A Review on the Production of Bio-Diesel Fuel Based on Biomass Material.pdf

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A Review on the Production of Bio-Diesel Fuel Based on Biomass Material

Harwinder Lal1, Mandeep Singh2

Department of Mechanical Engineering 1Ramgarhia Institute of Engineering & Technology, Phagwara

2S.B.C.M.S. Institute of Technology, Attalgarh Mukerian, Hoshiarpur, India

International Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015, pp. 07-13

ISSN Online: 2347-5188 Print: 2347-8772, DOA : 05052015 IASTER 2014, www.iaster.com

ABSTRACT In recent years, there has been a steadily increasing in the amount of solid wastes because of the increasing human population and urbanization. Solids are includes industrial waste, agricultural waste, forest waste and waste bio-products. Fossil fuel has been play important role for preparation of biomass and produced machinery energy due to its high heating power. Bio-energy has been produced total 10% participation of energy of global energy production, energy produced from the source of biomass: plants, animal, and organic waste. The use of bio-energy ranges from traditional energy in rural populations to the use of liquid bio-fuels in the transport sector. Bio-fuels have the potential to be significantly less expensive than gasoline and other fossil fuels. Biodiesel has been some advantages as such it is a renewable energy source unlike petroleum based diesel. An excessive production of soybeans in the world makes it an economic way to utilize this surplus for manufacturing the biodiesel fuel. Material used for the production of bio-diesel Peanut oil , Rapeseed oil, olive oil, Soyaben oil, coconut oil, Linseed oil, cotton seed oil. The US and EU standards are the most referred standards followed by standards from other bio-fuel producing nations. Basically, the majority of the standards have similar limits for most of the parameters (sulfated ash, free glycerol content, copper strip corrosion, acid number etc.) Keywords: Bio-Fuel, Bio-Diesel, Renewable, Organic Waste, Biomass. 1. INTRODUCTION Fossil fuels are widely used as transportation and machinery energy due to its high heating power, availability and quality combustion characteristics, but its reverse is depleting day by day. The diesel engine was Dr. Rudolph Diesel and it was run by peanut oil and the Paris Exposition in the year 1900. It has been establish from then that, high temperature of diesel is able to run variety of oils.[1] Today diesel-powered vehicles represents about one-third of the vehicle sold in Europe and United States and it is bring predicted that the sales of diesel run automotives will rise from 4% in 2004 to 11% by 2012. As an alternative for petro diesel in the transportation sector, biodiesel can easily become the crucial solution for environmental problems. First, it does not require any engine modifications; second it reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emission substantially and finally it also improve lubricity. These factors has make biodiesel usage more adaptable and attractive to current energy scenario.[2] Bio-energy accounts for approximately 10% of global energy production, and can be defined as energy produced from any source of biomass; i.e. plants, animals, and organic waste. The use of bio-energy ranges from traditional energy in rural populations to the use of liquid bio-fuels in the transport sector.

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Although bio-fuels can in principle be produced from any organic source, most of the current or first generation bio-fuels are based on food crops. 98% of current bio-fuel production involves the production of ethanol from sugars and biodiesel from oil seeds. The main crops used in ethanol production are sugar cane and maize, with oil palm and rapeseed most often used to produce biodiesel.[3] Different feed stocks are more or less efficient in the production of bio-energy and some feed stocks also provide useful co-products such as oilcake as animal feed. In discussions on the first generation bio-fuels, the type of feedstock used is pivotal because of the wide variety used. Second generation bio-fuels, where advanced technology is used to break down lignin and cellulose to convert biomass and waste products into fuel, are currently in development; as are third generation bio-fuels produced from algae.[4] The exact criteria that result in the labeling of first, second, and third generation bio-fuels are not clearly defined. In this report, first generation bio-fuels will be taken to mean any bio-fuel currently in large scale production. It is generally agreed that these targets and financial incentives are behind the current and likely future increase in bio-fuel production. [5] The influence of such policies can be underlined through modeling of demand under different policy measures. It has been suggested, for example, that ethanol production would be reduced by 30% and biodiesel by more than 50% without policy measures; with OECD projections similarly suggesting that the removal of bio-fuel policies and subsidies would reduce ethanol production in the US by 20% and by 80% in Canada and Europe. In some countries that do not currently have targets, subsidies or policies for bio-fuel production for domestic use, production is driven by the export market. [6] This is particularly the case in Indonesia, where 18 million hectares of land is already used for palm oil production, and further large scale plantations are planned. However, several African countries are beginning to explore the potential of domestic bio-fuel targets, as are a number of palm oil producers. [7] If such policies were to be developed, this would further increase demand for bio-fuel production. Thailand, for example, is developing targets equivalent to 10% blend of biodiesel by 2012. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has emphasized the need for the adoption of adequate policy frameworks to ensure that the production of bio-fuels is sustainable. Parties are urged to promote sustainable production and use, taking into account the full life cycle and acting in accordance with the precautionary principle. However, current targets appear to have been developed with little consideration for the environmental consequences of bio-fuel production.[7] Bio-fuel Advantages of These Plant and Animal Based Fuels[8]

Bio-fuels have the potential to be significantly less expensive than gasoline and other fossil fuels.

Biodiesel fuel is a renewable energy source unlike petroleum based diesel. An excessive production of soybeans in the world makes it an economic way to utilize this

surplus for manufacturing the biodiesel fuel. One of the main bio diesel fuel advantages is that it is less polluting than petroleum diesel. The lack of sulfur in100% bio diesel extend the life of catalytic converters. It can also be blundered with other energy resources and oil. Bio diesel fuel is also be used existing oil hitting system and diesel engines without making

any alteration. It can also be disturbed through existing diesel fuel pumps, which is another bio diesel

advantages over alternative fuels. The lubricating property of the bio-diesel may lengthen the lifetime of engines.


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Disadvantages of Bio Diesel Fuel[8]

Bio-diesel fuel is bout one and a half times more expensive than petroleum diesel fuels. It requires energy to produce biodiesel fuel from soy, crops, plaus there is the energy of

sowing, fertilizing and harvesting. Another bio-diesel fuel disadvantage is that it can harm rubber hoses in some engines. Bio-diesel fuel distribution infrastructure needs improvement, which is another of the bio-

diesel fuel disadvantages. Biodiesel fuel distribution infrastructure needs improvement, which is another of the biodiesel

fuel disadvantages. Properties of Biodiesel Fuel[8]

The viscosity of a fuel is important because it influences the atomization of the fuel being inserted into the engine combustion chamber. The biodiesel fuel property of having the viscosity much closer to diesel fuel than vegetable oil helps create a much lower drop, which burns cleaner.

The other main property of biodiesel fuel that we will discuss is its lubricating properties. The fuel injection equipment depends on the fuel for its lubrications. The biodiesel fuel properties increase the life of the fuel injection equipment. Giving better lubricity and a more complete combustion increases the engine energy output, thus partially balancing for the higher energy density of petro-diesel.

Physical properties of biodiesel fuel, it is a liquid which can be different in color, from golden and dark brown, all depending on the production feedstock. It is immiscible with water, has a high boiling point and low vapor pressure. The flash point of biodiesel is higher than of petroleum diesel.

However, the land required for increased bio-fuel production will be in addition to the agricultural demand. The US and Global Agricultural Outlook (FAPRI 2008) projects large increases in global coarse grain area due to increased demand, in addition to a 14% increase in the harvested area of sugarcane and a 35% increase in oil palm area by 2017/18 due to targets set by the EU and the US, and the likelihood of increased bio-fuel targets in Brazil, China, Argentina and India. Different scenarios and models have led to varying projections of the land area required for demand driven bio-fuel expansion. [9] These estimates range from 56 -2,500 Mha, where the lower bound takes into account land savings through the production of co-products, and the upper bound is an estimate for all biomass fuel requirements under a policy to severely limit the usage of fossil fuels. To put this in context, an estimate towards the middle of this range (850 Mha) is equivalent to half of the current global crop land. [10] Estimates vary because the amount of land required will depend upon the bio-fuel crops modeled as well as assumptions on efficiency, co-products, and land productivity. For example, a recent study by Ravindranath et al.(2009) estimates that 118 508 Mha of land would be required to meet a target of 10% bio-fuel in transport fuels globally, depending on the main crops used to meet targets. [11] The availability of land for bio-fuel production is another question entirely. Estimates vary depending on the land use data and whether definitions of available land exclude forest, cropland, etc.[12]Optimistic estimates suggest that there could be up to 1,215 Mha of land available, whereas pessimistic estimates can be as low as 400 Mha.


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Although it is difficult to say with any certainty, the ranges presented in the literature suggest a potential deficit between land availability and projected land requirements to meet bio-fuel production targets.[13] The pessimistic scenario presented in the Gallagher review projects a land deficit of approximately 200 Mha when additional food and feed requirements are taken into account.[14] No estimates in the literature reviewed here took land requirements for other climate mitigation policies such as a forestation and wind energy into consideration, or factored in competition for water resources.[15]

Fig.1 Generalised Process Flow Diagram

Material used for Bio-fuel

Bio-fuels produced from lignocellulosic materials and vegetable oils provide a feasible solution to the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Bio-diesel is considered as a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines. Many vegetable oils have been used to produce bio-diesel namely Peanut, Rapeseed, Safflower, Soya bean, Palm, Coconut, Corn, Cottonseed and Linseed. There were also bio-diesel produced from non-edible oils such as Mahua, Neem, Karanja and Jatropha, which become hype in the light of recent food versus fuel conflict.

Characterization of Biodiesel Quality standards for producing, marketing and storing of bio-fuel are being developed and implemented around the world in order to maintain the end product quality and also ensure consumer confidence. The US and EU standards are the most referred standards followed by standards from other bio-fuel producing nations. Basically, the majority of the standards have similar limits for most of the parameters (i.e sulfated ash, free glycerol content, copper strip corrosion, acid number etc.)

Flash point Viscosity Sulphated ash Sulphur Cloud point Copper corrosion


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Cetane number Water content and sediment Neutralization value Free glycerin Total glycerin Phosphorus Distillation temperature Oxidation stability

Methods used for Preparation of Bio-Diesel

Catalytic method Non-catalytic method

Fig. 2 Catalyst Transestrification

Table No.1 Raw Material Used to Bio-Diesel

S.No. Vegetable Oils Non-Edible Oils 1. Peanut oil Mahua 2. Rapeseed oil Neem 3. Safflower oil Karanja 4. Soya bean oil Jatropha 5. Palm oil 6. Coconut oil 7. Cottonseed oil 8. Linseed oil

Biodiesel Processing Technology All biomass conversion technologies can be subdivided in two major categories- Thermo-chemical conversion and biochemical conversion. Pyrolysis, gasification and liquefication are the common thermo-chemical process to produce syn-oil, bio-syngas and bio-chemicals from biomass. Biochemical conversion process produces bio-ethanol and bio-diesel. Bio-ethanol is produced by either fermentation or hydrolysis from different transesterification process, which is actually an alcoholysis process that converts triglycerides of vegetable oil to fatty acid methyl ethyl esters by displacing alcohol from ester by another alcohol.


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Table No.2 Major Engine Problems of Using Biodiesel

S.No Estimated Trouble

Properties to be remarked

1. Damage on fuel line parts metal corrosion, rubber swell

Acid value, Methanol, Oxidation stability, Ester content, Water.

2. (a) Pump failure sticking adhesive material. (b) Filter plugging, Engine stop by stopping fuel supply

Poly unsaturated fatty acid, methyl ester content, ester content, Tri-glyceride, Mono-glyceride, Di-glyceride, Glycerine.

3. Worsen exhaust gas Tri-glyceride, Metals. 4. Hard start at low temperature Cold performance. 5. Deterioration of after treatment system Metals, Phosphorous.

2. CONCLUSION

The production of liquid bio-fuels is rapidly increasing. Demand-based projections suggest that this trend is likely to continue, largely driven by governmental targets and subsidies. The impacts on biodiversity will depend upon the bio-fuel feed stocks, previous land use, and agricultural practices employed, and can be positive where well-managed plantations are established in suitable areas. However, there is evidence that the cultivation of many of the bio-fuel feed stocks are already having negative impacts on biodiversity as a result of habitat conversion and the off-farm impacts of pollution and soil erosion. Most concern oil palm plantations, however. Further negative impacts are likely to be observed in the future as the land requirements for bio-fuel feedstock production increase. Indeed, the limited literature available suggests that biodiversity will continue to be negatively impacted under most current scenarios of bio-fuel production, largely as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation. The development of next generation bio-fuels offers some potential for reducing biodiversity impacts, as perennial species grown on marginal lands and waste products from agriculture and forestry can be utilised. However, the potential impacts of large-scale production are largely unknown, and there is some skepticism over their ability to reduce land use requirements. There are also concerns over the use of invasive species, and the removal of waste products from soil. Given that bio-fuel production is increasing, a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impacts of bio-fuel production, and the identification of measures to reduce these impacts, is required at local to regional scales. Sustainability standards for bio-fuel production may help to reduce adverse impacts on biodiversity, and a number of these are currently under development, or in the early stages of implementation. However, they will need to overcome a number of issues surrounding definitions of key terms, and address the issue of indirect land use change if they are to be successfully implemented. In addition, it is likely that sustainability standards will only be part of the solution, and will need to be combined with improved land use planning. Bio-fuels have the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation. However, this may need to be balanced against the negative impacts on biodiversity. The impacts on biodiversity are not always obvious (e.g. from indirect land use change) and more research is needed, especially at the local level since much of the current literature reviewed focuses on global overviews. REFERENCES [1] Ghobadian, B.Rahimi,H.,Nikbakht,A.M.,Najafi,G.,Yusaf,T.F.,2009. Diesel Engine

Performance and Exhaust Emission Analysis Based on Cooking Bio Diesel Fuel with an Artificial Neural Network, Renewable Energy 34, p.976-982.

[2] Silitonga, A.S.,et al.,2011.A Review on Prospect of Jatropha Curcas for Biodiesel in Indonesia, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review 15,p.3733-3756.


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[3] Ma, F.,Hanna, M.A.,1999.Biodesel Production: A Review, Bioresorces Technology 70.p,115. [4] AEA Technology. 2008 Review of Work on the Environmental Sustainability of International

Biofuels Production and Use. DEFRA. UK Aratrakorn,S., Thunhikorn,S. & Donald,P.F. (2006) Changes in Bird Communities Following Conversion of Lowland Forest to Oil Palm and Rubber Plantations in Southern Thailand. Bird Conservation International 16,7182.

[5] Bhagwat,S.A. & Willis,K.J. (2009) Conservation in Oil Palm Landscapes. Conservation Biology,23,245-246.

[6] Biemans,M., Waarts,Y., Nieto,A., Goba,V., Jones-Walters,L. & Zckler,C.(2008) Impacts of Biofuel Production on Biodiversity in Europe. ECNC-European Centre for Nature Conservation, Tilburg, the Netherlands.

[7] Bindraban,P., Bulte,E., Conijn,S., Eickhout,B., Hoogwijk,M. & Londo,M. 2009)Can biofuels be sustainable by 2020? An assessment for an obligatory blending target of 10% in the Netherlands. Climate Change, Scientific Assessment and Policy Analysis. Bilthoven, The Hague, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.

[8] www.your ultimate biodiesel guide org.com. [9] Blanco Canqui, H. & Lal,R. (2009) Corn Stover Removal for Expanded Uses Reduces Soil

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[10] Brown, L. (2008) Biofuels: Renewable Energy or Environmental Disaster in the Making? World Watch Institute. Brhl,C. & Eltz,T. (2009) Fuelling the Biodiversity Crisis: Species Loss of Ground Dwelling Forest Ants in Oil Palm Plantations in Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo). Biodiversity and Conservation Doi:10.1007/s1053-100995964 Buddenhagen,C.E., Chimera,C. & Clifford,P. (2009) Assessing Biofuel Crop Invasiveness. Plos One 45261.

[11] Bustamante,M.M.C., Melillo,J., Connor,D.J., Hardy,Y., Lambin,E., Lotze-Campen,H., Ravindranath,N.H., Searchinger,T., Tschirley,J. & Watson,H. (2009) What are the final land limits?. Pages 265-285

[12] R.W. Howarth and S. Bringezu (eds) Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use. Proceedings of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) International Biofuels Project Rapid Assessment, 22-25 September2008, Gummersbach Germany. Cornell University, Ithaca.

[13] NY, USA. (http://cip.cornell.edu/biofuels/). [14] Butler,R.A., Koh,L.P. & Ghazoul,J. (2009) REDD in the Red: Palm Oil Could Undermine

Carbon Payment Schemes. Conservation Letters, 2, 67-73.

[15] Campbell,J.E., Lobell,D.B., Genova,R.C. & Field,C.B. (2008) The Global Potential of Bioenergy on Abandoned Agriculture Lands. Environmental Science and Technology, 42,5791-5794.

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A Review on the Production of Bio-Diesel Fuel Based on Biomass Material.pdf