A REVIEW OF WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS FOR WATER …

9:00-9:45 a.m.

A REVIEW OF

WASTEWATER

CHARACTERISTICS FOR

WATER

REUSE/RECYCLING AFTER

CHEMICAL & EQUIPMENT

PROCESSING

Mark Andrus, Coventya, Inc. – Water Care

Division

September, 2016 Midwest Sustainability Summit

A Review of Wastewater

Characteristics for Water

Reuse/Recycling after Chemical and

Equipment Processing

Mark AndrusGlobal Business Manager - WaterCare

Coventya

[email protected]

www.coventya.com



Globally, 19.32% of industrial

applications apply water reuse techniques.


Of the effluent reused in North America

(6.5%) only 7% is for industrial purposes.


Of the effluent reused (6.5%), only

7% is for industrial use.

IDEA..

Let’s start using more wastewater effluent for industrial use!


Background:

Cost of wastewater is based upon-

… effluent quality desired & treatment costs

…… sludge volume created & disposal

……… equipment & labor


Reusing wastewater: Why?

Reduced surcharges* for

make-up and discharge

*The cost of water is

rising across North America

Permit requirements

Regulatory compliance


Determining factors for reuse:

Wastewater

Characteristics

The degree of water purity is critical.

Can it be used? Where? How?

Is it corrosive?

Does it create deposition?


Wastewater

Characteristics

Specific ion analysis – the starting point.

WATER ANALYSIS

Measured pH: 9.00 units

Temperature: 20 °C

Calcium: 30.00 mg/L CaCO3

Total Alkalinity: 820 mg/L CaCO3

Dissolved Solids: 3283.00 mg/L

Chloride: 220 mg/L Cl-

Sulfate: 140.00 mg/L SO4

Dissolved Oxygen: 10 mg/L O2

Reference Temperature: 30.00 °C

Note that 3283 ppm as TDS = 4900 uS ( or mmhos) as Conductivity


Wastewater

Characteristics

Conductivity conversion to TDS is variable based upon the ions present and the

concentration of the solution - as an AVERAGE the factor is:

Conductivity X 0.67 = TDS [total dissolved solids]


Wastewater

Characteristics

Species at temperature per process needs.

WATER ANALYSIS

Measured pH: 9.00 units

Temperature: 20 °C

Calcium: 30.00 mg/L CaCO3

Total Alkalinity: 820 mg/L CaCO3

Dissolved Solids: 3283.00 mg/L

Chloride: 220 mg/L Cl-

Sulfate: 140.00 mg/L SO4

Dissolved Oxygen: 10 mg/L O2

Reference Temperature: 30.00 °C

SPECIATION

Temperature: 20 30 °C

Total Acidity: 706.81 706.81 mg/L CaCO3

Total Dissolved CO2: 2.99 3.26 mg/L CaCO3

Bicarbonate: 704.26 704.31 mg/L CaCO3

Carbonate: 115.30 114.92 mg/L CaCO3

Hydroxide: 0.44 0.77


Wastewater

Characteristics From the analysis derived indices of

reuse potential is obtained. You have..

identified the reuse potential of this source.

INDICIES

pH: 9.00 8.91 -0.09 ∆∆∆∆pH

Saturation pH (Langelier): 7.67 7.53

Saturation pH (Snoeyink): 7.73 7.60

Langelier Index: 1.33 1.37

Snoeyink Index: 1.27 1.31

Ryznar Index: 6.34 6.16

Aggressive Index: 13.39 13.30

CCPP: 166.76 178.24 mg/L CaCO3

Momentary Excess: 27.85 28.05 mg/L CaCO3

Buffer Capacity: 127.71 128.45 mg/L CaCO3

Driving Force Index: 18.44 20.36

Singley Corrosion Rate: 22.20 21.96 mpy

Larson Index: 6.38 6.38


Wastewater Characteristics


Wastewater

Characteristics




Wastewater

Characteristics



Let’s look again..

INDICIES

pH: 9.00 8.91 -0.09 ∆∆∆∆pH

Saturation pH (Langelier): 7.67 7.53

Saturation pH (Snoeyink): 7.73 7.60

Langelier Index: 1.33 1.37

Snoeyink Index: 1.27 1.31

Ryznar Index: 6.34 6.16

Aggressive Index: 13.39 13.30

CCPP: 166.76 178.24 mg/L CaCO3

Momentary Excess: 27.85 28.05 mg/L CaCO3

Buffer Capacity: 127.71 128.45 mg/L CaCO3

Driving Force Index: 18.44 20.36

Singley Corrosion Rate: 22.20 21.96 mpy

Larson Index: 6.38 6.38

This water has a slight potential for scaling / requires 127 ppm of acid/alkaline to change

the pH by +/- 1 / and is corrosive due to chlorides/sulfate to mild steel at ~22 mpy.


Reuse water* asReuse water* asReuse water* asReuse water* as----is:is:is:is:

• after the coagulation and after the coagulation and after the coagulation and after the coagulation and flocculation processflocculation processflocculation processflocculation process

• utilize a holding tank for storageutilize a holding tank for storageutilize a holding tank for storageutilize a holding tank for storage

• rererere----route by demand to processroute by demand to processroute by demand to processroute by demand to process

*: You have completed the water reuse analysis*: You have completed the water reuse analysis*: You have completed the water reuse analysis*: You have completed the water reuse analysison this water source to know on this water source to know on this water source to know on this water source to know –––– corrosion & scale potentialcorrosion & scale potentialcorrosion & scale potentialcorrosion & scale potential

Method #1 Reuse Water “as-is”


Coagulation

Flocculation

==

_

__

_ ==

Colloid Mixed

Chloride

Coagulant

Charge

Neutralization

Destabilization

Destabilized

Colloid

Microfloc

Formation

Microfloc

Microfloc

Polymer Agglomeration

Macrofloc

+

+= = +

+

Mg+

Al+

Ca+

Mg+

Ca+

Al+

Reference: Modified slide from Vulacan Laboratories 1974


Diagram #1:Reuse water asDiagram #1:Reuse water asDiagram #1:Reuse water asDiagram #1:Reuse water as----isisisis


Reuse water treated to removeReuse water treated to removeReuse water treated to removeReuse water treated to removeorganic contaminants:organic contaminants:organic contaminants:organic contaminants:

• via activated carbonvia activated carbonvia activated carbonvia activated carbon

• catalyzed claycatalyzed claycatalyzed claycatalyzed clay

• absorbing type mediaabsorbing type mediaabsorbing type mediaabsorbing type media

Method #2 Reuse Water

with Organics Removed


Diagram #2: Reuse water with Diagram #2: Reuse water with Diagram #2: Reuse water with Diagram #2: Reuse water with activated carbon treatmentactivated carbon treatmentactivated carbon treatmentactivated carbon treatment


Reuse water is treated to removeReuse water is treated to removeReuse water is treated to removeReuse water is treated to removeorganic contaminants organic contaminants organic contaminants organic contaminants

& & & & suspended and dissolved solids:suspended and dissolved solids:suspended and dissolved solids:suspended and dissolved solids:

• via ion exchangevia ion exchangevia ion exchangevia ion exchange

• membrane filtration (usually combined)membrane filtration (usually combined)membrane filtration (usually combined)membrane filtration (usually combined)mirco / ultramirco / ultramirco / ultramirco / ultra

nano nano nano nano reverse osmosisreverse osmosisreverse osmosisreverse osmosis

Method #3 Reuse Water with

Organics / Suspended & Dissolved

Solids Removal


Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated carbon treatment & IX/membrane unitscarbon treatment & IX/membrane unitscarbon treatment & IX/membrane unitscarbon treatment & IX/membrane units


Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.

Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane types may be required. types may be required. types may be required. types may be required.


Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated Diagram #3: Reuse water w/activated carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.carbon treatment & IX/membrane units.

Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane Note: Staging of various membrane types may be required. types may be required. types may be required. types may be required.

http://wikiminiforchem.com


Diagram #4: Reuse water with an Diagram #4: Reuse water with an Diagram #4: Reuse water with an Diagram #4: Reuse water with an evaporator as opposed to #3 system.evaporator as opposed to #3 system.evaporator as opposed to #3 system.evaporator as opposed to #3 system.


Diagram #5: Reuse water holding may Diagram #5: Reuse water holding may Diagram #5: Reuse water holding may Diagram #5: Reuse water holding may require biological control. UV/H2O2require biological control. UV/H2O2require biological control. UV/H2O2require biological control. UV/H2O2


Reuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purity----

Solids: suspended [> 0.01um in size]Solids: suspended [> 0.01um in size]Solids: suspended [> 0.01um in size]Solids: suspended [> 0.01um in size]

colloids/carbonatescolloids/carbonatescolloids/carbonatescolloids/carbonatesfloc carryoverfloc carryoverfloc carryoverfloc carryover

solids carryoversolids carryoversolids carryoversolids carryover• plug filters & membranesplug filters & membranesplug filters & membranesplug filters & membranes

CaCO3floc


Reuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purityReuse water: degrees of water purity----Solids: dissolved [< 0.01um in size]Solids: dissolved [< 0.01um in size]Solids: dissolved [< 0.01um in size]Solids: dissolved [< 0.01um in size]

anions and cationsanions and cationsanions and cationsanions and cations

• raises conductivity (TDS)raises conductivity (TDS)raises conductivity (TDS)raises conductivity (TDS)• increase in corrosion potentialincrease in corrosion potentialincrease in corrosion potentialincrease in corrosion potential

Na+Na+Na+Na+

ClClClCl----SOSOSOSO4444----


Reuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water CharacterizationReuse Water Characterization

The type of solids is importantThe type of solids is importantThe type of solids is importantThe type of solids is important

•Carbonates & bicarbonates Carbonates & bicarbonates Carbonates & bicarbonates Carbonates & bicarbonates reducereducereducereducethe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potential

•Chlorides and sulfates Chlorides and sulfates Chlorides and sulfates Chlorides and sulfates accelerateaccelerateaccelerateacceleratethe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potentialthe corrosion potential



CHLORIDESCHLORIDESCHLORIDESCHLORIDES

Usually trouble when in excess of 200 ppmUsually trouble when in excess of 200 ppmUsually trouble when in excess of 200 ppmUsually trouble when in excess of 200 ppm

---- “etch or pitting” upon base metals“etch or pitting” upon base metals“etch or pitting” upon base metals“etch or pitting” upon base metals---- “flash corrosion” of parts is used as a “flash corrosion” of parts is used as a “flash corrosion” of parts is used as a “flash corrosion” of parts is used as a

rinse water [intermediate or final] rinse water [intermediate or final] rinse water [intermediate or final] rinse water [intermediate or final]



CHLORIDESCHLORIDESCHLORIDESCHLORIDES

Sources:Sources:Sources:Sources:

---- process [i.e. chloride zinc plating]process [i.e. chloride zinc plating]process [i.e. chloride zinc plating]process [i.e. chloride zinc plating]---- pH adjustment w/hydrochloric acid pH adjustment w/hydrochloric acid pH adjustment w/hydrochloric acid pH adjustment w/hydrochloric acid ---- pickling/cleaning of parts pickling/cleaning of parts pickling/cleaning of parts pickling/cleaning of parts

Cl-ClClClCl----

ClClClCl----Cl-

ClClClCl----

Cl-

ClClClCl----Cl- Cl- ClClClCl----



SULFATESSULFATESSULFATESSULFATES

Usually trouble when in excess of Usually trouble when in excess of Usually trouble when in excess of Usually trouble when in excess of 200 ppm200 ppm200 ppm200 ppm

---- create active corrosion via the reduction create active corrosion via the reduction create active corrosion via the reduction create active corrosion via the reduction of sulfate to sulfide ions of sulfate to sulfide ions of sulfate to sulfide ions of sulfate to sulfide ions

---- active under anaerobic conditions but active under anaerobic conditions but active under anaerobic conditions but active under anaerobic conditions but also under deposition byalso under deposition byalso under deposition byalso under deposition by----productsproductsproductsproducts



SULFATESSULFATESSULFATESSULFATES


---- process cleaners [sulfonated process cleaners [sulfonated process cleaners [sulfonated process cleaners [sulfonated intermediates used in compounds] intermediates used in compounds] intermediates used in compounds] intermediates used in compounds]

---- pH adjustment w/sulfuric acid pH adjustment w/sulfuric acid pH adjustment w/sulfuric acid pH adjustment w/sulfuric acid ---- ww treatment [sulfides]ww treatment [sulfides]ww treatment [sulfides]ww treatment [sulfides]

SOSOSOSO4444

SOSOSOSO4444

SOSOSOSO4444

SOSOSOSO4444

SOSOSOSO4444

SOSOSOSO4444

SOSOSOSO4444



Alkalinity and Water Hardness Alkalinity and Water Hardness Alkalinity and Water Hardness Alkalinity and Water Hardness

Very importantVery importantVery importantVery important

in the “feasibility” of water reusein the “feasibility” of water reusein the “feasibility” of water reusein the “feasibility” of water reuse



ELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITY

---- usually 300+ ppm of total alkalinityusually 300+ ppm of total alkalinityusually 300+ ppm of total alkalinityusually 300+ ppm of total alkalinityafter hydroxide precipitation after hydroxide precipitation after hydroxide precipitation after hydroxide precipitation

---- creates a protective film upon metal surfacecreates a protective film upon metal surfacecreates a protective film upon metal surfacecreates a protective film upon metal surface---- forms carbonates / hydroxidesforms carbonates / hydroxidesforms carbonates / hydroxidesforms carbonates / hydroxides

& “colloidalization of solids”& “colloidalization of solids”& “colloidalization of solids”& “colloidalization of solids”



ELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITYELEVATED ALKALINITY

Sources: Sources: Sources: Sources:

-pH adjustment via metal hydroxide based pH adjustment via metal hydroxide based pH adjustment via metal hydroxide based pH adjustment via metal hydroxide based wastewater treatmentwastewater treatmentwastewater treatmentwastewater treatment

---- alkaline cleaning compoundsalkaline cleaning compoundsalkaline cleaning compoundsalkaline cleaning compounds

---- naturally occurring level naturally occurring level naturally occurring level naturally occurring level



CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM

-consume cleaner activesconsume cleaner activesconsume cleaner activesconsume cleaner actives

---- change water surface tensionchange water surface tensionchange water surface tensionchange water surface tension

---- can form deposition and scale bycan form deposition and scale bycan form deposition and scale bycan form deposition and scale by----productsproductsproductsproducts



CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM

Sources: Sources: Sources: Sources:

---- natural in areanatural in areanatural in areanatural in area---- lime/CaCllime/CaCllime/CaCllime/CaCl2222/Mg(OH) from WWT/Mg(OH) from WWT/Mg(OH) from WWT/Mg(OH) from WWT---- some process chemicalssome process chemicalssome process chemicalssome process chemicals

Mg

MgMg

Ca

CaCa

Mg



ORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATION

AAAA majormajormajormajor concernconcernconcernconcern ---- not removed w/ suspended solids not removed w/ suspended solids not removed w/ suspended solids not removed w/ suspended solids & most dissolved solids removal equipment methods & most dissolved solids removal equipment methods & most dissolved solids removal equipment methods & most dissolved solids removal equipment methods

---- “black spotting effect on parts”“black spotting effect on parts”“black spotting effect on parts”“black spotting effect on parts”---- biological growth (filter fouling, etc..)biological growth (filter fouling, etc..)biological growth (filter fouling, etc..)biological growth (filter fouling, etc..)



ORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATIONORGANIC CONTAMINATION


Finishing process.. Finishing process.. Finishing process.. Finishing process.. aldehydes, amines, aldehydes, amines, aldehydes, amines, aldehydes, amines, cocococo----polymers, wetterspolymers, wetterspolymers, wetterspolymers, wetterssurfactants/dispersants surfactants/dispersants surfactants/dispersants surfactants/dispersants

wastewater treatment / cooling / boilerwastewater treatment / cooling / boilerwastewater treatment / cooling / boilerwastewater treatment / cooling / boilertreatment chemicalstreatment chemicalstreatment chemicalstreatment chemicals


In summary..

Wastewater Characteristics define

- - - the degree of water purity

- - - water purity defines where water can be

reused!


A reuse system can be engineered A reuse system can be engineered A reuse system can be engineered A reuse system can be engineered to different levels of water purity..to different levels of water purity..to different levels of water purity..to different levels of water purity..

(1) (1) (1) (1) Water reuse “asWater reuse “asWater reuse “asWater reuse “as----is”is”is”is”----applied to acid/caustic makeapplied to acid/caustic makeapplied to acid/caustic makeapplied to acid/caustic make----ups and nonups and nonups and nonups and non----critical rinsingcritical rinsingcritical rinsingcritical rinsing

(2) (2) (2) (2) Water reuse w/organic contamination removedWater reuse w/organic contamination removedWater reuse w/organic contamination removedWater reuse w/organic contamination removed ----applied to some rinsing steps and some process additions applied to some rinsing steps and some process additions applied to some rinsing steps and some process additions applied to some rinsing steps and some process additions

(3) (3) (3) (3) Water reuse w/suspended/dissolved solids removedWater reuse w/suspended/dissolved solids removedWater reuse w/suspended/dissolved solids removedWater reuse w/suspended/dissolved solids removed----applied for water reuse in ALL process applicationsapplied for water reuse in ALL process applicationsapplied for water reuse in ALL process applicationsapplied for water reuse in ALL process applications

Via membranes / IX / evaporation techniques the conductivity Via membranes / IX / evaporation techniques the conductivity Via membranes / IX / evaporation techniques the conductivity Via membranes / IX / evaporation techniques the conductivity (TDS) will be reduced. Reuse water is most feasible via #3.(TDS) will be reduced. Reuse water is most feasible via #3.(TDS) will be reduced. Reuse water is most feasible via #3.(TDS) will be reduced. Reuse water is most feasible via #3.

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