A Short History of Computing-Prince Dudhatra-9724949948

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A Short History of

Computing

Tim BerginTim Bergin

Computing History MuseumComputing History Museum

American University American University



Ancient History



Abacus

�� 3000 BCE, early 3000 BCE, early

form of beads onform of beads on

wires, used inwires, used inChinaChina

�� From semiticFrom semitic

abaq abaq , meaning, meaning

dust.dust.



Table Abacus

100,000 100,000 --------------------------------------------------------------------------50,000 50,000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10,000 10,000 ---------------- ------ ----------------------------------------------

5,000 5,000 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1,000 1,000 --------------------------------------------------------------------------

500 500 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

100 100 --------------------------------------------------------------------

50 50 ----------

------ --------------------------------------------------------------10 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

55 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Chinese Swan Pan



The Middle Ages



Charles Babbage (1791-1871)



Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

�� Born: December 26, 1791Born: December 26, 1791

�� son of Benjamin Babbage a London bankerson of Benjamin Babbage a London banker

(part of the emerging(part of the emerging middle cl ass: middle cl ass:

property, educ a tion, we a lth, a nd s t a tu s property, educ a tion, we a lth, a nd s t a tu s ))

�� Trinity College, Cambridge [MA, 1817]Trinity College, Cambridge [MA, 1817]

with John Her s chel a nd George Pe a cock,with John Her s chel a nd George Pe a cock,

produced a tr a n s l a tion of L aC roix· s c a lculu s produced a tr a n s l a tion of L aC roix· s c a lculu s

text.text.



A vision of calculating by

steam!M y friend Her s chel, c a lling upon M y friend Her s chel, c a lling upon

me, b rought with him the me, b rought with him the

c a lcul a tion s of the computer s ,c a lcul a tion s of the computer s ,

a nd we commenced the tediou s a nd we commenced the tediou s proce ss of verific a tion. After a proce ss of verific a tion. After a

time m a ny di s crep a ncie s time m a ny di s crep a ncie s

occurred, a nd a t one point occurred, a nd a t one point

the s e di s cord a nce s were s o the s e di s cord a nce s were s o numerou s th a t I excl a imed, Í numerou s th a t I excl a imed, Í

wi s h to God the s e c a lcul a tion s wi s h to God the s e c a lcul a tion s

h a d b een executed b y s te a m.µ h a d b een executed b y s te a m.µ

18211821



Never to be completed

�� December 1830, aDecember 1830, a

dispute with his chief dispute with his chief

engineer, Josephengineer, Joseph

Clement, over controlClement, over controlof the project, endsof the project, ends

work on thework on the

difference enginedifference engine

�� Clement is allowed toClement is allowed to

keep allkeep all toolstools andand

drawings by Englishdrawings by English

lawlaw



Importance of the Difference

Engine

�� 1. First attempt to1. First attempt to devi s e devi s e a computinga computing

machine that wasmachine that was a utom a tic in a ction a utom a tic in a ction andand

well adapted, by its printing mechanism,well adapted, by its printing mechanism,toto a m a them a tic a l t as k of con s ider ab le a m a them a tic a l t as k of con s ider ab le

import a nce import a nce ..

�� 2. An example of 2. An example of government s u bs idiz a tion government s u bs idiz a tion of innovation and technology developmentof innovation and technology development

�� 3.3. Spin offsSpin offs to theto the m a chine m a chine- -tool índu s try tool índu s try µµ



Science Museum·s

Reconstruction

�� D ifference Engine Num b er 2 D ifference Engine Num b er 2 (1847 to(1847 to

1849) constructed according to Babbage·s1849) constructed according to Babbage·s

original drawings (original drawings (minor modific a tion s minor modific a tion s ))

�� 1991 Bicentenary Celebration1991 Bicentenary Celebration

�� 4,000 parts4,000 parts

�� 7 feet high, 11 feet long, 18 inches deep7 feet high, 11 feet long, 18 inches deep

�� 500,000 pounds500,000 pounds



Science Museum Recreation

1991 (Doron Swade, Curator )





Analytical Engine





Ada Augusta Byron, 1815-1852

�� born on 10 December 1815.born on 10 December 1815.

�� named after Byron's half named after Byron's half

sister, Augusta, who hadsister, Augusta, who hadbeen his mistress.been his mistress.

�� After Byron had left for theAfter Byron had left for the

Continent with a parting shotContinent with a parting shot

---- 'When shall we three meet'When shall we three meet

again?'again?' ---- Ada was brought upAda was brought up

by her mother.by her mother.



Ada Augusta Byron,

Countess of Lovelace

�� Translated Menebrea·s paper into EnglishTranslated Menebrea·s paper into English

�� Taylor·s:Taylor·s: ´́T he editori a l note s a re b y the T he editori a l note s a re b y the

tr a n s l a tor, the C ounte ss of Lovel a ce tr a n s l a tor, the C ounte ss of Lovel a ce .µ.µ

�� Footnotes enhance the text and provideFootnotes enhance the text and provide

examples of how the Analytical Engineexamples of how the Analytical Engine

could be used, i.e., how it would becould be used, i.e., how it would beprogrammed to solve problems!programmed to solve problems!

�� Myth: ´world·s first programmerµMyth: ´world·s first programmerµ



Herman Hollerith and the

Evolution of ElectronicAccounting Machines



Herman Hollerith (1860-1929)



Herman Hollerith

�� Born: February 29, 1860Born: February 29, 1860

² ² Civil War: 1861Civil War: 1861--18651865

�� Columbia School of Mines (New York)Columbia School of Mines (New York)�� 1879 hired at Census Office1879 hired at Census Office

�� 1882 MIT faculty (1882 MIT faculty (T is for technology T is for technology !)!)

�� 1883 St. Louis (1883 St. Louis (inventorinventor))�� 1884 Patent Office (Wash, DC)1884 Patent Office (Wash, DC)

�� 1885 Éxpert and Solicitor of 1885 Éxpert and Solicitor of PatentsPatentsµµ



Census

�� Article I, Section 2: Representatives andArticle I, Section 2: Representatives and

direct Taxes shall be apportioned amongdirect Taxes shall be apportioned among

the several states...the several states...according to theiraccording to theirrespective numbersrespective numbers...(and) ...(and) every ...termevery ...term

of ten yearsof ten years

�� 1790: 1st US census1790: 1st US census�� Population: 3,929,214Population: 3,929,214

�� Census OfficeCensus Office



Population Growth:

�� 17901790 4 million4 million




fear of not being able to enumerate thefear of not being able to enumerate thecensus in the 10 intervening yearscensus in the 10 intervening years




Smithsonian Exhibit (old)



Computing Tabulating

Recording Company,(C-T-R)

�� 1911: Charles Flint1911: Charles Flint

² ² ComputingComputing ScaleScaleCompany (Dayton, OH)Company (Dayton, OH)

² ² TabulatingTabulating MachineMachine

Company, andCompany, and

² ² International TimeInternational Time

RecordingRecording Company Company

(Binghamton, NY)(Binghamton, NY)



�� Thomas J. WatsonThomas J. Watson

(1874(1874--1956) 1956)

hired as first presidenthired as first president

�� In1924, WatsonIn1924, Watson

renames CTR asrenames CTR as

InternationalInternational

Business MachinesBusiness Machines



Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer

�� 1st large scale electronic digital 1st large scale electronic digital

computer computer �� designed and constructed at thedesigned and constructed at the M oore M oore

School School of Electrical Engineering of theof Electrical Engineering of theUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of Pennsylvania² ² since 1920s, faculty had worked withsince 1920s, faculty had worked with

Aberdeen Proving Ground·sAberdeen Proving Ground·s BallisticsBallisticsResearch Laboratory (BRL )Research Laboratory (BRL )



Inspiration and

Perspiration Unite�� 19431943 Mauchly and Eckert prepare aMauchly and Eckert prepare a

proposal for the US Army to build anproposal for the US Army to build an

Electronic Numerical IntegratorElectronic Numerical Integrator² ² calculate a trajectory in 1 secondcalculate a trajectory in 1 second

�� May 31, 1943May 31, 1943 Construction of ENIAC startsConstruction of ENIAC starts

�� 19441944 early thoughts onearly thoughts on stored programstored program

computers by members of the ENIAC teamcomputers by members of the ENIAC team

�� July 1944July 1944 twotwo accumulators accumulators workingworking



Accumulator (28 vacuum tubes)





ENIAC at Moore School,

University of Pennsylvania





Early Thoughts about

Stored Program Computing

�� January 1944January 1944 Moore School team thinks of Moore School team thinks of better ways to do things; leverages delay linebetter ways to do things; leverages delay linememories from War researchmemories from War research

�� September 1944September 1944 John von Neumann visitsJohn von Neumann visits² ² Goldstine·s meeting at Aberdeen Train StationGoldstine·s meeting at Aberdeen Train Station

�� October 1944October 1944 Army extends the ENIACArmy extends the ENIACcontract to include research on thecontract to include research on the EDVACEDVACand theand the storedstored--program conceptprogram concept

�� Spring 1945Spring 1945 ENIAC working wellENIAC working well

�� June 1945June 1945 F irst Draft of a Report on the F irst Draft of a Report on the EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer Automatic Computer



Fir st Draf t Repor t (June 1945)

�� John von Neumann prepares (John von Neumann prepares (??) a report on the) a report on the

EDVAC which identifies how the machine couldEDVAC which identifies how the machine could

be programmed (unfinished very rough draft)be programmed (unfinished very rough draft)² ² academic: publish for the good of scienceacademic: publish for the good of science

² ² engineers: patents, patents, patentsengineers: patents, patents, patents

�� von Neumann never repudiates the myth thatvon Neumann never repudiates the myth that

he wrote it;he wrote it; most members of the ENIAC teammost members of the ENIAC team

ontribute ideasontribute ideas



British Efforts



Manchester Mark I (1948)



Manchester Mark I (1948)

�� Freddy Williams and Tom KilburnFreddy Williams and Tom Kilburn

�� Developed an electrostatic memory Developed an electrostatic memory

�� Prototype operational June 21, 1948 andPrototype operational June 21, 1948 andmachine to execute a stored programmachine to execute a stored program

�� Memory: 32 words of 32 bits eachMemory: 32 words of 32 bits each

�� Storage: single Williams tube (CRT )Storage: single Williams tube (CRT )�� Fully operational: October 1949Fully operational: October 1949

�� Ferranti Mark I delivered in February 1951Ferranti Mark I delivered in February 1951



EDSAC

�� Maurice WilkesMaurice Wilkes,, U niver s ity M a them a tic a l U niver s ity M a them a tic a l

L ab or a tory,L ab or a tory, Cambridge University Cambridge University

�� Moore School LecturesMoore School Lectures

�� Electronic Delay Storage AutomaticElectronic Delay Storage Automatic

Calculator, EDSACCalculator, EDSAC operationaloperational May, 1949May, 1949

�� J. Lyons Company and the LEO, LyonsJ. Lyons Company and the LEO, Lyons

Electronic OfficeElectronic Office, operational fall 1951, operational fall 1951





National Physical

Laboratory

�� Alan TuringAlan Turing

�� Automatic Computing Engine (ACE)Automatic Computing Engine (ACE)

�� Basic design by spring, 1946Basic design by spring, 1946

�� Harry Huskey joins projectHarry Huskey joins project

�� Pilot ACE working, May 10, 1950Pilot ACE working, May 10, 1950

�� English Electric: DEUCE, 1954English Electric: DEUCE, 1954

�� Full version of ACE at NPL, 1959Full version of ACE at NPL, 1959



Alan Turing (1912-1954)

�� O n C omput ab le O n C omput ab le

Num b er s with a n Num b er s with a n a pplic a tion to the a pplic a tion to the

Ent s cheidung s Ent s cheidung s - -

pro b lem pro b lem

�� Code breakerCode breaker





Mainframe Computers





John Mauchly leaning on the

UNIVersal Automatic Computer



Remington Rand UNIVAC

�� 43 UNIVACs43 UNIVACs were delivered towere delivered togovernment and industry government and industry

�� Memory: mercury delay linesMemory: mercury delay lines: 1000 : 1000

words of 12 alphanumeric characterswords of 12 alphanumeric characters�� Secondary storage: metal oxide tapeSecondary storage: metal oxide tape

�� Access time: 222 microsecondsAccess time: 222 microseconds

(average)(average)�� Instruction set: 45 operation codesInstruction set: 45 operation codes

�� Accumulators: 4Accumulators: 4

�� Clock: 2.25 MhzClock: 2.25 Mhz



IBM 701 (Defense Calculator)

�� Addition time: 60 microsecondsAddition time: 60 microseconds

�� Multiplication: 456 microsecondsMultiplication: 456 microseconds

�� Memory: 2048 (36 bit) words usingMemory: 2048 (36 bit) words using

Williams tubesWilliams tubes

�� Secondary memory:Secondary memory:

² ² Magnetic drum: 8192 wordsMagnetic drum: 8192 words

² ² Magnetic tape: plasticMagnetic tape: plastic

�� Delivered: December 1952: IBMDelivered: December 1952: IBM

World Headquarters (total of 19 World Headquarters (total of 19

installed)installed)



Second Generation (1958-1964)

�� 1958 Philco introduces TRANSAC S1958 Philco introduces TRANSAC S--20002000

² ² first transistorized commercial machinefirst transistorized commercial machine

�� IBM 7070, 7074 (1960), 7072(1961)IBM 7070, 7074 (1960), 7072(1961)

�� 1959 IBM 7090, 7040 (1961), 7094 (1962)1959 IBM 7090, 7040 (1961), 7094 (1962)

�� 1959 IBM 1401, 1410 (1960), 1440 (1962)1959 IBM 1401, 1410 (1960), 1440 (1962)

�� FORTRAN, ALGOL FORTRAN, ALGOL , and, and COBOL COBOL are firstare first

standardized programming languagesstandardized programming languages



Third Generation (1964-1971)

�� April 1964 IBM announces the System/360April 1964 IBM announces the System/360

² ² solid logic technology (integrated circuits)solid logic technology (integrated circuits)

² ² family of ćompatibleµ computersfamily of ćompatibleµ computers�� 1964 Control Data delivers the CDC 66001964 Control Data delivers the CDC 6600

�� nanosecondsnanoseconds

�� telecommunicationstelecommunications

�� BASICBASIC, Beginners All, Beginners All--purpose Symbolicpurpose Symbolic

Instruction CodeInstruction Code



Fourth Generation (1971- )

�� Large scale integrated circuits (MSI, LSI)Large scale integrated circuits (MSI, LSI)

�� Nanoseconds and picosecondsNanoseconds and picoseconds

�� Databases (large)Databases (large)

�� Structured languages (Structured languages (PascalPascal))

�� Structured techniquesStructured techniques

�� Business packagesBusiness packages





Assabet Mills, Maynard, MA



Flipchip



PDP-8, first mass-produced Mini



PDP-11 (1970)



Microcomputers



Intel

�� Noyce, Moore, andNoyce, Moore, and Andrew GroveAndrew Grove leaveleave

Fairchild and found Intel in 1968Fairchild and found Intel in 1968

² ² focus on random access memory (RAM) chipsfocus on random access memory (RAM) chips

�� Question: if you can put transistors,Question: if you can put transistors,

capacitors, etc. on a chip, why couldn·tcapacitors, etc. on a chip, why couldn·t

you put a central processor on a chip?you put a central processor on a chip?

�� Ted Hoff Ted Hoff designs thedesigns the Intel 4004Intel 4004, the first, the first

microprocessor inmicroprocessor in 19691969

² ² based on Digital·s PDPbased on Digital·s PDP--88



Microcomputers

�� Ed RobertsEd Roberts founds Micro Instrumentationfounds Micro InstrumentationTelemetry Systems (MITS) in 1968Telemetry Systems (MITS) in 1968

�� Popul a r Electronic s Popul a r Electronic s puts the MITSputs the MITS Alt a ir Alt a ir onon

the cover in January 1975 [the cover in January 1975 [Intel 80

80

Intel 80

80

]]�� Les Solomon·s 12 year old daughter,Les Solomon·s 12 year old daughter,Lauren, was a lover of Lauren, was a lover of St a r T rek St a r T rek . He asked. He askedher what the name of the computer on theher what the name of the computer on the

Enterpri s e Enterpri s e was. She said ´ ¶computer· butwas. She said ´ ¶computer· butwhy don·t you call itwhy don·t you call it Alt a ir Alt a ir because that isbecause that iswhere they are going tonight!µwhere they are going tonight!µ



Altair 8800 Computer



Intel processors

�� C P U

C P U Y

e a r Y

e a r D a t a

D a t a

M emory

M emory

M IPS

M IPS

�� 40044004 19711971 44 1K1K

�� 80088008 19721972 88 16K16K

��8

08

08

08

019741974 88 64K64K�� 80888088 19801980 88 1M1M .33.33

�� 8028680286 19821982 1616 1M1M 33

�� 8038680386 19851985 3232 4G4G 1111

�� 8048680486 19891989 3232 4G4G 4141

�� Pentium1993Pentium1993 6464 4G4G 111111

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A Short History of Computing-Prince Dudhatra-9724949948