofsearching through the pages of a learned work for the every-dayforms, which alone to them are useful. The object ot thepresent little book is to put before such persons, in as simplea manner as possible,ust so much as will enable them to read


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VI PREFACE.

contemporaryliterature and correspondence.All forms thatare obsolete or purelyclassical have been omitted. Theoreticaldiscussions have been dispensedwith, save in a few instances(notablythe passiveverb),here a knowledge of theoryisjfora foreigner,he onlyroad to correct practice.

A word as to the history,ffinities,nd written system ofthe Japaneselanguage. The nearest of kin to Japaneseonthe mainland of Asia is Korean, the structural resemblancebetween the two tongues reaching down even to minutisa ofidiom. The hkeness of the vocabularyis much fainter,butstill real. Whether both Japanese and Korean are to beclassed with the Altaic tongues, must depend on the exactsense given to the word ** Altaic. Judged from tliepointof view of syntax and general structure, they have asgood a rightto be included in the Altaic group as Mongolor Manchu. Traces of the law of ** attraction, by whichthe vowels of successive syllablesend to uniformity,s inototoshi,or atotoshi,** the year before last, pointin the samedirection.

If the term Altaic *' be held to include Korean and Japan-se,then Japaneseassumes prime importanceas being by far

the oldest livingrepresentativef that great linguisticroup,its nterature antedatingby many centuries the most ancientproductions of the Manchus, Mongols, Turks, Hungarians,or Finns. Its earliest extant documents go back in theirpresent shape to the beginningof the eighthcentury0/ ourera, and its literature has flourished uninterruptedlyrom thattime downward. Japanese as written now differs,however,considerablyrom the languageof the eighthcentury. Whilethe meagre native vocabularyhas been enriched by thou-ands

of words and phrases borrowed from the more ex-ressiveChinese, many of the old iiativ terminations hftve


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PREFACE. Vn

fialleninto disuse. One consequence of this long and variedcareer of the Japaneselanguageis the existence at the presentday of a number of stylesdistinguishedy stronglymarkedpeculiarities.eaving aside poetryand a certain ornamentalkind of prose cultivated chieflyby a few Shinto scholars,there are four categoriesf stylein common use, viz.

I. The Semi-Classical Style,distinguishedy its preferencefor old native words and grammatical forms. The standardtranslation of the New Testament is in this style.

II. The Semi-Colloquialtyle,into which the lower classnewspaper writers occasionallyall. Its phraseologyavourslargely,nd its grammar slightly,f.the peculiaritiesf themodern colloquialialect.

in. The Chinese Style,r Sinico-Japanese,which is repletewith Chinese words and idioms. It is founded on the literaltranslations of the Chinese classics,which were formerlythetext-books in every school. This styleis the ordinaryvehicleof contemporary Hterature.

IV. The EpistolaryStyle. Almost exclusivelyhinese inphraseology,his stylehas grammatical peculiaritieshichare so marked as to necessitate treatment in a separatechapter.

The system of writing,hat has hitherto been in use in Japan,is an extremelycomphcated one, semi-ideographicnd semi-syllabic,founded on the ideographicwritingof the Chinese.But the language may easilye written with Roman characters.Indeed the generalintroduction of the Eoman alphabetisthe .questionf the day. A societyntitled the Edmaji Kaiyor ** Romanization Society, has been formed, and includesamong its members most of the leaders in science and inpoUtics. A purelyphoneticsystem of transliteration has beenadopted,and has met with acceptance both among nativesand foreigners.To this system, as beingthat which is hkely


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vm PREFACE.

to supersedoll otherSjthe spellingf the followingagesoonforms.

In conclusionI it is my pleasingutyto acknowledgeyobligationso Mr. J. C. Hall,ActingJapaneseSecretaryoH, B, M, Legation,okyo,and more particularlyo Mr. ErnestSatow^C.M.G., H. B. M, Minister Eesident at Bangkok,fora number of valuablesugfrastions.y thanks are likewisedueto Lieutenant M. Takata,I.J. N.,forsmoothingway certaindifficultiesith regardo the pubhcationfthe book in Japan,

Basil Hatt. Chamberlain.

Impkeial Naval Department,okyo.Fehrmry,1SS6.

*'

ERRATA

p. B,line18 ; afterh insert and g.'',,52, the bracijsliould unite,not yukazuand yukazaru,but

yuluxzariind yulcanu,,, 69, Urn 3 from bottom;forSection6 read Section8.tt 70,Hue 14; for beskiread beshi.


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JAPANESE GEAMMAE.

CHAPTEB I.

THE PHONETIC SYSTEM.

SEC. 1. ALPHABET AND PBONUNOIATION.

Japanese, when written with the Roman alphabet, requiresthe same letters as English, with the exceptionof I,q, v and x.The letter c occurs only in the combination c/t,which issounded nearly like English ch in ** church.

The vowels are sounded as in Itahan ; but are always shortunless marked with the sign of long quantity,when care mustbe taken to pronounce them long, thus :

do, a degree ; do, **ahall.toru, to take ; torn, to pass through.huM, a stem ; kuki, ** the air.

The only long vowels of common occurrence are o and w.They are found chieflyin words of Chinese origin,where theyrepresent such Chinese diphthongs and nasal sounds as oo, cm,ang, ung, etc.

When preceded by another vowel or by n, e sounds verynearly like ye, i like yi, and o like wo. Thus ue, kon-in andsldo are respectivelypronounced uye, kon-yin, and shiwo.

The vowels i and u are sometimes inaudible or nearly soin the mouths of Tokyd speakers, as shite, having done,pronounced shte ; jinrikisha, Tonoxmced jinriksha; tsuM, themoon, pronounced tski; taktisan, much, pronounced taaan;watakmhh '' I/' pronounced watakshi. Initial u is silent,and


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JAPANESE GBAMMAB.

the followingdoubled in the pronunciationfthe fourwordsuma, ** horse ;nmakiy tasty ;urmruru, to be bom ;ume^ plum-tree/'ronouncedwui, mmaki, mmaruru, mme.But these deviations are slightnd unimportant.All theabove worda willbe understoodifpronounceds written.

The diphthoiigatueh as ao, au, ei,ii,ou, callforno specialcomment, as each vowel retainsitsown proper sound.

The cousoiiaaitsre pronouncedpproximatelys in English,subjecto the followingemarks :/ig a true labial/,ot the Enghshlabio-dental.g never has the sound ofj. At the beginningfa word it

is pronouncedhard, like the g in give.In the middle of aword it haa the Bound of Enghsh w^ in longmg. ThusEi^tt,he name of a place,hymesalmost exactlyith singer(notwith finger ).he words ga, of, and gotoki,Uke,alsotake the 'ngaound.

h before i Bounds nearlyikethe German ch in mich, andsometimes passaB almost intosh.

n at the end of a word is pronouncedalf-wayetween atrue n and the French nasal n. Nouns havmg a finaln aremoatlyf Chinese origin.

y isalwaysa consonant. Thus the syllableya in mydkUtthe pulse, s pronounceds one syllable,ikemia in theEnglishword amiable. Care must be taken not toconfound it with the dissyllablen such words as miyako, acapitality.

:; has almost the Bound ofdz when precedinghe vowel u ;thua mimt water, ispronouncedlmost midzu.

Double consonants must be distinctlyounded,as inItalian,thus;

Mtet havingome ' ; kittena ticket.Jpka^ m ancientpoem ; hohka, hearthand home.'* DigitizedyV^jOOQIC1


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PBOMBTIO 8T8TBU. 8

Generallyspeaking,the Japanese pronnnciationoih ofvowels and of consonants is less broad and heavy than thatcurrent in most European languages,and especiallynEnglish. This remark appliesore particularlyo the letterschij, r, sh,and ts. Tones, such as those of the Chinese, areentirelyabsent. There is littleor no tonic accent, and onlya very slightrhetorical accent ; that is to say, that all thesyllablesof a word and all the words of a sentence arepronounced equally,r nearlyso. Students must beware ofimportinginto Japanesethe strongand constantlyecurringstress by which we in Englishsingleout one syllablen everyword, and the chief words in every sentence.

All Japanese words end either in a vowel or in theconsonant n. There are no combinations of consonantsexceptingts and the double consonants alreadymentioned,among which must be counted ssh and tch,standingfor doublesh and double ch, as in kesshin, resolve ; zetchdf* peajc.Bysome v^y careful speakers m; is pronouncedafter A^inmanywords taken from the Chinese. Thus kwantdn, ** an official ;Owaimmho, the Foreign Office. But the pronunciationcurrent in Tokyo and in most partsof the country is simplykanrdn, Qaimusho, etc.

SEC. 2. LETTEB-GHANGES.1. Nigori,''.e. muddling, is the name givenby the

Japanese,to the substitution of sonants for surds.* Theconsonants affected are :

ch] which change into j.sh

In contradistinction to the sonant letters,he surd letters aresaid to be sumi, i.e. clear. The two categoriestogetheraretermed sei-daku,sei being the Chinese equivalentor clear, nd(tok for muddled,


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{Iwhih jiik

JAPANESE GBAUMAB.

which changeinto b,

changes ,, g.change z.

i y, changes ,, d.N,Bp F and 7* also often change into p, especiallyn

Chines compounds. This is called ** han-ntgoriy.e.** halfmuddling/'

The rule regardingthe rdgori,stated broadly,is thatthe initialsurd of an independentword changes into thecorrespondingsonant when the word is used as the secondmember of a compound,thus :

kuni-jU, throughouthe land, from kurd and chu.tmru-jare, a practicaloke, waruU arfd share,fiim-humy allsorts of vessels, fune repeated.viu hibiiy '* a carious tooth, mushiondiha.Jion/fQjm, native country, ,, hon and Jcoku,rmtzwm, to discuss, ron and sum.kanzunte, ** tinned, kan and tsunie,kxtftdntn^i* a bill of fare, kon and tate.The above rule is by no means an absolute one, euphony,

and sometimes the varyingcapricef individuals,ecidingneach case whether the change shall or shall not take place.P and hjhowever, alwayschangeeither into b or into p ifthefirst member of the compound ends in the consonant w,thus

nmnpvt the south wind, from nan and^w.mm-ikm, three times, san and hen.

2. As shown in the precedingexamples,n changesinto mbefore a labial, ^,g.,, ,byv^oogie


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PHOMBTIO STSTBM.

8. ^The followingcategory of changes affects a largenumber of compound words of Chinese origin,and notablythe numerals as combined with the auxiliaryumerals :

eh it-cho, for icki cho, one.hat'Chd, hacUchof eight.jit'chot ju choj ten.

/ and h ip-puku,ip-piki,

gam-bukU,sam-Uhi,

rop'puhu,rop'pUdijip'PuhUijip'piU,

p-puhu, hyap'piki sem-bukUf ,,sem-biki,

k ik'ken,

san-gerit )rok'ken, jik'ken, hyak'km, sen-gen, ,,

m sam-mai, 9evn 'mai,,,

ichifukUtichi hiki,

mnfukUfsan Mkif

rokUfukUfroku hikif

jufuku,ju MUf

hyakufukUfhyaku hiki,

senfuku,sen Mki,ichi ken,san ken,roku ken,ju ken,hyaku ken,sen ken,san mai,sen mai,

* one.'

three.

six;

*ten.

*huridred.

thousand.

one.three.six.ten.hundred.thousand.three.thousand^oQle


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e JAPANBSOB 09AM1UB.

sanzo,

TiaS'SdfjiS'SOfsen-zOf

haS'Shu,

t it'tm,hat'tsujit'tsu

Similarly,as-sd,hah'ko.

for icMsd, one.san o, ** three.hachi 8dt

** eight.ju 80, * ten.sen 80, * thousand.ichi shu, one.hacM shu, ** eight.ju 8hu, ** ten.ichi t8u, ** one.hachi tsu, eight.ju tsu, ten.atsusei, tyranny.hatsuho, issuing.ketsu suru, to resolve.

4. ^The Japanese cannot pronounce all their consonantsbefore all their vowels. This leads to the followingeuphoniclaws : d,j,and z are correlated in such wise that d stands onlybefore the three vowels a, e, and o ; j onlybefore a, i,o, and u ;and z only before a, e, o, u. Apparent irregularitiesreherebycaused in the conjugationf many verbs,thus :

^Indefinite AttributiveForm. Presentide, izuru, to go forth.oji, ozuru, to correspond.

JPand h are similarlyorrelated,standingonlybefore w,and h onlybefore the other four vowels, thus :

he, furu, to pass.S and sh are correlated,sh standingonly before i,and s

onlybefore the other four vowels,thus :kashi, hasu, to lend,


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PABTS OF 8FBB0B. 7

T, to,and ch are correlated, standingonlybefore a, e, ando ; to onlybefore u ; and c^ onlybefore a, t, o, and u, thus :Jtm^/ Attnh, Negative. Causative.tacMf tatsUf tatazu^ tatashimurUf * to stand.

5. W is inserted before a in verbal terminations whenanother vowel precedes,hus :

toarai, warau, waratoazu, warawashimurUt to laugh.6. Y disappearsefare e and t, thus :

Jde, Uywu, ** to melt.7. A few monosyllablesand dissyllablesf pure native

originendingin e change the e into a when used as the firstmember of a compound, thus :hana-gUf metal work, from kane and gu,ta-makura, the arm used as a pillow, te Bxii makura,f4 i^-;i;utoumi,an outer wrapper, uândtoutoumc.*

CHAPTER n.THE PAETS OP SPEECH.

The words of which the Japanese language is composedfallinto two greatgroups, the uninflected and the inflected.

The uninflected words are : I the noun, which, besides thesubstantive properlyso-called,includes the pronoun, thenumeral, and many words correspondingo Englishadjectives;n the postposition,orrespondingfor the most part to theEnglishpreposition.

^ In realitykana, ta^ etc.,are the originalorms,which havebecome softened into Ajow,fc,etc.,exceptin compfj^nî^vôOQie


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8 JAPAl^SE ORAMMAB.

The inflected words are: I the adjective;1 the verb(includingarticiples).

This division is not an artificialone made for the sake ofconvenience,but has itsfoundation in the nature and historyof the language. In the followingchaptersthe two groupsof words are treated of in the order here indicated.

What we term adverbs in English are replacedpartlybynouns, partlyby one of the inflections of the adjective.Conjunctionsare partly included under the heading ofpostpositions,nd partlyexpressedby certain inflectionsof theverb. Interjectionsxist,as in other languages; but,beingmere isolatedwords without grammaticalconnection with thesentence, they call for no remark. The Japaneselanguagehas no article.

From one part of speech another may often be formed by *addingcertain terminations. Thus, rashiki serves to formadjectivesxpressiveof similarity,nd mahoshiki adjectivesexpressivef desire,while more rarelynau forms verbsexpressivef action,as :

otoko, man ; otokorashiki, . manly.tomot company ; tomonau, to accompany.yukUf to go ; yukamahosUki, desirous of going.


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10 JAPANESE OBAUMAB.

Or by prefixingr suffixingome word conveyingthe ideaof number. Thus :

ban-kohUf all countries, ** international

; from ban,myriad, and kohu, country.sho'hm, gentlemen ; from Ao,all, and Tcun^gentle-an.

m-neUi many years ; from m, number, and nm,year.

deshi'tacM,disciples ;rom deshi, a disciple,nd tachi,a word expressivef plurality.

onna-domo, women ; from onna, woman, and tomo, companion.

shin-ra,subjects, we ; from s^m, subject, and ra, aword expressivef vagueness.But such locutions are somewhat exceptional,istinctionsof number not beingdwelt upon at every turn by the Japaneseas they are by.the Aryan mind.

2. Compounds are very common, and can be formed atwill. As in English, the first member of the compoundgenerallydefines the second, as will be seen by the numerousexamples throughout this grammar. Occasionallythe twomembers are co-ordinated,s kin-gin,gold and silver.*'This corordination sometimes (inimitation of Chinese idiom)assumes a peculiarorm, which has been termed the synthesisof contradictories, .g. clw-tan,long or short, i.e.length ;lean-dan J hot or cold, i.e. temperature ; nan-nyo, manor woman, i.e. sex ; yoshi-ashi,* good or bad, i.e. themoral character of an action; aru-nasJd,there being ornot being, i.e. the questionof the existence of a thing.Two contraries thus combined do duty for a singleEnglishabstract word, thus : bun no atO'SaJd,the context (Ut.theafter-before)f a passage, ^,^,^,^^,by ^oogie


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Notms. 11

When one member of the compound is a verb governingheother,it comes second if the word is of Japaneseorigin,ndfirstif it is of Chinese origin.Thnafuna-oroskita launch ** ;kand'hasand, hair-cutting(Jap.) but ki-kyo,** returningto the capital ; zo-sen, building ship, shipbuilding*(Chinese).

Hyphens are used in Bomanized Japanese for the sakeof clearness in very longcompoimds,and in those whose firstmember ends in n while the second commences with a vowelor with y, as gm-an, ** the draft of a document, not to beconfounded with gefmn, ** a common man.*' In the presentwork theyare used a Uttle more freelyo illustratethe senseand derivation of many words.

SEO. 2. NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES AND ADVEBBS.1. Japanesehas comparativelyew true adjectives,nd in

a greatnumber of cases uses nouns instead,justas in Englishwe say ** a goldwatch,'* a Turkey carpet.*'A noun may doduty for an adjectiven three ways, viz. ;

I. As member of a compound, thus ;Butsu-jifa Buddhist temple^*;from ButsUf Buddha**

or Buddhism ; and jt, a temple.'*Ei-koku-jififan EngUshman**; from Ei, Eng; koku,

land *' ; and jin,** person.**td'koku, an imperialcountry,**an empire ; bomtd,

emperor ; and koku, country.u-tefif rainyweather ; from % rain ; and ten, sky.yoko-moji,European writing ; from yoko, crosswise ** ;

and moji, a written character.n. Followed by the Postpositiono, of, thus :gaikohino kosai, foreignntercourse

; lit, intercourse *of foreignountries.


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12 JAPANESE QBAMMAfi.

horimono no tsukue, a carved table ; lit. a table ofcarvings.

ni. Followed by the attributiveform of one of the tenses ofthe verb nam, ** to be, thus :

kenso na^nc michi, ** a steep road ; lit. a steepness-beingroad ; nodoka nam tenki, genialweather, lit. geniality-being weather ; shinsetsu narishi hito, a kind person, lit.** kindness having-beenperson.

2. ^Words ofthis third class correspondo Englishadverbs,if the postpositioni (more rarelyto)is substituted for theverb narUf thus : kenso ni, steeply nodoka ni, ** genially;sMzen to naturally.

8. Many words correspondingo English adverbs areformed by redupUcatingnouns, as taU-tabi,often, fromtabi, ** a time. Many such redupHcated words areonomatopes, similar to the EngHsh ding-dong, pell-mell, etc. Thus gasa-gasa or goso-goso, representingrustlingsound ; tobo-tobo,descriptivef the totteringtepsof an oldcrone. Occasionallyhey are derived from adjectivetems, asmgo'sugo, descriptivef low spirits,rom sugoki, illat ease.

4. All Chinese words are treated as nouns by the Japanese,being used either I. as substantives proper, e.g. kin gold;jitsUytruth ; ketsu, decision ; hatsumei,discovery,invention, ; or 11. adjectively,ccordingto one or other of

the three methods justmentioned, e.g.jitsu-butsu,a genuine'

article ; jitsu nam oshie, a true doctrine ; or HI*adverbially,y suffixing or to, e.g. jitsuni truly; or IV*as verbs,by suffixinguru, to do, e.g. kes-sum, to decide ;hatsumei su^, to discover ; to invent, kinzum, toforbid ; or V. as onomatopes, e.g. kai-kai,supposed torepresenthe voice of the nightingaleyu-yut descriptivefthe calm appearance of the distant heavens, byv^oogie


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PBONOUNS. 18

CHAPTER IV.THE PRONOUN.

SEC. 1. PEBSONAL PBONOUNS.The Japanesewords correspondingo the personalronouns

of European languages are simply nouns whose originalsignificationsre in most cases perfectlylear,and which areindeed stilloften used with those significations.hey answerto such EngUsh expressionsas your humble servant(meaningI ). Self-depreciatoryerms are naturallyusedto representwhat we should call the first person, andcomplimentary terms to representthe second person, thus:

bohuy servant ;ses-sha, the awkward person ;shin,subject ;sho-sd, small bom, young ;soregashi,a certain person ;ware, (originaleaning uncertain)watakushif selfishness ;yo, (etymologyncertain)

etc. etc.Hei-ka, beneath the steps of the ^

throne (theidea being that asubjectdoes not dare to addressthe sovereigndirectly,ut onlyprostratesis petitiont the Im-erial

Feet);

M.

V Your Majesty*

Kahkafber ;

^ beneath the council-cham- Your ExceUencyj


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14 JAPANESE OBAMMAB.

Ei'ha, beneath augustness ;Kind, prince ;nanji,(believedo have originally

meant renowned );soh'ka, beneath the feet ;

etc. etc.

Vyou.

N.B. Some of these are also used as titlessufiSxed to othernouns. Thus : Termd Heika, His Majestythe Emperor.Postpositionsan be sufSxed to the above, as to any

other nouns. Thus: soregasMno, ** of me, my ; soregdsMwo, me.' Instead oi ware no, of me, my, the formwaga (forare ga)is in common use.

The pluralsu Sxes are more often used with the quasi-personalpronouns than with any other class of nouns.Thus : sessha-domo,sHn-ra, ware-ra (orware-ware),atakushi-domo (sometimesalso used for the singular),o-ra, we ; Jdmi'tachi,okka-tachi,anjira, you. In some cases pluralityis otherwise expressed,.g. by the term waga hat, lit. ourcompany, the usual equivalentor the Englisheditorial we.

The onlyword closelyorrespondingo our pronouns of thethird person is hare, that. Periphrases,uch as kano Uto^ that person (i.e.he or she ),re sometimes employed,as are also the honorific designationsentioned above asequivalentsor the second person. Very often the word sono^which properlyeans that (Frenchce),s used to signifyhis, her, its, thus: owo haha, his mother.

The word omre (pluralnore-ra),self, may be of anyperson ; but itismost commonly met with in the sense of I.

The quasi-personalronouns are very little used, theinformationtheymightsupplybeingleftto be gatheredfrom


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PBONOUNS. 16

the context in ninety-nineases out of a htmdred in whichpersonalpronouns would be used by the speakersof Europeantongues.

SEG. 2. BEFLEXIVE PBONOUNS.The nouns correspondingo our reflexive pronouns are jibun^

jisMn,(more, self ; ono ^a, own **;iro^a, properlymy,but also used more generallyn the sense of own, one'sown. They are comparativelyttle used.

SEC. 8. DEMONSTBATIVE AND mTEBBOOATIVE PBONOUNS.The words answeringto our demonstrative and interrogativ

pronouns are :kore, this (Latinhie,French celrn-d,ceUe-d,ceci.)sore, that ( iste, celm-la,celle-lh,ela.)A r^, that , he, she, it, (LatiniUe, French,

cdtd-la,celle-la,ela.)tare, who^nard, what?izure,which?The foregoiagare the substantive forms, before leaving

which the student should note the pluralskore-ra, these (ceux-ci, celleS'CiJ,ore-ra and kare-ra (cettx-la,eUes-la).The adjectiveforms, i.e. those that are employedto definenouns, are :

hmo, this (Latinhie, French ce).sono, that ( iste, ce),Mwo, that ( iUe, ce).

The forms kono, sono, and kano also do duty tor koreno,.

of this ; sore no B,ndkare no, of that, of which they arecontractions. Thus kono kuni, this country ; kono tame ni,for the sake of this,'' Sono also frequentlyeans his,*ber, its, The old forms soga and


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16 JAPANEBB ORAfOlAS,.

replaceom and tare no. Tare is used of persons only,nani ofthingsonly (savein one or two compounds such as nani-Utoor nam-pito, what person ?*'),zure of both persons and things.Before words of Chinese origin, this and ** that arefrequentlyxpressedby td. Thus : tdji,* this time, ** thattime, at the time in question.

What kind of ? is expressedby ika nam, the correspond-ngadverb ika ni meaning ** how ?

Note also itsu, ** when ? and izuko, ** where ? , wordswhich are reallynouns, though correspondingto Englishinterrogativedverbs. Like other nouns, theytake postposi-ions

to modifytheir sense, thus :itm no koto narishi ? lit. it was a thingof when ? i.e.

** when did ithappen ? izuko ye, Ht. ** to where ? i.e. whither ? izuko yoriyHt. ** from where ? i.e.** whence ? tare no, whose?nani no, what?izure no, which ?

SEC. 4. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.The indefinite pronouns are formed from tare, nani, and

izure in the followinganner :tare mo, ** anyone, everyone ; tare ka, someone.nani mo, ^* anything, everything'; nani ka, * * something.'izure two, either, both ; all ;izureka, one or other.

SEO. 5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS.The Japaneselanguagehas no relative pronouns or relative

words of any kind. The way in which their absence is madegood will be understood from the followingexamples:yukisMhitOfthe person who went (ht.**jth^j^Q^{grs


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18 JAPAIIBSB GBAHMAB.

above examples,the prepositionshich often accompany anEnglish relative pronoun are not expressedin Japanese.*Note too that the English passivein such contexts is almostinvariablyeplacedby a Japaneseactive locution.

Not infrequentlyhe words tohoro no (morerarelyo alone)are inserted between the attributive and the noun, as ndshitoJcoro no hito instead of the shorter mishi Mto, ** the man Isaw '* ; 8ude ni nareru no nochi,for sude ni nareru nochi, afterithad alreadyeen done. These circumlocutions add nothingto the sense. Their use originatedn the imitation of Chineseidiom. Sometimes, however, no legitimatelyepresentstheEngUsh relative,thus: onhanashino kenken, the variousmatters mentioned by you (Ut. the matter-matter ofthe honourable speaking);go zoyo no Uhin, the charming presentyou have sent me (lit.* the beautiful articlesof theaugustsending ).

CHAPTER V.THE NUMEEAL.

SEO. 1. THE CABDmAL NUMBEBS.There are two sets of numerals, one of native and the other

of Chinese origin. The native set is now obsolete exceptforthe firstten numbers, which are as follows :

1. hitotsu. 2, futatsu. 8. witsu. f ^yotsu.6. itsutm. 6. mtUsu. 7. nanatstu 8. yatsu.9. JcoJconotsu. 10. to,

^ Compare such Englishexpressionss dining-room, signifying a room in which peopledine ; shaving-brush, ignifying,ctbrush with which you helpyourselfo shave, ptc.v^oOQie


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.KUMEBALS. 19

These nmnerals may either be used as independentords,or compounded with substantives. When used independently,they may either stand quitealone,or follow or (veryrarely)precede a substantive,or stand in an attributive relation tothe substantive by means of the postpositiono. Thus :futatsuarif ** there are two ; hahoftUatsu,r futatm no hakOftwo boxes.

When compounded,theyinvariablyrecedethe substantive.In this case the first nine drop the syllablesu, which isproperlya suffix,and long to becomes short to. Thus: futa-tsuU, two months '* ; to-tsuld, ten months.

The set of numerals borrowed from the Ghinese is:1. ichi (oritm). 20. ni-ju.2. m. 21. m-ju'tchu8. scm. 22. m-ju-rdn4. shu etc. etc.5. go. 80. san-ju,6. roku (orriku). 40. sM-ju.7. shichu etc. etc.8. hachu 100. hyaku, or ip-pyaku(Ut. one9. ku (orkyu). [hundred ).

10. ju, 200. ni-hyaku,11. ju-ichi. etc. etc.12. jw-m. 1,000. sen, oris'sen (lit.one thou-18. ju-mn. [sand ).14. ju'shi. 10,000. man, or ban, or ichi^man (lit.etc.,etc. [ one myriad ).These numerals cannot be used independently,ut must

always precedea noun, forminga sort of compound with thelatter.Thus ichi-nln, one person ; it-ten(forcM-ten),* onepoint. As seen by these examples,the nouns withvwhichthe Ghinese numerals combine aa:e almost^|l^a^^(^^h


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mJMEBALS. 81

N.B. For the enphonio changeswhich these auxiliarynumerals undergo in compositionwith the numerals proper,see pages 5 and 6. Wa suffersthe followingrregularhanges:8am-ba{S)frop-pa)tjip'pa10),hyap'pa100),em-ba (1,000).

By the Japanese themselves the names of weights andmeasures, such as Jdn, a pound , are included in the samecategory.Thus: ik-Un, one pound ; hyak-kin,a hundredpounds.Formerly there existed many native Japanese auxiliary

numerals, which were used in combination with the nativenumerals proper. The only words of this dass that haveremained in common use are :

soroe, for sets of things;suji, rope-likehingstomai, godowns (e.g.ozo mu-tomai, six mud go-

downs ); and the isolated expressionsitori^ one person ;futari, two persons ; and yoUari, four persons, whichoften replacecM-Tdn,m-nin, and yo-tdn. Thus : Btd/ufiUarif two seamen.

The native auxiliaryumerals suffer no euphonicchanges*SEC. 8. ORDINAL NUUBEBS, ETC.

Japanese has no separateforms for what we term theordinals. Sometimes the cairdinalnumbers do dutyfor them,thus: Meijiju-ku-Tien,the nineteenth year of Meiji,.e.A.D.1886* At other times the word dai^ series, is prefixed,or bantme suf xed, to the cardinal numbers, as dai-ichiorichi bammef the first. Observe such locutions as

san-dOf thrice.Ban-do rMi the third time.san-cho tw^, third street.m^nm tnas, ** portionsor three.'* d gt zed by


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22 JAPANESE 6BAMMAB.

sam-bu no icM, * * one-third. * 'sam-bu ** three per cent.mn wari thirtyper cent.mitsu ^sam-maisam-bonetc.and similarlyith the other numerals.

zvitsu, '* three at a time ;

CHAPTER VI.THE POSTPOSITION.

SEG. 1. THE SIMPLE POSTPOSITION.Japanese postpositionsorrespondfor the most part to

EngUsh prepositions.But some words which we should calladverbs and conjunctions,nd others for which EngUsh hasno equivalentsre included in this category, When suffixedto a verb or adjective,ostpositionsequiresuch verb oradjectiveo be in one of the attributive forms,a generalrulewhich is subjectto exceptionsentioned in the course of thepresentchapter.Postpositionsre of two kinds,simpleand compound*The chief simple postpositions,ith their most usual

significations,re :Oa^ I of, or the possessivecase : Oishi ga fukushyUi

Oishi's revenge; '\,,gatame nit for the sake of. 11*Oa isalso used,espeeiallyn low-dass wntmgs^^]^


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BItfPLB P08TP08inON8., 88

ologyapproximatesto that of the colloquial,s a signof whatwe should call the nominative case : SugiuraShi ga shdhai wojuyo sUf ** Mr. Sugiura distributed the prizes. HI. Whensuffixed to the attributive form of a verb at the end of a clause,it has an adversative force generallyest rendered by ** yet,but, or still' prefixedto the followinglause. (See

wOf which is preferredy good writers to ^a in such contexts.)Ka, an interrogativearticle,enerallyorrespondingo our

pointof interrogation,ut sometimes onlyto an expressionfuncertainty Am Jca^** Is there ? ; Nani ha, ** Somethingorother ; Sono sd-dan no matomarishi tojcanite, Icondo ,** An agreement having, as it would seem, been arrived at,they are now When repeated,a usuallycorrespondsto either or. Followed by wa at the end of asentence,ha expresses a merelyrhetorical question Shika nomiTeawa, **Isitonlyso? i.e.,* Of course itisnotonlyso. Whensuffixed as it occasionallys to a gerund,ha combines withthe gerundialtermination te to signify doubtless because,probably on account of. Thus: Seifu mo koko ni mini

toJcoro arite ha, honjitsuno hanrei rannai ni am gotoku tori-sMmari-hisolcu wo mokeraretari, The government too, doubt-ess

having certain views on the subject,has drawn upregulations,s may be seen in the officialcolumn of our to-ay's

issue.

Kara, from, since : kore kara, ** henceforward.Koso, a highly emphatic particle,correspondingto anunusuallystrongemphasis in EngUsh, or to an inversionwhich puts at the beginningof the English sentence theword to which the writer desires to draw attention. Inclassical Japaneseeach of the indicative tenses of verbs andadjectivesas a specialorm in e, called by Mr. Aston the perfect,hich isused instead of the conclusive or indefinite


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a JAPAMSgB GBAHMAB.

Examples of the use of these forms in ^ are occasionallymet with in the modem written style,hus : Kydho wa shisd rutasuke koso sttre (forndefinite shi),amatage wa s^i, ** A help,and not a hindrance,is what education will be to the adminis-ration.

K08O or m koso is sometimes placedat the endof a sentence,to give an emphatic and exclamatoryforceto the wh6le, thus: Makoto rd aramahoMki koto rd koso^* Ah I it is indeed a thingone would like to see happen. In ..such cases no change is producedin any verbal or adjectiveform.

Made, till, as for as, down to, to : Koremade, Thus far, hitherto. Such phrasesas mydgonichimade,may signifyither tillthe dayafterto-morrow ; or by theday after to-morrow ; but the latter meaning is the moreusual. Made sometimes has the exceptionalsignificationf only, merely, thus : Koru) dan kihd made, This justas ananswer, This may suflSce as an answer. (Epistolarystyle).

Mo, properly also, even ; but very firequentlymereexpletiveot needing to be translated : En-ryo rm naku, Without [even]any feelingf difl dence. It is often usedexpletivelyetween the two members of a compound verb :Yuki mo tsu^nu ucM m, Before he had reached {yuki'tsuku


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ichi-joo shikahane wo hiki-agetari,They caused search to bemade by competent divers,whereupon the bodies of two menand one woman were recovered. But more frequentlyi in suchcontexts must be rendered by but, there being hardly anydifference between it and wo similarlylaced,thus : Zenjitsuoyobiyolcujitsuou narishi ni, kono Jiinoini wa kinrai mare namkotenki nite, Both the day before and the day afterwere rainy; but on this day onlywas the weather finer thanalmost any we have had of late,and so . V. Ni suffixedto nouns sometimes means ** and besides, and. VI. Xisometimes follows a word which according to Englishideas should be in the accusative case, as: Hito ni au, Tomeet a person. VII. Suffixed to the indefinite form of theverb, ni signifies* in order to ** to : Tori ni yuku, To goto fetch.

^Nite (sometimescorruptedinto de)I. ** by means of, ** by,

** with : Kore nite sJiiru-besJdy It may be hereby known.II. m, **at : Osaka nite, at Osaka.

N.B. The postpositionite must not be confounded withnite, the indefinite form of the verb nam, which signifies bemg.

No ** of, or the possessivease, thus : Tokyo no jumin,**the inhabitants of Tokyo ; boku no zonjiyori,my humbleopinion ; kimi wo osamum no konnan, ** the difficultyfgoverningthe country ; kisJui no tsuko sum, the passingof the train, the train passing. In examples like thelast,the word followed by no almost comes to correspondto our nominative or accusative rather than to our geni-ive

case, and the noim to wliicli it is suffixed must oftenbe turned into the subjectof a clause in English. Thus :Waga hai no tsune ni ikan to sum tokoro tiari, It is athing which we constantlyregret, Totsu^endenwd no kitaru


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SmPtE POSTPOSITIONS. 27

ati,** A telegramsuddenlycame '* (lit.* Suddenlythere wasthe coming of a telegram ).ito no onore wo hyO sum wo kiku, To hear others talk about oneself.** While alwaysretaininga trace of its proper meaning of of,**w is used in two othernoteworthy idiomatic manners: I. Between two nouns inapposition Issaku ju-rd-mchino nichiyObi,''* The day beforeyesterdaySunday the twelfth.** II. Either in lieu of, orsuffixed to, the other postpositions,tbeinga rule that noneof them exceptno and ga can show the relation between twonouns without the intervention of a verb. Thus a Japanesesays : Kono ura ni ike ari, There isa pond at the back ofthis.But he must, ifthe verb be omitted,say Kono ura no ike, ** Thepond at (Ut.of) the back of this.** Similarly Kan-in nokyusokujo,* A resting-placeor the officials; Ei-Eo no kankei, The relations between England and Russia.** In the followinginstances no issuffixedto the other postpositions:Hokkin yorino dempo, *' a telegramfrom Peking**;taiydto chikyuto no kan^kei,** the relations between the sun and the earth.'* Similarlywhen to in the sense of *that** or of inverted commas isfollowed,not by a verb, but by a noun, no must be insertedafter it. Thus : Hyaku-bun ik-ken ni shikazu to no kakugenari, ** There is a goldensayingto the effect that hearingahundred times is not so good as seeingonce.** (Seealsorelative pronouns, page 18, and compound postpositions,age85 et seq).

To, I. that** (theconjunction),r inverted commas, orto** followed by the infinitive. Thus: NaM to omou, **Ithink that there are none.** {To can never, Hke the Englishword that,'*e omitted in such contexts.)omnasa no jihitsunari to ii-tsutau,* It is traditionallyaid to be an autographofYorimasa** (Ut. [they]hand down the saying * it is anautographf Yorimasa*).Ichi-daitaito ihiruseruhata, A flag


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^8 ikPJJXEBE OBAMHAS.

with the inscriptionFirst Eegiment ' *'. In the semi-Chinesestyle,o is often found at the end of a sentence in the sense of it is said that, he thought,*'tc.,some such verb as iu^omoUy or kiku beingunderstood after it. Sometimes one of the*verbal forms in aku, as iwaku, said ; mrweraku, thought,'*is placedat the commencement of the sentence which endswith to. Thus the above example might be abbreviated toYorimam no ji-hitsunari to. For the sake of emphasis,to is occasionallyollowed by the emphatic particlezo.To, in this its first sense, is usuallypreceded,not by anattributive,but by a conclusive verb or adjective,s seen inthe above example{nari,ot nam). The reason is that, as itsimplycorrespondso inverted commas placedafter a clauseor sentence completein itself,t does not in any way governthe precedingword. If that word is,as it generallyust be,a verb or adjectiven the conclusive form, that form remainsunaffected by the presence of to. But the fact that thepostpositionsenerallyre precededby an attributive verb oradjective,as influenced the grammar of to in such wise thatmany writers substitute the attributivefor the conclusive formwhen to follows. This happens especiallyn the case ofthe first past,whose attributive termination shi constantlyreplacesthe conclusive ki before to. Thus : Kobe vi tochakuseshi (forshiki)o iu, '* It is said that theyhave arrived atKobe. n. Though retainingomewhat of itsforce of that,to must often be otherwise rendered (e.g.y to, into,with ),r altogetherroppedin English,thus: Aware naru

arisama to nareri, He fell into a pitifulhght. Oruru tqhitoshiku, As soon as we alighted(moreht. togetherithalighting).Mumme to m-rdn, Two countingmy daughter.m. and. In this sense it is,like the Latin que^ generallyrepeatedaftereach of the words enumerated**^ Digitizedby V^OOgie


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8IMPLB POSTPOSiriOMS. 29

Tote, a compound of to, that/' and te,the termination ofthe gerund,so that itliterallyignifies ing that.** It isused as an equivalentof to iite, sayingthat ** ; to omoite,thinking that**; to toite,** askingwhether,'*and of similargerundialphrases. Thus: Furusato m kaeran tote, wakarewo iu, He bade adieu, sayingthat he was going home.*'Very frequentlyote follows a verb in the conditional mood.It and the conditional termination eha then togethersignifybecause said (thought,believed,etc.)to be,**onthe strengthof (somethingsaid done or imagined**),hus :Hito to shite mizukara i-shoku-juo kyu sum wa kataki kotoni arazu, Kono koto wo naseba tote,aete hokoru-beki m aragu,It is not a difficult thing for a human being to providehimself with clothing,ood, and shelter. He must not dareto be proud on the strengthf his doingso.**

Wa, originally. a noun signifyingthing**;that which,he, she, or they who,** is now chieflyused as II. an

emphatic or separativearticlecorrespondingo the Frenchquant a, or, when repeated,o the Greek men and de. Withregardto,**so far as is concerned,**are its most explicitEnglish equivalents.But its force is generallysufficientlyindicated in an Enghsh translation by an emphasis on theword to which it is suffixed,nd by the placingof that wordat or near the beginningof the sentence. Examplesof I : Te nitazusoru wa,^^ The thinghe holds in his hand. * * Kotae-keru wa,He answered,** (lit.the thing he answered, [was]**).Examples of H. Nishi wa Fuji, kita wa Tsukuba nari, Tothe west stands Fusiyama, to the north Mount Tsukuba.**Kono jiken wa betsu ni go hodo itasazu, Concerningthismatter I send no specialinformation.*' Kono hydmen ni waihukusho seimei wo kagirishitatamu-beshi,On this side nothingmust be written but the name and address/* Sa^at

^-


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80 JAPANESE GBAHMAB.

told wUf When about to depart. Sono jin-ina nen-nen leanni oite kore wo sadamu, The number is fixed each yearby the authorities (Ht.as for that number, yearly inthe officials,they]fixit ). As shown in the last example,it is often convenient to render the noun followed by waas a nominative in Enghsh ; but it is never a nomina-ive

properlyso-called in the Japanese construction. It issimplya word isolated and generallyplacedat the head of theclause for the sake of emphasis. True nominatives or subjectsare rare in Japanese, most sentences being subjectless.(SeeSyntax,par. 2).

Wo, I. A sign of what is in European languagesnamedthe accusative case: Kami wo shinzuruyTo beheve [in]God. Kaze no nagu wo matsUy To await the gettingalm ofthe wind, i.e. to wait tillthe wind goes down. 11. Whensuffixed to the attributive form of a verb or adjectiveatthe end of a clause, wo has an adversative force,which isgenerallyest rendered by yet or but : Sdyd-zukurinomikond narishi wo, kondo aratamete Nihon-zukwri to sadamerarUfIt had been intended to build [the palace]in Europeanstyle,ut it has now been decided to erect a Japanesebuild-ng

instead. Occasionallyiie adversative force is softenedto a mere intimation of dissimilarityetween two successivestates or actions,and then wo must be rendered by and so,or

and. But this shade is more often indicated bythe use of m. Inferior writers,followingthe usage of thecolloquial,se either ga or no ni for wo in all the cases includedunder 11. The connectio^ibetween the two chief uses of wo isfound in the fact that this postpositionas originallyothingmore than an interjectionerving,s it were, to interruptthesentence, and draw particularttention to the word to whichit was suffixed. For the same reason, it is^otti^hedo


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SIMPLE POSTPOSITIONS. 81

every noun which, accordingto European ideas of grammar,is in the accusative case, thus: Meshi Jcuu toUt Wheneatingrice, when takinga meal. Before the verb mru,to do, it is generallyabsent, thus: Hon-yaku mm, Tomake a translation, to translate. Under I may be classedsome apparentlynomalous uses of wo, by which the studentis often greatlyperplexed. They are 1. Such phrasesasTenno Heiha wo hajime-tatematsun, From His ImperialMajesty downwards. Here the Uteral renderingwould be :respectfullyplacing His Majesty the Emperor at thebeginning, a construction which we should call accusative.2. Such phrasesas Wahohi wo ri nan to omoeha , Think-ng

that peace would be advantageous Here the literal.renderingof the Japanese construction is thinking [of]peace, * it will be advantageous.' Waboku is thereforereallyn accusative,though rendered in EngHsh by a nomi-ative.

3. The use of wo after what correspondsto thesubjectof an EngHsh passiveverb. Thus : Minami ni miyui-ushinia wo Oshima to iu, ** The island visible to the south iscalled Oshima. In all such sentences the Japanese con-truction

isreallyn active one, the presentexamplesignifyingliterally, [People]call the island lying to the southOshima. (Seealso the remarks on the nature of the Japanesepassiveverb. Chap. VHI, Sect. 5). 4. Wo at the end of asentence. In such cases there is an inversion of the usualconstruction,the verb being placed at the beginningof theclause instead of at the end, for the sake of emphasisand inimitation of Chinese idiom. Thus : Kou yoyaku ru) shokunshiwa dai-shikyuo kamei aran koto wo (forYoyaku no kotowo kou), We trust that gentlemen will hasten to add theirnames to the Hst of subscribers. 6. Such eUipticalphrases as Kamyisei wo meUeraretari^it, [Theyl have* *

.JigitizedbyVjLTOQlC


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82 JAPANESE GBAMMAB.

been commanded officialexpense students/'i.e. '' They havebeen commanded to become students at governmentexpense,or more freely, They have been notified that the expensesof their education will be defrayedby the government.

Ya, a particlef interrogation,oubt, or exclamation.I. As a directlyinterrogativearticle,ts use is chieflyon-ined

to sentences which contain some other interrogativeword, and to those in which the questionasked is a purelyrhetorical one, i.e.not a questionproperlyso-called,sked inorder to elicitinformation. Thus : Kono told ni atatte, wagaNihon no jimmin iva ihaga su-beki ya? In such a case howwould our Japanesecompatriotsact ? Karada tea koronw yorimo masareru mono narazu ya? Is not the body more thanraiment? 11. Its more frequentuse is as a dubitativeparticle.Thus: Moshi ya, **If perchance. to iu ga,sono jitsuikaniyaf *^ It 18 soid that , but we know notwhether it is true. Heiba no aida ni ai-mim ni itaru ya mohakarU'bekarazUyWho knows? perhaps we may encountereach other on the field of battle. HE. At the end of asentence ya is sometimes a mere exclamation : Makoto namkana kono koto ya, ** Oh how true these words are {kanais another exclamation or interjection,enerallyest rendered,as here,by how I). IV. Good writers sometimes (inimita-ion

of Chinese idiom)use ya in a half emphatichalf exclama-orymanner. Thus : Kono ku taru ya, kare wo hyd shi-etari toiu-beshiy ** How exactlythe phrase may be said to painthis

character (more Ht. ** This phrase, ^how exactly [one]may say that it has been able to paint his character ) InSuch cases ya is equivalento wa, plusa certain exclamatoryforce. But sometimes it sinks into a mere expletive,s ima ya,now ; kanarazu ya, positively. The syntax of ya pre-g^nts some anomalies,ya beingoccasic^jsfeyKft^^fe'^


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84 JAPANESE GRAMMAR.

yori sometimes means unless, exceptby, without :Kenshili am ni arazaru yoriwa, hesshite taiko helckyono isehito mitomuru vo ezaru-beki ni itareri,* They are reduced to sucha state that it would be quiteimpossible,xceptfor an expert,to recognizein them the remains of very ancient care-dwellings.*'hen thus used,yoriisalmost alwaysstrengthenedby the addition of wa.

Zof an emphatic particleess intense than koso,but bestrendered in EngUsh by either of the means mentioned underkosOfpage 28. In classicalJapanese,the final verb or adjectiveof any clause or sentence in which zo occurs is put in the attri-utive

instead of in the conclusive form. Examples of thisconstruction are occasionallyet with in the modem writtenstyle,hus : Kore zo jitm ni konnichi Yoroppa ni oite gakumonno oini shimposeru yum nam (forhe conclusive nan), ** It isthis which is reaUy the cause of the great progress ofscience in Europe at the presentday.

SEC. 2. THE COMPOUND POSTPOSITION.I. Many of the postpositionsan be combined, in order to

particularizer emphasize the sense, as made ni^ ** until, formade, till ; yorimo, ** even than. Wo wa is changed intowoha, and is used to denote a particularlymphaticaccusative,thus : Ware mo shogaihinu woba mi ni tnatou-majif In silkwill I too never array myselfall my lifelong. In such com-inations

as no wa, no ni, to wa, an ellipsisust be supplied,thus : Yoki hito ga tanin wo tasukuru no [koto]wa, kesshitewaga tarns wo hakarite mm koto ni wa arazaru nari, lit. Asfor the act of a good man's helpingothers,it is certainlyota thing he does calculatingis own interest, .e. When agood man helpsothers, he never does so out of regardto hisown interest. Ten to [iumono] wa, What iscalledheaven,' What ismeant by the term heaven. jgn^ed by v^oogie


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COMPOUND POSTPOSITIONS. 85

n. There is a largeclass of compound postpositionsorm-d'from nouns by prefixingo (lessften ^a),and generally

snflfixingi. Thus :no kageni, behind ** (lit.* in the shadow of ).no kawarini, instead of, in return for, ** as compensa-ion

for, on the other hand.no tame ni, for the sake of, by.no ue m, above (Ut.** on the top of ), on, be-ides,

after, in relation to.ga ue m, over and above, besides.Examples : Iwa no kage(ni), Behind the rocks. Uma no

tame ni keraruru, To be kicked by a horse. Zanji kyusokuno ue, After a short rest. lya ga ue ni, On the top of oneanother, Ever more and more. After verbs, the chiefmember of these compound postpositionss sometimes usedalone, without either no or ni, as : Eien ni tswtoru tame, Inorder to hand itdown for ever.

DI. There is a class of compound postpositionsormed by mor wo and a verb, the verb generallyappearingas a gerundor else in the indefinite form. The most importantpostposi-ions

of this class are :ni oite,in, on, at. This compound postposition

often serves to denote what we should call the subjectof thesentence (conf.ni), Ni oite wa sometimes signifiesin theevent of, if,* thus : Shina Seifunioitekore wo sJwdaku sezaruni oite wa, In the event of the Chinese government notconsenting, If the Chinese government should not consent.(In this sentence the first ni oite serves to mark the wordwhich correspondso the Englishnominative, while the secondmeans if ). Ni oite wo ya at the^ofa sentence has a verystrongexclamatoryforce. It is generallyprecededby iwan yaftt the beginningof the sentence or clausci^j

--.'J


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86 JAPANESE ^BABIMAft.

rendered, accordingto circumstances,by how much more or how much less. Thus: Jiji wo Tcataru mo nao katsugahisha no hombun ni arazu; iwan y a jijio okonau ni oite woya Even to discourse on passingevents is not the properoccupationf a scholar ; how much less is it for him to directpassingevents

ni olceru,in, positionin, relations with, comparedwith : Ei no Indo ni okeru ga gotoku,Like England'spositionn India.

m shite,being, as, in the capacityf : GaikohU'jinni shite,As a foreigner. t is also used in many contextswhere it must be translated by an adverb or adverbial phrase:Saiwai ni shite,fortunately ;zanjini shite,Afteralittiowhile.

ni tsuki,with reference to owing to :.... ..wo gi mtsuki, With reference to the matter of......niyori \ owing to, because of, by means of,ni yotteI' accordingo : Ed niyori, Accordingto prece-ent,

as usual. Kore ni yotte, On account of this.to shite,as : Shard to shite, As a token of gratitude.wo moe^, (lit.havingheld ) through, by, with,by means of, owing to because ': Tegandwo motte^

by letter. Sahunen no henran okorishi wo, motte, Owingto the occurrence of disturbances last year. Sometimes womotte sinks into beinga mere signof what we should term theaccusative case, as: Inov Haku wo motte Tohuha ZenkenDaishi to nashi , AppointingCount Inoue as SpecialEnvoy Plenipotentiary.otte mthout wo generallyignifies and thereby, and thus. But both wo motte and matte mayoften be neglectedin translating,hough some trace of theirproper meaning generallyingersn the originalJapanese,hus :Ornidan wo moke, motte kokkcc wo hogoWi,,*gd^^^g^fjoopo


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C0M1 0UND POSTPOSITIONS. 87

[thereby]protectour native land. Chin yojahu wo motter/ddari rd taitd wo Uugi , Succeeding,oung and feeble asWe are, to the greatinheritance of Our Ancestors. Hanahadaimtte, very ; Ima motte, now, down to the present.Wo motte sum, properlyeans to use, but it can often bedroppedin translatingWaga hai no miru tokoro wo motte suru ni^Looking at itfrom our pointof view (lit.Using the seeingplaceof our company ). Wo mxytte nan means itis becauseof. Wo shite,with a causative verb,serves to denote the personwho is caused to perform the action. Thus : Chin wo shitekimi-taru michi wo mhinawashimuru nomi narazu, shitagatteessono tenha wo ushinawashimuru nari, This is not onlyto makeUs untrue to Our duty as Sovereign,ut to make Us lose theEmpire handed down by Our ancestors. Occasionallyhe nouncorrespondingto the English nominative is marked by theaddition of wo shite: Moshi kairiJcu un-yu no arisama wo shite^kahi no gotokufukanzenam koto nakumha, Ifthe state of com-unications

by sea and land were not so imperfects theyare.wo ya, a strongexclamation,nearlyansweringto the English

colloquialwhy (notwhy? ): Shintei wa Burisson shiimada Naikaku wo soshiki sezam mae ni oite sude ni wagi wohatsugen shi, Futsutei kore ni djitekowa no yoydku wo ketteishitaru wo ya Why 1 the Chinese government had alreadymade overtures of peace, and the French government hadBigned a preliminarytreaty of friendshipefore MonsieurBrisson formed his cabinet (Do not confound this wo yawith the more usual ni oite woya).

Note also the followingompound postpositionsya mo, whether may (might)not : niitaru

ya mo shim-bekarazUf We cannot tell whether it may notresult in

ya wo; in.this combination ya has itsoriginalnterrogativ


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sense, and tvo serves to show that the whole clause precedingit is the objectof the followingverb : Nani ga yue ni furuwa-zarishi ya wo jinkyu sum ni, lit. On investigatingthisthing:] because of what did it not exercise influence ? i.e. On enquiringnto the reasons of its want of success.

N.B. The generalrule,accordingto which postpositionsmust be precededby the attributive form of the verb or adjec-ive,

admits of a few exceptionsn speciallocutions,esidesthose noticed above under ka, m, to,-etc. Thus an no mama(forru mama), justas itis, ( telquel); nasJd ni [ioxnahifii),without ; and such idioms as furi mo sede or furi wasede,not raining;'*uwasJdku wa zonzezu, [I] know notexactly, here the indefinite form precedeso and wa

4


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89

INFLECTED WOEDS.

CHAPTER Vn.

THE AJDECTIVE.

SEC. 1. fbucabt abjective fobms.

The inflections of Japaneseadjectiveso not,likethe inflec-ionsof Englishadjectives,erve to distinguishhe degreesof

comparison. Neither do they,as in French, indicate numberor gender. As has been stated in the chaptern nouns, num-er

and genderare considerations to which the Japanesegram-aticalsystem pays littleor no heed. The objectof the

inflections erfJapaneseadjectives(andverbs)s primarily toshow whether the force of the adjectiveorverb)is attributiveor predicative,ndefiniteor conclusive ; and secondly to markdistinctions of tense and mood. AU adjectivesontain theverb to be implicitly.hus : Umifukashi, the sea [is]deep.

In its simple state,a Japaneseadjectiveas four forms,viz.:

I. The Stem which is used only in compounds and occa-ionallyin exclamations, as kata-gi, hard- wood ; hoso-

nagakiy narrow-long, i.e.slender ; yo-augurUj to be toogood.

n. The Indefiniter Adverbial Fomiy which is obtained byadding hi to the stem. It isused in two distinct manners, viz.1, To qualifyverb as; Uayaku,hurUf To come quicklye


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40 JAPANESE GBAMHAB.

In this case itcorrespondso the English adverb in ly. Bmtthe Japanese use this form even before such verbs as tobe, and to become, where English idiom requiresthecorrespondingdjective.Thus : Betsu no hum wo miru gagotohunarU'beshi. ** It must be like findingoneself in anothercountry. 2. As itselfa predicativeerb in every clause of asentence exceptthe last. Thus : Yama takahu, Mho samuku,jinka suhunashiy The mountains [ofa certain country] arehigh,itscUmate is cold,and human dwellingsew. In suchcases each Japanese adjectivet ku must be rendered by thecorrespondingEnglish adjectiveprecededby some tense ofthe verb **to be. The essential characteristic of theindefinite form is that it is of no tense or mood. In orderto know by what tense or mood to translate it into English,it is necessary to ascertain the tense or mood of the adjectiveor verb nearest after it which is not also in the same indefiniteform. Sometimes this will be the last adjectiver verb ofthe whole sentence, sometimes only the adjectiver verb ofthe last of a set of similar clauses. Thus in the aboveexample, takaku and sawuku must be translated by the Englishpresentindicative,ecause the final adjectiveukunashi makesa generalassertion,and may therefore be considered to Ijeinthe presenttense. Again, take the example: Toshi wakakUykarada mo sukoyaka narebaj yd ni teki su-beshi, Being youngand robust,he will do for the work. Here the interventionof the verb nareba in the conditional mood at the end of thesucceedingclause shows that wakaku also must be construedas a conditional {=wakakereba).The construction is often alittle more complicated.Thus : Fune aredomo hito naku,hito aru mo kikai nashi, We have ships,ut no men ; andeven if we had the men, we have no machinery. Here therhythm of the sentence shows that ^e mu^t^JOji^end of


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42 JAPANSSa OBAMMAB.

WO ydsut None must be allowed to get lost (lit.[theauthorities]equirethe absence of losing ).Un-tm nasu^held ha to ton, ** He asked whether he should do so and so.It will be noticed that the attributive form of the adjective,when thus used,ceases to be an adjectiveccordingo Europeanideas,and correspondsrather to an EngHsh abstract substan-ive,

or to an adjectiverecededby the verb ** to be. Theabstract substantives in sa, so common in the colloquial,realmost alwaysreplacedn the written languageby the attribu-ive

adjectiveorm, as samuld for samusa, the cold. 8. Atthe end of a clause or sentence, when one of the precedingwords of the clause or sentence is an interrogative

.

or theemphaticparticle0, thus : Nanji no tsumi yurusaru to iu toôkite ayume to iu to, izure ha yasuJd? Whether is iteasier tosay. Thy suis be forgiventhee ; or to say Eise up and walk ? This use is rarelymet with in modem books, exceptin thesemi-classical style.

N.B. Originallyhere was a fifthform, obtained by addinghere (forhe are)to the stem. Thus hayahere,bekere. Seeunder headingkosOfpage 23.

The paradigm of the primary forms of adjectivess asfollows :

STBM. IMDBFIKITB OONCLUÎTB ATTBlBUTIVBFOBM. FOBM. FOBU.

fhaya hayaku hayashi haydki ''eariy*'\goto gotolcu gotoahi gotoH /'like.'^^:^^.f... êsHi uu |::^[^[na viakv. nasU naU {ieXis'nSwhoRfi'fli-^yoroshi yoroshihuyorosM yoroshiki good.ends in s/ii1 ^ .. ^ ..t. ^^ .- ^ ;uii i ^* enable.or ii. (*^* ^^^^ *^* *^^** i must not.


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ADJECTIVES. 48

N.B. ^There are in wntten Japanese no such forms as thecolloquialhayai, yoroshii,hayo, etc. Their equivalentsrehayasM or hayahi,yoroshir yoroshiki,ayaku,etc,,accordingocircumstances.

SEC. 2. TENSE AND MOOD m THE ADJECTIVE.Being of the nature of a verb, the Japanese adjectives

inflected to indicate tense and mood. The conclusive andattributive forms explainedabove may be termed itspresenttense, while the indefinite form is of no tense in particular,servingas itdoes to suspendthe meaning until the end of thesentence be reached.

The memory will be assisted by notingthat most of thetenses of the a Srmative voice and all the tenses of thenegativere formed by agglutinatinghe various inflectionsof the verb aru, ** to be, to the indefinite form {hayaku),the vowel u of the latter being dropped,and the vowel aof the former being in some tenses changed into e ; further-ore

that heku, beki,beshi,the suffix forming the potentialmood, is itself an adjectiveregularlyconjugatedthroughmost of the tenses.

SEC. 8. COMPABISON OF ADJECTIVES.Comparison in Japaneseis more often implicithan explicit.

Thus, when referringo the relative heightof Fusiyama andAsamayama, a Japanese will not say Fusiyama is thehigher, but simply ** Fusiyama is high (Fuji wa takashi),viz.,in comparisonwith the other mountain mentioned. Indeedeven in English the so-called positives often a comparativeby implicationfor when we say, for instance,that Suchand such a person is old, we mean that he is older than mostother people.Comparison may, however, be made explicitin Japaneseby usingthe postpositionori,jfjJMyiS^gKS?^


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44

i^ flM. -T ,^ ^

ti I r* 1-^ O CS

^

I 1 CS r? ^ ^

d ei a es a a a as a ^ a a csc3 08 e8 08 o3 03 ^m-.-mf c3 ed S (^ eS eS^^ ,a ^ ^^ ^^ pi: vT-c jz '^,rqjs jq

c3 es S (D g

gSEgggrt a3 c3 o5 rf ^

^ ^ ^ ?* cS 08

is

1^^ I'd;v /

'poojpi 9at)votpuj 'gpoojjianitiqo*SKdOd IVUNaXO^

aOIOA aAIIVKHM^VsaAiioafav 0 woiavav^ogie


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45

X*

a

03 o

o

as -73

^-T ts 1 1S ** -M ^ fc- O ^ D e8OQ l-H S ^03 I I o ^

C3 S f2 '^ Nrt ce ^2 03 S 72 ^ ^ ^rt C5J * ri 13 - :ib ^ ^' C' ^ ^^ ^'ca es S ^ ea C s

It, *^

'poojpi9ain otpux ipoojf[9nb%iqQ ' (i}^9}puj 9nb%iqo

8KH0I lYUKaxOd

doI5

Ii:dI

ga63

aOIOA aAIIYOHK ogi.zed by


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from '*).Thus : Fuji wa Asama yori tahashifor Asamayori (wa) Fuji wa takashiylit. as for Fuji,than Asama, itishigh ; i.e. Fusiyama is high as considered from thestandpointof Asamayama. Again: Asama wa Fuji yori(or hodo)taJcakarazu, as for Asama, it is not high asconsidered from the standpointof Fuji,'*.e. Asama isless high than Fusiyama. If three or more mountainswere spoken of, we should have what in English is termedthe superlative,he Japanese idiom remaining the same.Here is another example: TenJca no wazawai kore yori oinam wa nashiy There is no greater misfortune thanthis (lit.* world's misfortunes,this than, great-beingthingis-not *'),

When not simply implied,or expressedby yori,thecomparativeand superlativeay be indicated by prefixingothe positiveome such word as nao, still more ; iixitteextremely ; oi ni, greatly ; sukoburu, very. Th^superlatives also sometimes indicated by sufl xinghe word'sem-ban, a thousand myriads; thus : Kinodoku sembanr Inexpressiblyorry.

Excess of a qualityis,like the comparativeand superlative,generallydenoted by the adjectiven its simpleform. Thus, This is too high will be in Japanesesimply This ishigh {Korewa tahashi),iz.,by imphcation,higherthan it oughttobe. The expressionay be rendered more exphcitby suffixingthe verb suguru, to the adjectivetem, as taha-sttguru,it. togo pastin height. The word amari, excessive , may also beused, prefixedto the simpleadjective,hus : Amari takashii Altogetheroo high; but this is rare.

N.B. Eemember that vast numbers of the words we areobligedto render in English by adjectivesre in realitynouns, as explainedn page 11.


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47

CHAPTER Vm.

THE VERB.

SEO. 1. INTBODUGTOBY BEHABKS.

The fanotions of the Japaneseverb differin some importantrespectsfrom those of the verbs of European languages.Distinctions of person and number are utterlyforeigno it.On the other hand, many of the tenses have two forms, anattributive and a conclusive, while there is a generalindefiniteform which does duty for all the tenses.* The verb andADJECTIVE THUS CLOSELY BESEMBLE EACH OTHEB ; AND IT ISIMPOSSIBLE TO UNDEBSTAND THE GBAMMAB OP THE VEBB, UNLESSTHE CONSIDEBATIONS ADVANCED IN THE CHAPTER ON ADJECTIVES

HAVE BEEN THOBOUGHLY MASTEBED.

To recapitulaterieflyhat has there been set forth :J I. The indefinite form stands at the end of each member ofat set of clauses exceptingthe final member ; and the tenseor mood by which it should be rendered can onlybe knownwhen the verb or adjectivef that final clause is reached.Thus : Natsu kitari,haru yuhUf ** Summer comes and springgoes. Here the indefinite form kitari must be rendered bythe present,because the final verb yuku is in the present.The indefiniteform of verbs is likewise used to form compounds

^ Many grammariansgive the name of root to the indefiniteformof the verb. As, however, the latter is but one of several inflections,theory and practiceare alike confused by such a misnomer. It isconvenient to use the word stem to designatethat part of theverb (or adjective)hich suffers no alteration,nd to which all theterminations are suffixed. Sometimes this stem coincides with thereal root,as earn, the stem of samuru, to grow cool. More oftenit is a lengthenedform^ as samas^ the steni of samasu^ to makepoo}, ^ ,


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(ixrdjectivest isthe stem that performsthis fonotion),shUari'tou, to come and ask. *

n. The conclusive forms stand only at the end of asentence, Thus : Hito hitareriy* The peoplehave come.in. The attributive forms serve to qualifyouns, herein

resemblingthe participlesf European languages. Thus :Kitareru hito,lit,** the have-come people, i.e. ** the peoplewho have come. They are moreover themselves used sub-tantive

followed by postpositions,nd also insteeid of thecorrespondingonclusive forms at the end of sentences whenan interrogativeord or the postpositiono precedes,hus :Hito no kitareru wo mite, lit. ** Seeing the having come ofpeople, i.e. ** seeingthat people had come. li-keru wa, What he said [was].

N.B. ^Verbs,ike adjectives,riginallyad other forms ine, as yuke, homure, sure, used only after koso. See koso,p. 23.

What obscures this threefold distinction and therebyper-lexesthe beginner,is the fact that some of the tenses which

are capableof beingused both as conclusives and as attribu-iveshave but one inflection to perform the two functions.

Furthermore, the modem colloquialf Tokyo has droppedalldistinctivelyonclusive forms, therebyintroducing secondelement of confusion for those who acquirethe colloquialbefore commencing the study of the written language. Thestudent acquaintedwith the colloquialhould speciallyotethat the written languagehas no such forms in the presenttense of verbs of the second and third conjugationsas

* Many nouns coindde with the indefinite form of verbs, astanoshimi,gladness (tanoshimi,, to rejoice );i-harashi,aview (mi-harashi,, to view from a distance ). They are how-ver,

so far as modern usage is concerned,rue substantives,elt tobe distinctwords from the likesoundingverbal indefiniteforms.


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60 VSBBS.

IndefiniteTenses..Present

o

Perfect

First Past..

Second PastThird Past

FIRST REGULARYuhuy To go. (Stem Yuk.)

lyukiyuku ) [I,you he, she,it,yuku ) we, you, tliey]go.yukeri ) [I,etc.]went, haveyukeru ) gone, or had gone.yukiki j [I,etc.]went, haveyukishi ) gone, or had gone.yukitari ) [I,etc.]went, haveyukitaru } gone, or had gone.yukitariki.. ) [I,etc.]went, haveyukitarishi.. J gone or had gone.yukinu )tl,etc.]went, haveyukinuru ...

(Conclusive fyrl^ * u :[I.etc.] shall1Attributive I^IJ^^^y^'^^'llV ^^^ } [I,etc.]go.lynkishikaba...* ' '?'= '^^*' ?C^'i yukitareba.. J

fyukaba jPresent Hypothetical -Jukinaba ... if [I,etc.]go.

'.a..J

Form for all1

onclusiveAttributiveConclusiveAttributive

( Conclusive( AttributiveionclusiveAttributiveConclusiveAttributive

Fourth Past

Future.

I ConclusiveI Attributive

Present Conditional

Past Conditional..

gone,away.

or had gone

pro-

etc] went, havegone or had gone.

(^yukunaraba..P-t Hypothetical i-{J^Sfiraba''goJ'^' -^ 'Optative yukabaya oh that I could go Present Actual ConcessivePresent Hypotheticalon- C yuku mo

cessive (yukitemo ...' y ukishikado -

mo

y uki tared omoyukitario ie-Past Concessive 1 domo

jnikishio ie-domo

Lyukishimp ...^Imperative yukeGenind ....,.., , yukite

'yukedonio .,.) though [1, etc.]yuku to iedomo ) do actuallyo.

- even if [I,etc.]o.

though [ I,M'ent, haveor had gone.

etc. ]gone,

goDigitized^yU

hayinggone,


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VERBS. 61

CONJUGATION.Affinnative Voice.

'Indefinite Form.

DO

o

I

Present

Past..,

^1

' Conclusive.IAttributive

C Conclusive.( Attributive

'Conditional

Hypothetical

Actual Concessive ..

Hypotheticalonces-ive

yuku-beku [I,tc.]will,shall,would, should,may,might, can, could,must, or oughtto go.yuku'Sari-U?''^'''^ '' ^'^^*''-''ghi j have gone.

Iyuku - bekere- ) as, since, [I etc.]ba ) should,etc.,go.I yuku - beku-}if [I, etc.]should,(rn)ba ) etc.,go.' yuku-bekere- \

domo fthough [I, etc.]Iyuku-beshito ( should,etc.,go.iedomo 3

iO

p02

P

'Indefinite FormConclusive.AttributiveConclusive.Attributive

Present -

Past... -

' Conditional.

;3 HypotheticalO Concessive

yuki-takuyuki-tashi ... ) rr x -i x j.yuki-taki ...}I,etc.]want to go.yuki-takariki [I,etc.]wanted toyuki-takarishi go.yuki - takere- ) as, since,r when [I,ba 3 etc.]want to go.yuki-taku(m)- } if [1,etc.]want toba ) go.yuki - takere - 1domo (thoughI,etc.]antyuki - tashi to J to go.iedomo )

I Past ( Conclusive*' ( Attributive yuki-keriyuki-keru3

r Conditional yuki-kereba,yuki-kereba...

... ) [I,etc.]went, have

...J gone, or had gone.as, since,r when [I,etc. ] went, havegone, or had gone.

O ^Conpesaive fy^kjkeredo.}*'?-ave gone, or had') TOfedbyV^oogie


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67/202

VERBS. 58

CONJUGATION.

Negativeoice.'Indefinite Form

; -S

S

O

rConcluaivePresent (Attributive

r ConclusivePast...-}(AttributiveConditional

Hypothetical

Actual Concessive...

Hypotheticalonces-iveIndefinite FormPresent i Conclusive.^^ ^ MAttributive( Conclusive.Past ...4(AttributiveConditional

HypotheticalConcessive

yuku-bekarazuyuku-bekara-

zuyuku-bekara-

Past ... ( Conclusive( Attributive

Conditional .

yuku-bekara-zarikiyuku-bekara-zarishiyuku-bekara-zareba ,yuku-bekara-zu(m)ba ...

yuku-bekara-izaredomo ... Iyuku-bekara- [

zu to iedomo Jyuku-bekara-zaru moyuku-majikuyuku-maji ....yuku-majiki...yuku-majikarikiyuku-majikarishiyuku-majike-rebayuku-majiku-(m)bayuku-majike-redomoyukazari-keriyukazari-keru

yukazari ke-reba

[I,etc.]will,diaU,would,should,may,might, can, could,nmst, or ought notto,go.[I,etc.]should not,etc.,have gone.

as or since I [etc.]should not,etc.,go.

if [I,etc.]hould not,etc.,go.

though [Ietc.]houldnot,etc.,go.

even if [I, etc.]should,etc.,not go.

00 o

C.2^ ^ Bf3 S^ o

Concessive

} yukazan - ke- f j reba j

) yukazari ke- (I redomo r

[I,etc.]did not go,have not gone, orhad not gone.

as, since, or when[I,etc.]did not go,have not gone, orhad not gone.though [l,etc.]didnot go, have not


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64 VERBS.

SECOND REGULARUomiirUf To praise. (Stem horn).

Indefinite Form for lUjjQjjêTenses )r Pres -^nt iConcluai ve ( homu ) [I,ou, he,she,it,e,^ iAttributive ( homuru ) you, tliey]praise.First Past 3 Conclusive (hoineki

) [ I, etc. ] praised, * Attributive ( homeshi f have or had praised.

Conclusive jhometari * [ I, etc. ] praised,Âttributive ( hometaru ... ) have or had praised.

Third Past J C^^'^clusive {hometariki ... f [ I, etc. ] praised,

( Attributive ( hometarishi... ) have or had praised.Fourth Past I^^ ^^ *^ ( homenu ) [ I, etc. ] praised,(Attributive ( homenuru ...J have or had praised.

Second Past

' Present Conditional , hoinureba

M

Itl,Past Conditional

Present Hypothetical ralji^since, or whenetc.]praise.since,or whenetc. ] praised,

ave or had praised.

etc.]praise.

etc. ] had

jhomeshikaba.. (^?^t jhometareba... j f 'rhomeba ..)homenaba

j homuru nara-( ba ..

{hometaraba ) :f r thomeshi nara- ^raisedOptative homebaya ... oh that I could praisef homuredomo.. )4.1 _, , pT a n jhomu toiedot*^^ ^^,P'.*^-3

j^^ j actuallyraise.Present Hypotheticalon- (homuru mo ... ) even if [I, etc. ]\homete mo ... )

'homeshikado-

mohometaredomohometari to ie-domo

homeshi to ie-domo

L homeshi mo...Împerative homeyoGerund ,..,.,..,... . fr -Mr homete

Present Actual Concessive

cessive

Past Concessive .

praise.

though [ I, etc. ]praised,ave prais-d,

or had praised.

praise( n)yl having praised,tL^yjpraising.


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TBBBS. 55

CONJUGATION.Affirmative Voice.

'Indefinite Form,

O

^I

i

9m

-{Present-*

Past,

Conclusive

Attributive

'Conclusive \ Attributive

Conditional

Hypothetical

Actual Concessive ...

Hypothetical Con-essive

homu-bekuhomu-beshi...

homu-beki ...homu-bekarikihomu - beka -rishi{homu-bekereba{homubeku -(m)ba{homubeke -redomohomu - beshito iedomo ...{homubekumo

[I,etc.]will,shall,would,should,may,

*- might, can, could,must, or ought topraise.

I [I,etc.]should,etc.,f have praised.as, or since [I,etc.]

) should,etc.,praise,fif [I, etc.] should,) etc.,praise.(thouI, etc. ]should,etc.,praise.}evenf [I, etc. ]should,etc.,praise.

rIndefinite FormConclusiveAttributiveConclusiveAttributive

Present -

3 Past ,

Conditional

Hypothetical

Concessive ..

home-takuhome-tashi ... *)home-taki ... Jhome-takarikihome - takari -shi

jhome - takere-1 ba{hometaku-1(m)baC home - takere-y domo Ijhome-tashi to j( iedomo

^

[I, etc. ] want topraise.[I,etc.]wanted topraise.

as, since, or when[I, etc.] want topraise.if [I,etc.]want topraise.though [I,etc.]antto praise.

T . ( Conclusive^^^^ 'tttributive home-kerihome-keruConditional

Concessive ,

[ I, etc. ] praised,have praised,r hadpraised.

as, since,or when [I,etc.]praised,haveor had praised.

i:::}. home-kereba..


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66 VERBS.

o

{ConcloflivettributivePast ( Conclusive

( AttributiveC Conclusive

Future (AttributivePresent Conditional ...

Past Conditional

Present Hypothetical..Past Hypothetical


Present HypotheticalConcessive

SECOND REGULARHomurUf To praise. (Stem Horn),homezu ^ [I,you, he, she,it,{homezaru... we, you, they] dohomenu j not praise.homezariki ..)[I.etc.]id not praise,homezarishi

}

...hi.

Past Concessive.

Imperative.

Gerui^d ,....

homezaruhomeji

homezaran orhomeji

[homezareba...[homeneba' homezarishi

kabaIhomezarishi ni

yottehomezu (m)ba Ihomezarisebahomezarishinaraba

homezaredo-

have not praised,rhad not praised.

etc.]praise.shall not

since, or whenetc.]o not praise,

when]did not praise,

or

if [I, etc.]do notpraise.if [I,etc.]had notpraised.

though [I,etc.]do^ not Draise.mo

homenedomo..homezu to ie-domo

_

f ) even if fl. etc.] dohomezaru mo.. ^^^ ^^ -L -^* 3 ^^^ praise.homezarishika- ]domo

homezarishi toiedomo

homezarishi na-redomo

homezarishi mohomezarehomuru nakarehomuru-nahomurunakare J

homezu shite.]4^jl-^P-koto I ? *' '

though [I,etc.]didnot praise, have notpraised,r had notpraised.

praisenot, do not


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72/202

68 VBRBS*

IndefiniteTenses

Form for all '

'Present

First Past..

jsugi{ConclusiveuguAttributive{Conclusivettributive

Second PaBtjaSw,Third Past {SireFourth Past{S re

THIRD REGULAR

Suguru^ To pass.'*

.) [I,you, he, she,it,

. J we, you, they]pass.Hugiki ) [I,etc.]passed,

ave

Future .( Conclusive

' ( Attributive

suguruHugiki.sugislii I or had ^sugitari j[I,etc.]passed,avesugitaru j or had passed.sugitariki..

) [I,etc.]passed,avesugitarishi.. j or had passed.suginu 1[I,etc.]passed,

ave

suginuru J or had passedaway.pro-rsugin, sugi - | rjI nan, or sugu- ^^^( ru naran J

et 5.]hallbahlypass.

'Present Conditional -Jugureba prjJ^^nV when

QQPO

ao

Past Conditional

since, or pass.

r 1.M v 1 aSi since, or whenJ sugishikaha...I rV ^^J âvejsugitareha..J 'hadaêd.Tsugiba )

Present Hypothetical.. -Jsuginaba fif [I,etc-]pass.

(suguru naraba J,. ^TT u *

1jsugitaraba...) if [I,etc.]

had pass-

Past Hypothetical |^^^^^y^-^^^â J ed'.Optative sugibaya

oh that I could pass I


Present Hypotheticalon- jcessive (sugitemo' sugishikado-

Past Concessive .

suguredomo .. ' isugu to iedo-mosuguru mo ...

^though[I,etc.]doactuallyass. even if [I,etc.]ass.

though [I,etc.]ass-d,have or hadmosugitaredomo.sugitario ie-domosugishito ie-domo

^sugishio ...

Imperative sugiyo....pass .

^,

.,) rby] having passed,

Gerundsugite C rbvlêgi;^.


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VEBBS. 59

CONJUGATION.(Stem Sug,) Affirmative Voice.

fIndefinite Form sugu-bekur Conclusive Bugu-beshiPresent (Attributiveugu-beki3

Past ., ( Conclusive sugu-bekariki* ( Attributive sugu - bekari -shi

fConditional jsugu - bekere-Hypothetical

.^1 Actual Concessive ..,Con-ypothetical

cessive..

sugu - beku -(m)basugu - bekere-domosugu-beshi toiedomosugu-bekumo

[I,etc.]will,shall,would,should,ay,might, can, could,must, or ought topass.

^[I,etc.]should,etc.have passed.

'as. or since [I,etc.]

I snould,etc.,pass.^ if [I,etc.]should,I eto.,pass.

Indefinite Form sugi-takuPrftflPnf i Conclusive * *-^'^' ^ *^ Attributive

ConclusiveAttributivePast ...

sugi-tashi.sugi-takisugi-tariki.sugi-tarishi.

fhough [ I, etc, ]^ should,etc.,pass,

even if [ I, etc. ]should,etc.,pass.

^

[I, etc. ] want tors.

^ ,3tc.]wanted to

Conditional jBugi-tarikeresugi-1I ba ,Hypothetical {'bf* ^. ' '?;

C sugi-takeredo-.(^^'^^^ IsS-teshi'to( iedomoPast (Conclusive sugi-keri

' ( Attributive sugi-keru,. : .

Ias, since, or when[I, etc.]want toI pass.I if [I,etc.]want to

{C Conditional Bugi-kereba.

fsugi-keredo-1 mo ...,I.O (Concessive

hough[I,etc.]antto pass.I [I,etc.]assed,aveI or had passed.Ias, since,or when[ I, etc. ] passed,

have or had passed,though [I,etc.]ass-d,have or had pass-


74/202

60 YBBBS.

s2q52;

Present.

Past.

Future ,

r Conclusive' jAttributive

( Conclusive(AttributiveC Conclusive

(Attributive

have not or bad not

r Present Conditional

oo

ano

Past Conditional.,

THIRD REGULARi8fu^rM Topa88.

sugizu ) [I,you, he, she, it,[sugizaru V we, you, they] doIsiiginu J not pass-1 ) [I,etc.]id not pass,Bugizanki ( - ' ^sugizarishi.. |

sugizaran or Wj ^^-j ^^^-^ ^^^^ P^' I pass.sugizaran ofr ' '^sUgiji( sugizareba.(suginebaisugizarisha ...........sugizarishii

since,or when'l,tc.]o not pass.since, or when

I, etc.] did noLtave not, or had

Present Hypothetical.Past Hypothetical..

not {Present Actual Concessive-

Present Hypotheticalon- [cessive

.

Past Concessive.

Imperative

yotte 3 ^^^ passed. , .. I if [I,etc.]dosugizu(m)baj ^^\sugizariseba j^ rj ^^^ -jy^^^ ^ot

sugizaredomoJsuginedomo...(though[I,etc.]dosugizuto iedo- j not pass.mo 3

even if [I,etc.]donot pass.

Gerund ,

sugizaru mosugizarishika-domo .........sugizarishioiedomosugizarishia-redomo ......sugizarishio,sugizare suguru nakaresuguru-na ...suguru kotonakaresugizusugizunisugizushite,sugide

though [I,etc.]didnot,have not,or hadnot passed.

^ pass not,do not pass

sugizu )sugizuni f [byj sugizushite...t ed

V P Oigiflfedby*

[by]not havingpass-1,[by]not passing.v^oogie


75/202

VEBBS. 61

CONJUGATION.(Stem ug). NegativeVoice.

r

I3^2

Indefinite Form eugu-bekarazur Conclusi ve sngu - bek ara-PresentK zu(Attributive sugu - bekara-

zaru

Pastr Conclusive

IAttributivesugu - bekara- izariki (sugu - bekara- jzarishi i

[I,etc.]will,shall,would,should,ay,might, can, could,must, or ought notto,pass.[I,etc.]should not,etc.,have passed.

Conditional

Hypothetical

(sugu- bekara- [*V^7^^ t^ ^^]I zareba \ ^^^^'^^^ ^ ^^^'^^ J pas

Documents

A Simplified Grammar of the Japanese