A Shield Bearer and Warrior of Ramesside Times

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Egypt Exploration Society

A Shield Bearer and Warrior of Ramesside TimesAuthor(s): James K. ThomsonSource: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 83 (1997), pp. 218-222Published by: Egypt Exploration Society

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BRIEF COMMUNICATIONSRIEF COMMUNICATIONS

better

known

Nn-t-w;-r.f.

And

indeed,

the

proof

of this

hypothesis

s

provided

by

another

object

attributed

to

him,

a

stelephorous

statue now in Boston. It was

published

in the

catalogue

of

a

recent

exhibition,7

with a

clear

photograph

on which his name can indeed be read .

The

orthography

f

the nameand the remainder

of the text make it certainthat the Boston statue

and

that discoverednearTT 52 in 1905/1906are one and the same. The provenanceof this piece is

thus well

established

and the

name

Nn-dw-r.f

can be

discardedas

another

ghost-name.

MARK DEPAUW

A

shield

bearer

and warrior of Ramesside

times*

A

Ramesside

stela

fragment

featuring

a shield bearer and a

warrior

prompts

consideration

of these

positions

in

military

contexts

of the

period.

It is

suggested

that

at best the shield bearer

played only

a

semi-military

role,

his

court

duties

being

more

in

evidence,

while 'warrior'

rhn),

n

spite

of

the

implications

of

the

title,

remained a

non-

specific

term.

THE

upper

part

of a

round-topped

stela

in

limestone

in

the

Glasgow

Museums records two

'military'

men

of the Ramesside Period.

The

stela

(pl.

XXIV,

1)

is 11cm

high,

16.2 cm wide and

3.7 cm

deep

and bears

the

registration

number

28au-13. It

is

unprovenanced

but was

given

to

Glasgow

n 1913

by

the British School of

Archaeology

n

Egypt,

through

Miss

May

Buchanan,

one-

time

Secretary

of the

Glasgow

section

of the

Egypt

Students ResearchAssociation.

On the

survivingportion

of

the

stela,

two

kneeling

male

figures

are

represented,

one

from

the

waist

up,

the

other almost

complete.

Both

face

left,

each

with

upraised

hands. The

man

on the

left wears a

long

full

wig descending

to a

point

on

his chest.

On

his

upper

body

he

has a shirt

with

tight

elbow-length

sleeves. What

appears

o be a flaredsleeve

on

his

left

arm

as seen

in

plate

XXIV,

1

is due

to a

projecting

piece

of flint on the

surface

of

the stela and is omitted

in

figure

1. The right-handman has close-croppedhair(?)or a shavenhead and wears an ankle-lengthkilt.

Both

the

long wig

and the kilts

rising high

at

the

back of the waist are

typical

of the

Ramesside

Period.

The

figures

and

accompanying

rief text are

rather

sketchily

incised on

the stone

to fill

the

space

available.

The text

(fig.

1)

is

arranged

ver and between the heads

of

the

men,

with

three vertical

dividing

lines.

The

inscription

reads:

qry

Hri

rh;

r;

S,1

'The shield bearer Hori

(and)

the

great

warrior

Si'. The

writing

of

qry,

'shield

bearer',

(Wb.

V

57,

18)

is

a

variantof

__

qrrw

(Wb.

V

59,

12);2

others

include

<

L _

_

o>

?

The Nineteenth

Dynasty

tela of

Amenhotep

called

Huy

(BM

EA

166),3

provides

two

examples

of the

title.

In the

third

register,

Mr(i)-Rc

(Mer(i)-Re)

has the

title,

written

1I

and

in the

fourth

register

a man P;.hw

(Pa-hu)

occurs

as 'shield bearer

(of

his

majesty)',

with the word

rendered

'

.

The

Egyptian

verb

qri,

'draw

near',

'attend',4

underlies

the

primary

employment

of a

qrrw

as someone who attends another

person.

When this

involves

7Boston

MFA 1986.747:

E.

Brovarski,

n S.

D'Auria,

P.

Lacovaraand C.

H.

Roehrig (eds),

Mummies and

Magic.

The

Funerary

Arts

of

Ancient

Egypt

(exhibition

catalogue;

Boston,

1988),

148-9

(no. 89).

*My

thanks are

due

to

Dr M. L.

Bierbrier who

kindly

read

a

draft of this

article

and

made

very

helpful

suggestions.

The

comments of the

JEA

referees

were

also of

considerable assistance.

H.

Ranke,

Die

dgyptischen

Personennamen,

I

(Gluckstadt, 1935),

278.2.

AJEA

referee

has

suggested

that the

second man could be

'the

warrior

'Aa-S(u)'

as

rhl

is not a

formal

title,

s(w)

can stand for sw in this

period

and

a feminine

parallel

r;-s(y)

is found

in

Ranke,

PN

I,

58.9.

2W.

Helck,

'Schildtrager',

LA

IV,

132. On the

Glasgow

stela the word

appears

as <

with the

q-hiero-

glyph

A

resembling

an arrowhead.

3T.

G. H.

James,

Hieroglyphic

Texts

from

Egyptian

Stelae

etc. The British Museum

9

(London, 1970),

27,

pls.

xxii

and xxiia.

4R.

O.

Faulkner,

A

Concise

Dictionary of

Middle

Egyptian (Oxford,

1962),

280.

better

known

Nn-t-w;-r.f.

And

indeed,

the

proof

of this

hypothesis

s

provided

by

another

object

attributed

to

him,

a

stelephorous

statue now in Boston. It was

published

in the

catalogue

of

a

recent

exhibition,7

with a

clear

photograph

on which his name can indeed be read .

The

orthography

f

the nameand the remainder

of the text make it certainthat the Boston statue

and

that discoverednearTT 52 in 1905/1906are one and the same. The provenanceof this piece is

thus well

established

and the

name

Nn-dw-r.f

can be

discardedas

another

ghost-name.

MARK DEPAUW

A

shield

bearer

and warrior of Ramesside

times*

A

Ramesside

stela

fragment

featuring

a shield bearer and a

warrior

prompts

consideration

of these

positions

in

military

contexts

of the

period.

It is

suggested

that

at best the shield bearer

played only

a

semi-military

role,

his

court

duties

being

more

in

evidence,

while 'warrior'

rhn),

n

spite

of

the

implications

of

the

title,

remained a

non-

specific

term.

THE

upper

part

of a

round-topped

stela

in

limestone

in

the

Glasgow

Museums records two

'military'

men

of the Ramesside Period.

The

stela

(pl.

XXIV,

1)

is 11cm

high,

16.2 cm wide and

3.7 cm

deep

and bears

the

registration

number

28au-13. It

is

unprovenanced

but was

given

to

Glasgow

n 1913

by

the British School of

Archaeology

n

Egypt,

through

Miss

May

Buchanan,

one-

time

Secretary

of the

Glasgow

section

of the

Egypt

Students ResearchAssociation.

On the

survivingportion

of

the

stela,

two

kneeling

male

figures

are

represented,

one

from

the

waist

up,

the

other almost

complete.

Both

face

left,

each

with

upraised

hands. The

man

on the

left wears a

long

full

wig descending

to a

point

on

his chest.

On

his

upper

body

he

has a shirt

with

tight

elbow-length

sleeves. What

appears

o be a flaredsleeve

on

his

left

arm

as seen

in

plate

XXIV,

1

is due

to a

projecting

piece

of flint on the

surface

of

the stela and is omitted

in

figure

1. The right-handman has close-croppedhair(?)or a shavenhead and wears an ankle-lengthkilt.

Both

the

long wig

and the kilts

rising high

at

the

back of the waist are

typical

of the

Ramesside

Period.

The

figures

and

accompanying

rief text are

rather

sketchily

incised on

the stone

to fill

the

space

available.

The text

(fig.

1)

is

arranged

ver and between the heads

of

the

men,

with

three vertical

dividing

lines.

The

inscription

reads:

qry

Hri

rh;

r;

S,1

'The shield bearer Hori

(and)

the

great

warrior

Si'. The

writing

of

qry,

'shield

bearer',

(Wb.

V

57,

18)

is

a

variantof

__

qrrw

(Wb.

V

59,

12);2

others

include

<

L _

_

o>

?

The Nineteenth

Dynasty

tela of

Amenhotep

called

Huy

(BM

EA

166),3

provides

two

examples

of the

title.

In the

third

register,

Mr(i)-Rc

(Mer(i)-Re)

has the

title,

written

1I

and

in the

fourth

register

a man P;.hw

(Pa-hu)

occurs

as 'shield bearer

(of

his

majesty)',

with the word

rendered

'

.

The

Egyptian

verb

qri,

'draw

near',

'attend',4

underlies

the

primary

employment

of a

qrrw

as someone who attends another

person.

When this

involves

7Boston

MFA 1986.747:

E.

Brovarski,

n S.

D'Auria,

P.

Lacovaraand C.

H.

Roehrig (eds),

Mummies and

Magic.

The

Funerary

Arts

of

Ancient

Egypt

(exhibition

catalogue;

Boston,

1988),

148-9

(no. 89).

*My

thanks are

due

to

Dr M. L.

Bierbrier who

kindly

read

a

draft of this

article

and

made

very

helpful

suggestions.

The

comments of the

JEA

referees

were

also of

considerable assistance.

H.

Ranke,

Die

dgyptischen

Personennamen,

I

(Gluckstadt, 1935),

278.2.

AJEA

referee

has

suggested

that the

second man could be

'the

warrior

'Aa-S(u)'

as

rhl

is not a

formal

title,

s(w)

can stand for sw in this

period

and

a feminine

parallel

r;-s(y)

is found

in

Ranke,

PN

I,

58.9.

2W.

Helck,

'Schildtrager',

LA

IV,

132. On the

Glasgow

stela the word

appears

as <

with the

q-hiero-

glyph

A

resembling

an arrowhead.

3T.

G. H.

James,

Hieroglyphic

Texts

from

Egyptian

Stelae

etc. The British Museum

9

(London, 1970),

27,

pls.

xxii

and xxiia.

4R.

O.

Faulkner,

A

Concise

Dictionary of

Middle

Egyptian (Oxford,

1962),

280.

21818

JEA

83

EA

83

This content downloaded from 163.200.81.46 on Fri, 5 Jul 2013 08:23:44 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions






BRIEF

COMMUNICATIONS

royalty,

t

strengthens

the notion

of

a court

duty

rather

than

a

military

one. The latter role could

operate

in

battle,

highlighting

the shield bearer's

army

connection.

Commenting

on chariot

equipment

as used

by

the

military

establishment

at

Ugarit, Rainey5equates

the word for

'shield',

in Akkadian

abdbu

(a

synonym

or

arntu

and

takSu),

n

Ugaritic

qlc,

with

Egyptian

qrrw

with its

determinativeof a shield.

Representational

nd

textual evidence for both shield bearers and warriors n New

Kingdom

contexts is

limited,

to the extent that one hesitates

to

place

them

as

regular

members of

army

units.6Schulman7 ives

three

types

of

personnel

nvolved

n

the

chariotry:

harioteer

kdn),

shield

bearer

(qrrw)

and

chariotwarrior

(snni).

He states further that there is never more

than a two-

man

crew;

the charioteer

drives

and is sometimes

depicted fighting

or

holding

a shield to

protect

the warrior.

Both men can

be shown in

battle,

with a shield

slung

on the back of one

of them.

There would

appear

o be no

place

for

the

shield

bearer

(qrrw)

as such

in

the

chariot,

given

the

FIG.1.

Glasgow

Museums,

28au-13.

5A. F.

Rainey,

'The

Military

Personnel of

Ugarit',

JNES

24

(1965),

22.

6In

his

study

of

the

Egyptian

army,

R.

O.

Faulkner,

'Egyptian Military

Organization',

JEA

39

(1953),

32-47,

does not

mention the shield

bearer

in

relation

to the New

Kingdom army. Concerning

the

warrior,

he

gives

an

example

from the Middle

Kingdom

stela

of

Khu-Sebek,

who

at one

stage

in his career was 'warrior of the

bodyguard'

(lit.

'warrior

following

after');

'warrior',

rh;wty,

is

Faulkner's

'professional

soldier'.

In

the

early

New

Kingdom,

Ahmose son

of

Ibana

was

appointed

a 'warriorof the

ruler',

for

his services in Nubia under

Amenhotep

I.

7A. R. Schulman, Military Rank, Title and Organisationin the Egyptian New Kingdom (MAS 6; Berlin,

1964),

67.

1997

219







BRIEF

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normal

complement

of two.

The

few occasions when

shield

bearers are

depicted

in

relief scenes

show them

in the

presence

of the

king

as

part

of his retinue rather han as members of a

fighting

unit,

although

an

exception

to this is noted

in a

Nubian

campaign

of Ramesses

III

(see below).

This

paucity

of evidence

for their activities s noted

by

Schulman,8

who

cites

only

two occurrences

of

protocols

of shield bearers

and deduces that the title did

not

denote a rank

in

the

army.

At

the battle of

Qadesh,

Ramesses II was

accompanied

n his chariot

by

his shield bearer

(qrrw)

named

Menna,

as commemorated

in

the

Poem9

eulogizing

the

king's

part

in

the action.

In

paragraphs

72-3

of the Poem?'

the

king

states:

(272)

'They

were the ones whom

I

found

in

the

midst

of

the

enemy together

with

my

charioteer

(273)

Menna

my

shield bearer'.

On

this use of

two titles

for

Menna,

Schulman l

omments that Ramesses drovethe

chariot

and the second man

served as

a

subordinate

chariotwarrior'and 'shield bearer'and that the

person

would have

been

an

officer,

that

is,

a 'charioteer'.

Certainly

in this

episode,

in the heat

of the

engagement,

the

shield

bearer

would have

performed

more

than

just

a ceremonial

or

court

role.

An

example

of

shield bearers

in action on the

battlefield

occurs

in

the relief scenes at the

mortuary emple

of

Ramesses

III

at Medinet

Habu.

On the

outer face

of

the west wall at the left

end

of

the

lower

register

the

king

is

depicted

in

battle with

Nubians,'2

and

a

section of

chariotry

has the

superscription

kdnw

n

hnw

qrrw

n

Pr-rc

cnh

wd;

snb,

'charioteers

of the

Residence and

shield bearersof

Pharaoh, ife,

prosperity

and health'. The

qrrw

defend the charioteers n each

case with a raised

shield which is

circular

in

shape

rather than the

normal

round-topped

rectangular ype.

The close association

with the

monarch,

'of

Pharaoh'

n

the

last

case,

is

reinforced

in

two

further

depictions

at Medinet Habu.

A

group

of

shield

bearers

attend Ramesses

III

as he mounts

his chariot

to commence the first

Libyan campaign.'3

Here

they

serve as

part

of the

king's

bodyguard

as the

inscription

relates:kdnw

hryw

mgkbw

qrcw

n

p;

htr

rc

n[ty]

m

smsw

hm.f,

'the

charioteers,

the

chiefs of

mgkbw'4

and

the

shield

bearers

of the

great

span

w[ho

are]

in the

bodyguard

lit.

'following')

of his

majesty'.'5

n

this instance

the

qrrw

are

on

foot and stand

in

files

alongside

the charioteers and

chiefs of

mgkbw.

The

equipment

carried

includes

bows,

quivers, spears,

sickle-swords

and

regulation

shields,

but there is

no

specific

allocationwhich

would

identify

an

individual

as a

shield bearer.

On the

exteriorof the first

pylon,

on the

west face

of the north

tower,

in the re-entrant

angle

between the towerand the north

wall,

RamessesIII

is

in

battle

with

Libyans.16

Two

bowing figures

in

the

top

right-hand

corner of the

lower scene

are described

as kdnw

[qr]rw

n

hmf

nty

m

smsw

n ntr

nfr,

'charioteersand

[shield]

bearers of

his

majesty

who are

in

the

following

of the

Good God'. Neither

person displays any

obvious

militaryaspect

in

costume

or

equipment,

once

more

hinting

at the court nature of

their

position

on this occasion.

In

Ramesside

times

shield bearers

generallyappear

n

the service

of

royalty,

heir titles

being

qualified

by

such

phrases

as

'of

his

majesty'

or 'of

the Good God'.

Occasionally

he title is found

alone;

Mer(i)-Re

of

BM

EA

166

(mentioned

above)

and Hori

on the

Glasgow

stela

are cases

in

point.

A

letter written

by

a

priest,

Kharu

of

the House of

Horus,

to a

royal

scribe

and steward

8Military

Rank,

68

and

162

(refs.

477-8).

9Battle of

Qadesh,

Poem,

205

=

KRI

II,

66.1-6

(writing

variants).

'?KRI

II,

83.6-16.

Military

Rank,

67 and

114.

'2H.

H.

Nelson,

Medinet

Habu,

I.

Earlier Historical Records

of

Ramesses

III

(Epigraphic Survey,

OIP

8;

Chicago,

1930),

pl.

9

=

KRI

V,

8.12.

13

Nelson,

Medinet Habu

I,

p1.

16

=

KRIV,

12.12.

'4Schulman,

Military

Rank,

48

renders mgkbw

as

'officers?'.

s'W.

F.

Edgerton

and

J.

A.

Wilson,

Historical Records

of

Ramesses

III.

The

Texts

in Medinet Habu Volumes

I

and

II

(SAOC

12;

Chicago,

1936),

8

and

n.

16b.

In

the footnote the distinction

between

kdn

and

qrrw

is made

and attention

drawn to

the word for 'shield bearers'

having

been recut from

~ a

e

lto

the

present

.?i

16Nelson,

Medinet

Habu

II,

pls.

67(B)

and 68

=

Schulman,

Military

Rank,

121

(ref. 220).

220

JEA

83







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Ptahemhab,17

mentions a 'shield bearer of

Inwau'.`8

The text

refers to the

servantof the

shield

bearer

having

been

with

Ptahemhab

n

Memphis

and the

'great

one of the

house',

registering

he

little brother of the said servant o be a

groom.

The

implication

s

that the

charioteerInwau

had

a shield bearer

(unnamed)

who was

recognized

as his

companion,forming,

in

partnership,

he

chariot unit. It also points to the shield bearer'ssocial standingin his havinga servant.Another

letter19 rom

a

chief of record

keepers

of the

granary

addressed

to

the

scribe of a

priest

contains

a list

of

people

who

are to be

exempted

from

corveework and

includes

'...

a

shield bearer of

his

majesty .p.h.

...

'

That

persons

of

foreign

extraction

were

employed

n

the

Egyptian

army

n

the

New

Kingdom

is well established. At

Thebes,

Winlock

found the coffin of

It-Amun,

a

'shield bearer

of the

general',

of the late

Twentieth to

early

Twenty-first

Dynasty.

His full

bushy

beard

suggests

that

he is

an Asiatic.20

A

damaged

text

on

a stela of

Ramesses III21 n

the

sanctuary

of

Ptah at

the

Valley

of the

Queens

is concernedwith

enemy captives

who were

recruited nto

the

Egyptianarmy,

and

we

read:

'They

are

made

shield

bearers,

charioteers and retainers who

bear the fan

while

following

he

king'.Again

ceremonialduties are

stressed.

The other

title on

the

Glasgow

stela,

namely

'warrior'

rh),

occurs

infrequently

n the

New

Kingdom,althoughused of the king in the heroicsense. For instance,rh;qnt appliedto SetyI22

at

Karnak,

where

in an

undated

campaign

against

the

Hittites,

he

returns in

triumph

with

prisoners.

It does not

normally appear

as a title

or

rank in

regular military

formations.A

hry

rh;wtyw,

'commanderof

warriors',

s

attested

on

a

papyrus

n

the

British

Museum,

in the

person

of a certain

Wey.23

The

personnel,

rhrw,

in this

case are

serving

on

board a

trt-boat.

In the

Karnak record of the

Libyan

war

in

Merenptah's

fifth

year,24

a

tpy

n

rh;

nb,

'chief of

every

warrior',

appears.

From the same source

rhj

and

phrr,

'warrior'

and 'runner'

(or

'chariot

escort'),25

occur with the former

apparentlyemployed

as a

generalized

term.

Ramesses III's

account of

the

first

Libyancampaign

of his fifth

year

refers

to

enemies

of the

Egyptians

as

n;y.sn

ch/w,

'their

warriors'.26

hese uses of the

word 'warrior'

underline the

lack

of a

specific

role for

the

people

thus

designated.

In the

post-Ramesside period

a

type

of officer

of

shield bearers is

encounteredwith the

title

hryqrryw, commanderof shield bearers'.A Twenty-firstDynasty etter from El Hibeh27written

by

the

god's

father and

temple

scribe

Hor-pen-ese

to

the

F~:.i

Sha-puti

concerns the

expected

arrivalof

horses,

but also refers to 'warriors'

who had been

badly

treated and

the need

for

vigilance

on the

ramparts.

The same title is found on the Dakhleh stela28of the fifth

year

of

'7p.

Bologna

1094,

rt.

9, 3-6,

quotedby

Schulman,

Military

Rank,

105

(ref.

116).

18Inwau

ppears

n

P.

Anastasi

II,

vs.

6/1-5/9

(The

Border

Journal)

underthe

entry:

Year

3,

month

9,

day

25:

Inwau,

he charioteerof the

great

stable

of Banire-Miamun

f

the

Residencewent

up';

cited

by

A. R.

Schulman,

The First

DynastyEgyptian

Presenceat rEn

Besor

in

the

Sinai',

n D. P.

Silverman

ed.),

For His

Ka.

Essays Offered

n

Memory f

KlausBaer

(SAOC

55;

Chicago,

1994),

243.

'9P.

Turin

A,

vs.

4,

1-4,

quoted

by

Schulman,

Military

Rank,

110-11

(ref.

141).

2 H.

E.

Winlock,

Excavationsat Deir el Bahri

1911-1931

(New

York,

1942),

34,

pl.

80,

where

the title

]o-*d

qrr(w) occurs in the central vertical column on the outer coffin lid: W. C. Hayes, The Scepter

of Egypt,

II

(New

York,

1959),

407,

gives

the name

1*t_

as

'Yoty-Amun'.

21

LD

III,

218c

(plate)

and

III,

224

(text)

=

KRIV,

90-1.

22LD

III,

130b

=

W.

Wreszinski,

tlaszur

altaegyptischen

ulturgeschichte,

I

(Leipzig,

1923-35),

pl.

47

=

KRI

I,

18.9.

23p.

British Museum

EA

10204

(unpublished).

owe this

reference o

Dr

M. L.

Bierbrierand Dr R. B.

Parkinson;

ee S.

Birch, Varia',

AS 7

(1869),

27; Schulman,

Military

Rank,

53 and 106

(ref. 119).

24

KRI, IV,

4.2.

25KRI,

IV,

3.15.

26Nelson,

MedinetHabu

I,

pl.

28,

1.44

=

KRI

IV,

22.13.

27P.

Strasbourg

3:

W.

Spiegelberg,

Briefeder 21.

Dynastie

us

El-Hibe',

ZAS 53

(1917),

7-9,

pl.

ii;

P.

Vernus,

in

Tanis,

L'or des

pharaons

Paris,1987),

106,

whereP.

Strasbourg

3 is

incorrectly

eferred o as P.

Strasbourg

31

and

hry

qrryw

endered

s

'chef

des

conducteurs

e

char'.

28A.H.Gardiner,TheDakhlehStela', EA 19(1933),27 andpl.vii. InhiscommentsGardiner rawsattention

to the El

Hibeh

etter

andthe

problems

f

transcribing

he

hieratic ormof

the title there.

1997 221









PLATE

XXIV

LATE

XXIV

1. Stela

fragment,

Glasgow

Museums,

28au-13

(Courtesy of Glasgow Museums)

A SHIELD BEARER

AND WARRIOR

OF

RAMESSIDE TIMES

(pp.

218-22)

1. Stela

fragment,

Glasgow

Museums,

28au-13

(Courtesy of Glasgow Museums)

A SHIELD BEARER

AND WARRIOR

OF

RAMESSIDE TIMES

(pp.

218-22)

2.

Inscription

on

the

wrappings

of the

mummy

of Heron

son of

Ammonius

(reproduced

from

Petrie,

Roman Por-

traits and Memphis (IV), pl. x.3)

2.

Inscription

on

the

wrappings

of the

mummy

of Heron

son of

Ammonius

(reproduced

from

Petrie,

Roman Por-

traits and Memphis (IV), pl. x.3)

HERON 'BEARER OF

PHILOSOPHIA' AND HERMIONE

GRAMMATIKE

(pp. 223-6)

ERON 'BEARER OF

PHILOSOPHIA' AND HERMIONE

GRAMMATIKE

(pp. 223-6)

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A Shield Bearer and Warrior of Ramesside Times