A Project Report on P

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A Project Report On P.L.C (Programable

Logic Controller)

INDEX

1. Introduction1. What is PLC?2. Why use PLC?3. applications of PLC

2. Plc components1. Overview2. Specifications of the PLC3. Micrologix 1500 system4. RSLogix 500

3. Ladder logic fundamentals1. Programming language of PLC1. Electrical ladder diagram1. Ladder logic instructions

2. Variable voltage variable frequency drive1. Introduction1. Advantages of using VVVF drive1. Details of VVVF drive1. PROGRAM MODE

1. Process automation1. Introduction2. Description of model3. Motion Control using PLC4. Temperature measurement5. Speed Control of Motor using VVVF Drive6. Conveyor System

2. Entrepreneurship3. Bibliography4. Appendix a5. Appendix b

1. INTRODUCTION1.1 WHAT IS PLC?


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A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an electronic device that controls machines andprocesses. It uses a programmable memory to store instructions and execute specificfunctions that include ON/OFF control, timing, counting, sequencing, arithmetic and datahandling.PLCs development began in 1968 in response to the request from hydromantic division of

general motors. At the time, gm frequently spent days or weeks replacing inflexible relay-based control systems whenever it changed car models or made line modifications. To reducethe high cost of rewiring, gms control specifications called for a solid state system thathad the flexibility of a computer yet could be programmed and maintained by plant engineersand technicians. It also had to withstand the dirty air, vibration, electrical noise, humidity andtemperature extremes found in the industrial environment.The first PLCs were installed in 1969 and quickly became a success. Functioning as relayreplacements; even the early PLCs were more reliable than relay-based systems, largely dueto the ruggedness of their solid-state components compared with the moving parts inelectrochemical relays. PLCs provided material, installation; troubleshooting and labour costsavings by reducing wiring and associated wiring errors. They took up less space than the

counters, timers and other control components they replaced. And their ability to bereprogrammed dramatically increased flexibility when changing control schemes.Perhaps the biggest key to industrys acceptance of the PLCs was based on the ladderdiagrams and electrical symbols commonly used by electricians. Most plant personnel werealready trained in ladder logic, and they easily adopted it for PLCs. In fact, ladder logic stillplays an integral role in programming and troubleshooting; even though moreadvanced programming languages have been developed.1.2 WHY USE PLCs?During the 1970s and early 80s, many engineers, manufacturing managers and controlsystem designers spent considerable time debating this issue, trying to evaluate costeffectiveness.Today, one generally accepted rule is that PLCs become economically viable in controlsystem that requires three to four or more relays. Given that micro PLCs cost only a fewhundred dollars, coupled with the emphasis manufacturers place on productivity and quality,the cost debate becomes also immaterial. In addition of cost savings, PLCs provide manyvalue added benefits:1.2.1 RELIABILITYOnce a program has been written and debugged. It can be easily transferred and download toother PLCs. This reduces programming time, minimizes debugging, and increases reliability.With all the logic existing in the PLCs memory, there is no chance of making a logic wiringerror. The only wiring required is for power and inputs and outputs.

1.2.2 FLEXIBILITYProgram modifications can be made with just a few key strokes. Advanced functions PLCscan perform a wide variety of control tasks, from a single, repetitive action to complex datamanipulation. Standardizing on PLCs opens many doors for designers, and simplifies the jobfor maintenance department personnel.1.2.3 COMMUNICATIONSCommunicating with operator interfaces, other PLCs or computers facilities data collectionand information exchange.1.2.4 SPEEDSome automated machines process thousands of items per minute and objects spend only afraction of a second in front of a sensor, hence many automation applications require the

PLCs quick response capability.1.2.5 DIAGNOSTICS


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The troubleshooting capability of programming devices and the diagnostics resident in thePLCs allow users to easily trace and correct software and hardware problems.1.3 APPLICATIONS OF PLCNo matter what the application, the use of PLCs helps increase competitiveness. Processusing PLCs include: packaging, bottling and canning, material handling, machining, power

generation building control systems, automated assembly, paint lines, and water treatment.PLCs are applied in variety of industries including food and beverages, automotive, chemical,plastics, pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals and metals. Virtually any application that requireselectrical control can use PLCs.

2. PLC COMPONENTS2.1 OVERVIEWThe main components of PLCs are as follows:

1. Inputs2. Outputs3. CPU4. Memory for program and data storage5. Programming device

CentralProcessingUnitProgramming / Communication DeviceMemoryProgram DataPower SupplyOutput CircuitsCRInput CircuitsOptical Isolation

1. Operator interfaces2.1.1 INPUTSThe input screw terminals on a PLC from the interface by which field devices are connected

to the PLC. Inputs include the items such as tool buttons, thumbwheels, limit switches,selector switches, proximity sensors and photoelectric sensors. These are all discrete devicesthat provide an ON/OFF status to the PLC. While larger PLCs can directly accept analogvalues (variable voltage or current signals). Such as from temperature or pressure sensors,micro PLCs do not typically possess this capability.The electrical signals that field devices send to the PLC are typically unfiltered 120v a.c. or24v D.C. The inputs circuitry on PLC takes this field voltage and conditions . It too isusable by the PLC. Conditioning is necessary because the internal components of PLCoperate on 5v D.C. and this minimizes the possibility if damage by shielding them fromvoltage spikes. To electrically isolate internal components from the input terminals, PLCsemploy an optical isolator, which uses light to couple signals from one electrical device to

another.2.1.2 OUTPUTS


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Connectors tot the o/p terminals of the PLC are devices such as solenoids, relays, contractors,motor starters, indicator lights, valve and alarms. Output circuits operate in a manner similarto i/p circuits: signals from the CPU pass through an isolation barrier before energizing o/pcircuits.PLC use a variety of o/p circuits to energies their o/p terminals: relays, transistors and triac.

Relays are for either ac or dc power. Traditional PLC, electromagnetic relay typicallyhandle current up to a few amps. Relays can better withstand voltage spikes, and theyhave an air gap between their contacts, which eliminates the possibility of currentleakage. However they are comparatively slow and subject to wear overtime.

Transistors switch dc power are silent and have no moving parts to wear outtransistors are fast and can reduce response time, but only carry loads of 0.5amps orless. Special types of transistors, such as FET (field effect transistors) can handlemore power, typically up to 1amp.

Triac strictly switch ac power. Like transistors triac o/p are silent, have no moving parts to

wear, are fast and carry loads of 0.5 amps or less.

USING INPUT AND OUTPUTThis section discusses the various aspects of input and output features of the micrologix 1500controller. the controller comes with a certain amount of embedded I/O, which is physicallylocated on the base unit. The controller also allows for adding expansion I/O. This sectiondiscusses the following I/O functions:

Embedded I/O I/O configuration Expansion I/O EMBEDDED I/O

All embedded I/O is automatically configured to factory default settings and does not requiresetup. If you need to change the input filters for any DC input controller (1764-24BWA,1764-28BXB), open RS Logix 1500.

1. Open the controller folder.2. Open the I/O configuration folder3. Open slot (MICROLOGIX 1500)4. Select the I/O configuration tab.1. You can change the filter settings for any of the input groups and configure the

latching inputs from the screen.

I/O CONFIGURATIONCONTOLLER INPUT OUTPUT

QUANTITY TYPE QUANTITYTYPE

1764-24BWA 12 24V DC 12 RELAY


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1764-24AWA 12 120 V AC 12 RELAY

1764-28BXB 16 24V DC 126RELAY,6FET

DC embedded I/O can be configured for a number of special function that can be used inyour application these are selectable I/N filters, high speed counting, event interrupts,latching I/N and high speed O/P.

EXPANSION I/OIf the application requires more I/O then the controller provides, the user can attach up toeight additional I/O modules. Compact I/O is used to provide discrete inputs and outputs andin the future specialty modules. The number of compact I/O that can be attached to theMICROLOGIX 1500 is dependent on the amount of current required by the I/O modules.2.1.3 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT- CPUThe CPU made up of a microprocessor and a memory system, forms the primary component

of the PLC. The CPU reads the inputs, executes logics as dictated by the application program,performs calculations and controls the output.PLC users works with two areas of the CPU: program files and data files. Program filesstores the user application program, subordinate files and the error files. Data files store dataassociated with the program such as input, counter/timer preset and accumulates the valves.Together, these two areas are called application memo0ry or user memory.Also the CPU carries an executing program or a system memory that directs and performsoperation activities such as executing the user program and co-ordination scans andoutput updates. The user cannot access system memory, which is programmed by themanufacturer.2.1. 4 DATA, MEMORY AND ADDRESSING Memory is a physical space,data is and information stored in that space. The CPU operates just like a computer; it

manipulates data using binary digits, or bits. Thus the data is a patter of electrical charges thatrepresents the numerical values. CPU processes the stored data in 16 bit groups also knownas words.Each word of data has a specific physical location in the CPU called an address or a register.When assigned address to input in a program, note that address is related to the terminalwhere input and output are connected.2.1.5 PROGRAMMING DEVICE OPERATING CYCLEComponent of the PLC system, come into play during the operating cycle, which consist ofseries of operation performed sequentially and repeatedly.Major elements of operating cycle are:

INPUT SCANDuring the input scan, the PLC examine the external input devices for a voltage present orabsent i.e. an OFF or ON condition. The status of input is temporarily stored in an inputimage memory file.

PROGRAM SCANDuring the program scan PLC scans the instructions in the ladder logic program. Theresultant status of the output is written to the output image memory file.

OUTPUT SCAN


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It is based on the data in the output image file. The PLC energizes or de-energizes its outputcircuits, controlling external devices.

2.1.6 OPERATOR INTERFACES

In order to convey information about machine status the front panel of a micro PLC has aseries of indicator lights. For example, power, run, faults etc. To communicate with PLC i.e.is to enter data or monitor and control machine status. The new generation of electronicoperator interfaces devices is used now a day. These are not programming devices butgraphic or alphanumeric displays and control panel. These interfaces can output data anddisplay messages about machine status in descriptive text. They can also be used for datainput. These interfaces decrease need for operator training on machine operation and reducesystem component and installation cost. These products communicate with the PLC throughan RS 232 communication port.2.2 SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PLC2.2.1MICROLOGIX 1500 1764-24BWA

Description 1764-BWANumber of I/O 12 Inputs; 12 Outputs

Line Power 85 to 265V a.c.

Power supply inrush 120V ac= 25A for 8 ms; 240V ac= 40A for 4 ms

User power output 24V dc at 400 mA, 400 micro fared max.

Input circuit type 24V dc, sink/source

Output circuit type Relay

Operating Temperature +0 degree cent. to +55 degree cent.

Storage Temperature -40 degree cent. to +85 degree cent.

2.2.2 ANALOG INPUT MODULE (1769-IF4)Analog normal operating ranges

Voltage: +/-10Vd.c, 0to 10V d.c, 0to5V d.c, 1 to 5 V d.c.Current: 0to20mA, 4to 20mA

Number of inputs 4 Differential or single ended

Rated working voltage 50V a.c. / 50Vd.c

Common mode voltage range +/- 10V max. per channel

Input impedanceVoltage terminal: 220killo-ohm (typical) Current terminal250 ohm

2.2.3 ANALOG OUTPUT MODULE (1769-OF2)

Number of outputs To single endedMaximum inductive load (current outputs) 0.1Mh

Maximum capacitive load (voltage outputs) 1micro -farad

1. DIGITAL INPUT MODULE-1769-IQ16Voltage category 24Vd.c (sink/source)

Operating voltage range10to30Vd.c at 30 deg. Cent. 10 to 26.4Vd.c at60 deg. Cent.

Off state voltage (Max.) 5Vd.c

Number of inputs 16


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Off state current max. 1.5mA

On state voltage min. 10Vd.c

On state current min. 2.0mA

Nominal impedance 3killo-ohm

2.2.5 DIGITAL OUTPUT MODULE (1769-OW8)Voltage category A.C/D.C normally open relay

Operating voltage range 5 to 265V a.c. and 5 to 125V d.c.

Number of outputs 8

Off state leakage max. 0 mA

On state current min. 10mA at 5Vd.c

Continuous current per common (max.) 8Amp

Continuous current per module (max) 16Amp2.3 MICROLOGIX 1500 SYSTEM The PLC used in our lab is purchased by Allen-

BradelTM. The name of the product is MicroLogix 1500. Allen-Bradley TM also providesthe software by which one can interact with the PLC the name of software is RS Logix 500.This software is installed on the computer by which PLC is connected through series port(RS.2).the information about the Software and PLC available on the website of the Allen-BradelTM is as follows:In a perfect world you would always know what's behind the next door. In the world ofautomation, the MicroLogix 1500 controller can help you open up new possibilities and getyou to where you want to go with ease.This dynamic controller is a more powerful and expandable addition to the MicroLogixfamily:

Application flexibility and versatility with Compact I/O means a small footprint andexpansion to over 100 I/O points. Large onboard non-volatile memory Real Time Clock (RTC) capabilities allow time scheduling of control Program portability allows user programs to be uploaded, downloaded and

transported via Memory Modules Built in PID capabilities Data Access Tool for data monitoring and adjustment Eight Latching (pulse catch) inputs Four event interrupts Performance Approximate scan time for a typical 1K user program (includes timers, counters, etc.):

1 millisecond Simple bit instruction execution: 0.7 microseconds 2 millisecond selectable timed interrupt (STI) 1 millisecond timers Two 20 kHz high-speed counters each with eight modes of operation (up, down,

up/down, quadrature, etc.) Two 20 kHz high-speed outputs (PTO or PWM with acceleration/deceleration

profiles) Rugged tongue-and-groove package design, to provide strength and system reliability


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May be expanded to include up to 16 Compact I/O modulesBase Units continue to support up to eight modules (within the power budget of thebase unit) with additional expansion through expansion cables and a number ofexpansion power supplies.

Optional Features Data Access Tool (DAT) plug-in device Memory Module Real Time Clock (RTC) Module Combination Memory & RTC Module Expansion I/O modules for discrete and analog applications with a comprehensive

selection of electrical configurations

2.4 RSLogix 500The RSLogix family of ladder logic programming packages helps youmaximize performance, save project development time, and improve productivity. This

family of products has been developed to operate on Microsofts Windows operatingsystems. Supporting the Allen-Bradley SLC 500 and MicroLogix families of

processors, RSLogix 500 was the first PLC programming software to offer unbeatableproductivity with an industry-leading user interface. RSLogix 5 supports the Allen-Bradley PLC-5 family of programmable controllers. RSLogix 5000 provides supportfor the Logix5000s Highly Integrated Motion functionality. RSLogix offers reliablecommunications, powerful functionality, and superior diagnostics.These RSLogix products share:

Flexible, easy-to-use editors Common look-and-feel Diagnostics and troubleshooting tools Powerful, time-saving features and functionality

RSLogix programming packages are compatible with programs created with RockwellSoftwares DOS based programming packages for the PLC-5 or SLC 500 andMicroLogix families of processors, making program maintenance across hardware platformsconvenient and easy.INTEROPERABILITY

Rockwell Software provides you with the most powerful and completes programmingproducts available today in the RSLogix family. The interoperability between RSLogix and

Rockwell Softwares HMI package, RSView32, and communication package,RSLinx, positions RSLogix as the ultimate programming solution. With the RockwellSoftware family of products, you have the ability to share your database with RSView32.You can create schematic drawings of your system directly from your RSLogix project usingRSWire, automatically tune PID loops with RSTune, trend critical applicationparameters with RSTrend, or test and debug your ladder logic programs using RSLogixEmulate 5 or RSLogix Emulate 500.

3. LADDER LOGIC FUNDAMENTALS3.1 Programming Language of PLC A programis a user developed series of instructions or commands that direct the PLC to execute actions.

A programming language provides rules for combining the instructions so that they producethe desired actions.


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The most commonly used language for programming PLCs is ladder logic. In fact, more PLCprograms are written in ladder logic than any other language. The ladder logic programminglanguage is an adaptation of an electrical relay wiring diagram, also known as a ladderdiagram. Because ladder logic is a graphical system of symbols and terms even those notfamiliar with electrical relay wiring diagrams can easily learn it.

Other control languages occasionally used to program PLCs include BASIC, C and Boolean.These computer languages facilities programs that require complex instructions andcalculations too cumbersome to implement with a ladder logic program. However, microPLCs that can be programmed with BASIC and C are not widely available.The instructions used to program most micro PLCs are based on a combination of Boolean,ladder logic and mnemonic expressions. A mnemonic expression is a simple and easy toremember term which represents a complex or lengthy instruction. For example,TON stands for timer on. Different PLCs use slightly different instructions,and these can be found by consulting the users manual.3.2 Electrical Ladder DiagramsLadder logic programs evolved from electrical ladders diagrams, which represent howelectrical current flows through devices to complete an electric circuit. These diagrams show

the interconnection between electrical devices in an easy-to-read graphical format that guidesthe electrician when wiring.An electrical diagram consists of two vertical bus lines, or power lines, with current flowingfrom the left bus to the right bus. Each electrical circuit in the diagram is considered a rung.Every rung has two key components: it contains at least one device that is controlled, and itcontains the condition(s) that control the device, such as power from the bus or a contactfrom a field device.A rung is said to have electrical continuity when current flows uninterrupted from left to rightacross the rung (i.e. all contacts are closed). If continuity exists, then the circuit is completeand the device controlled by the rung turns on. If continuity does not exist, the device staysoff.A PLC ladder logic program closely resembles an electrical ladder diagram. On an electricaldiagram, the symbols represent real world devices and how they are wired. A PLC programuses similar symbols, but they represent ladder logic instructions for the application. A ladderlogic program exists only in the PLCs software- it is not the actual power bus or the flowof current through circuits. Another difference is that in an electrical diagram. Devices aredescribed as being open or closed (Off or on). In a ladder logic program, instructions areeither True or False (however, the terms are often used interchangeably).Each rung in a ladder logic program must contain at least one control instruction (output) andusually contains one or more condition instructions (inputs). Condition instructions areprogrammed to the left of the control instruction. Examples of condition instructions include

signals from connected input devices, contacts associated with outputs, and signals fromtimers and counters.Auxiliary holding contactM1RungPB1stopPB2startMotorL1L2Programmed on the right side of the rung, a control instruction is the operation or function

that is activated/de-activated by the logic of the rung. Examples of control instructionsinclude output energize (turn on the PLCs output circuitry to activate a field device) and


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instructions internal to the PLC, such as bit commands, timers, counters and math commands.The control instructions are energized or de-energized based on the status of the conditioninstructions in the rung. The PLC does this by examining a rung for logical continuity (i.e. allcondition instructions are evaluated as True). If logical continuity exists, the PLC energizesthe control instruction. If logical continuity does not exist, then the PLC maintains the control

pb1stoppb2startAuxiliary holding contactm11motorL1L1Rung

Electrical continuity3.3 LADDER LOGIC INSTRUCTIONSThe most frequently used instructions in a PLC ladder logic program are normally openinstruction, normally closed instruction, output energize instruction, these instructions arerepresented as symbols placed on the rungs of the program.3.3.1 NORMALLY OPEN INSTRUCTIONA normally open instructions examines a PLC memory location for an ON condition (i.e., itchecks to se if the bit element at the instructions address is ON.For example, a NO push button (pb1) is wired to input terminal I/3 is scanned, thatinstruction is seen as true and the PLC energizes output O/4 during its output scan.When PB1 is released, the OFF status is written to address I/3, the no instruction is now falseand the rung lacks logically continuity. During the PLCs output scan, O/4 will be de-energized.Input terminal on plc I/3I/3TrueOutput terminal on plcStatus of output ONNormally open instructionOutput terminal on plcStatus of output ON

I/3O/4TrueFalseFalseNormally open instructionInput deviceInput terminal on plcO/43.3.2 NORMALLY CLOSED INSTRUCTION:A normally closed instruction examines the PLC memory for an OFF condition (i.e., it

checks to se if the bit element at the instructions address is OFF or 0). If the PLC detectsan OFF condition, the instruction is true and has logical continuity.


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For example, a NO pushbutton (PB1) is wired to input terminal I/4 is programmed as a D.C.instruction.When PB1 is not pressed (OFF) that OFF status is written to input image memory locationI/O during the PLCs input scan. When the rung containing the D.C. instruction with addressI/O is scanned, that instruction is seen as true (not ON) and the PLC energizes output O/5

during the output scan.When PB1 is pressed, the ON status is written to address I/4 the D.C. instruction is now falseand the rung lacks logical continuity. During the PLCs output scan, output O/5 will be de-energized.Output terminal on plcTrueTrueNormally closed instructionInput terminal on plc I/3Normally closed instructionInput terminal on plc I/3

I/3O/4Output terminal on plcFalseFalseI/3O/43.3.3 OUTPUT ENERGIZE INSTRUCTION

Controlled by the condition instructions that precede it on a rung, the output energizeinstruction (OTE) turns on a bit element in the output image file when rung conditions aretrue. Output energize is the ladder logic equivalent of a relay coil on an electrical diagram.When logical continuity exists on a rung, the on condition (binary 1) is written to the locationin memory associated with the output energize instruction. If the address is that of an externaloutput device, the PLC energizes the output during the output scan. When the rung is False,the PLC de-energizes the output. The output energizes instruction controls real world devices(solenoid valves, motors, lights, etc.) or internal bit elements.Higher Level InstructionsWhile relay logic is suitable for simple On/Off sensing and control, many applications requiremore powerful instructions. To allow this, enhanced ladder language commands have beendeveloped. These instructions deal with numerical data beyond simple 1s or 0s bymanipulating data in bytes or words. Examples of higher level instructions include counters,

timers, sequencers, math, comparison and other operations that N.O., N.C., and OTEinstructions cannot perform.To keep the implementation of these operations simple, higher-level instructions are usuallyrepresented in ladder logic programming as function blocks. Function blocks are literallyprogrammed as blocks on the rung of a ladder program. Depending on their operation, higherlevel instructions can be either condition instructions (e.g. comparison instructions) or controlinstructions (e.g. timer or counter instructions).3.3.4 COMBINING INSTRUCTIONSTwo fundamental logic operations- AND and OR- provide the rules for governing howinstructions are combined.AND Logic

Condition instructions programmed in series are the ladder diagram equivalent of AND logic.For example, picture a metal stamping operation where the machine activates only if the


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operator simultaneously pushes both a left-hand start button (X) AND a right hand startbutton (Y).The output of an AND equation will be True only if all conditions in series are True. If anycondition is False, then the rung does not have logical continuity and the output will be off.OR Logic

Condition instructions programmed in parallel are the ladder diagram equivalent of the ORoperation. For example, imagine a conveyor that has two run switches, one located at eachend. The conveyor could be configured to start if an operator pressed a start button at one end(X) OR the other (Y)The output of an OR equation will be True if any condition in parallel is True. If allconditions are False, then the rung does not have logical continuity and the output will beFalse.Branch OperationsThe function of a branch is to allow both condition and control instructions to beprogrammed in parallel in a single rung.

Condition instructions programmed in parallel are the equivalent of an OR operation. Control instructions programmed in parallel are the equivalent of an

3.3.5 PROGRAM EXECUTION Before reading how the PLC executes a ladder logicprogram, re-reading, Operating Cycle may be helpful.The PLC solves each rung sequentially from top to bottom of the program. Even if the outputof the current rung (e.g., rung 5) affects a previous rung (e.g., rung 2), the PLC does not goback to solve the earlier rung until the next program scan. For the output of one rung to affectan instruction in another rung in the same scan, it must have a lower rung number than therung it is to affect. That is, the controlling rung must be programmed before the controlledrung.While rungs are often ordered to show a sequence of events- the top most rung is the firstevent and so on- this is done purely for organizational convenience. In both electricaldiagrams and ladder logic programs, rung order does not necessarily dictate the sequence ofoperation. Remember, the status of the condition instructions of each rung dictates thesequence in which outputs are controlled. 3.3.5 INSTRUCTION SET PLC has a very biginstruction set which is similar to microprocessors instruction set we have studied in8085.Categorized Instructions are as follows:

1. Compare Instructions2.

Math Instructions3. Relay Type Instructions

4. Timer and Counter Instructions5. Sequence Instructions6. PID Control7. Bit Shift FIFO and LIFO Instructions

Different types of instruction used in PLC which empowers it are as follows:

XIO (Examine if closed or Normally opened )

This instruction (also called "examine on" or "normally opened") functions as an input orstorage bit.


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If the corresponding memory bit is a "1" (on), this instruction will allow rung continuity andoutputs will be energized.

XIO (Examine if Open or Normally closed )

This instruction (also called "examine off" or "normally closed") functions as an input orstorage bit.If the corresponding memory bit is a "1" (on), this instruction will not allow rung continuityand outputs on its rung will be de-energized (Note other factors may affect rung continuity).If the corresponding memory bit is a "0" (off), this instruction will assume its normal statusand allow rung continuity and outputs on the rung will be energized (Again, other factors caninfluence rung continuity).If used as an input bit, its status should correspond to the status of real world input devicestied to the input image table by the identical addresses.

OTE [Output Energize]This instruction sets the specified bit when rung continuity is achieved (rung goes true).Under normal operating conditions, if the set bit corresponds to an output device, the outputdevice will be energized when the rung goes true.If you are using a 5/02, 5/03, 5/04, 5/05 or MicroLogix processor, you can use indexedaddresses. If you are using a 5/03 OS302, a 5/04 OS401, or a 5/05 processor, you can useindirect addresses.Output addresses are specified to the bit level.

TON [Timer On-Delay]Use the TON instruction to turn an output on or off after the timer has been on for a presettime interval. This output instruction begins timing (at either one second or one hundredth ofa second intervals) when its rung goes "true." It waits the specified amount of time (as set inthe PRESET), keeps track of the accumulated intervals which have occurred (ACCUM), andsets the DN (done) bit when the ACCUM (accumulated) time equals the PRESET time.As long as rung conditions remain true, the timer adjusts its accumulated value (ACC) eachevaluation until it reaches the preset value (PRE). The accumulated value is reset when rungconditions go false, regardless of whether the timer has timed out.

TOF [Timer Off Delay]Use the TOF instruction to turn an output on or off after its rung has been off for a preset timeinterval. This output instruction begins timing (at either one second or one hundredth of asecond intervals) when its rung goes "false." It waits the specified amount of time (as set inthe PRESET), keeps track of the accumulated intervals which have occurred (ACCUM), andresets the DN (done) bit when the ACCUM (accumulated) time equals the PRESET time.The Accumulated value is reset when rung conditions go true regardless of whether the timerhas timed out.

RTO [Retentive Timer On-Delay]

An RTO function the same as a TON with the exception that once it has begun timing, itholds its count of time even if the rung goes false, a fault occurs, the mode changes from


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REM Run or REM Test to REM Program, or power is lost. When rung continuity returns(rung goes true again), the RTO begins timing from the accumulated time which was heldwhen rung continuity was lost. By retaining its accumulated value, retentive timers measurethe cumulative period during which rung conditions are true.

EQU [Equal]This input instruction is true when Source A = Source B.The EQU instruction compares two user specified values. If the values are equal, it allowsrung continuity. The rung goes true and the output is energized (provided no other forcesaffect the rung's status).Entering ParametersSource A must be a word address.Source B can be a word address or program constant.

NEQ [Not Equal]Use the NEQ instruction to test whether two values are not equal. If Source A and Source Bare not equal, the instruction is logically true. If the two values are equal, the instruction islogically false.

LES [Less Than]This conditional input instruction tests whether one value (Source A) is less than another(Source B). If the value at Source A is less than the value at Source B, the instruction islogically true. If the value at Source A is greater than or equal to the value at Source B, theinstruction is logically false.Entering ParametersEnter a word address for Source A. Enter a constant or a word address for Source B. Signedintegers are stored in twos complement form.

LEQ [Less Than or Equal]This conditional input instruction tests whether one value (source A) is less than or equal toanother (source B). If the value at source A is less than or equal to the value at source B, theinstruction is logically true. If the value at source A is greater than the value at source B, theinstruction is logically false.

Entering ParametersEnter a word address for source A. Enter a constant or a word address for source B. Signedintegers are stored in twos complement form.

GRT [Greater Than]This input instruction compares two user specified values. If the value stored in Source A isgreater than the value stored in Source B, it allows rung continuity. The rung will go "true"and the output will be energized (provided no other instructions affect the rung's status). Ifthe value at Source A is less than or equal to the value at Source B, the instruction is logically

false.Entering Parameters


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You must enter a word address for Source A. You can enter a program constant or a wordaddress for Source B. Signed integers are stored in twos complementary form.

GEQ [Greater Than or Equal To]

This input instruction compares two user specified values. If the value stored in Source A isgreater than or equal to the value stored in Source B, it allows rung continuity. The rung willgo true and the output will be energized (provided no other instructions affect the rung'sstatus). If the value at Source A is less than the value at Source B, the instruction is logicallyfalse.

OR [Inclusive OR Operation]When rung conditions are true, Sources A and B of the OR instruction are OR bit by bit andstored in the destination. Sources A and B can be either word addresses or constants;however, both sources cannot be a constant. You can enter a constant or a word address for

either Source parameter. The destination must be a word address.

NOT [Logical Not Operation]When rung conditions are true, the source of the NOT instruction is NOT bit by bit and storedin the destination.The source and destination must be word addresses.If you are using a 5/02, 5/03, 5/04, 5/05 or MicroLogix processor, you can use indexedaddresses for the source or destination parameters. If you are using a 5/03 OS302, a 5/04OS401, or a 5/05 processor, you can use indirect addresses for the source or destinationparameters.

NOT Truth TableSource Destination

0 1

1 0

XOR [Exclusive OR Operation]When rung conditions are true, Sources A and B of the XOR instruction are Exclusive Oaredbit by bit and stored in the destination. Sources A and B can be either word addresses orconstants; however, both sources cannot be a constant. Floating point values must be withinthe range of [-102943.7, +102943.7].

AND [Logical AND Operation]When rung conditions are true, sources A and B of this output instruction are AND bit by bitand stored in the destination. Sources A and B can be either word addresses or constants;however, both sources cannot be a constant. The processor you are using you may useindexed or indirect addressing in this instruction.

4. VARIABLE VOLTAGE VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE 4.1 Introduction One ofthe major factors needed for the automation in industries is the speed control of the motor


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without compensating on the efficiency and economy of the operation.The earliest and simplest method of the motor control was manual control, which wasaccomplished by plain knife switches, rotary switches, starting and speed control rheostatspushbuttons and controller. Since then many changes has come across in the method ofcontrol of motors and with the advancement made in the field of power electronics the easy

control of A.C. motors has become possible, to a great extent and usage of A.C. motors inindustries has increased owing to its light-weight, inexpensive, low maintenance,compared to D.C. motors. Most common device used for this purpose is the powerconverters, inverters, and A.C. voltage controllers.The latest trend in the industries to control the A.C. motors is to use a variable voltagevariable frequency drive or variable speed controllers. They can control the frequency,voltage, and/or current to meet the drive requirement. Thus they can control the speed,direction of rotation of motor, its acceleration and deceleration time and as well as implyvarious modes of braking according to the requirementThe Allen-Bradley company (U.S.A.) Company has introduced 160SSC (smart speedcontroller) series B, for this purpose and besides this other models are too available,

according to the requirement and voltage/current ratings.4.2 Advantages of using VVVFdrive or SSC 1. Reduceenergyusages and operating costReducing the speed of a centrifugal pump/fan load drastically reduces power consumption.Both SSC controller models offer the speed control to accomplish this. In addition the largereduction in starting current can save utility demand charges.2. Reduces system NoiseAdjustment of PWM switching frequency (up to 8 kHz) provides quite motor operation andcontrollers to solutions for electromagnetic noise problem.3. Prolong equipment: Adjustable acceleration and deceleration time provides inherent softstarting and stopping. This is further enhanced by the controllers programmables curve adjustment. This means a huge reduction in starting currents and eliminationof excessive starting torques.4. Eliminate electromechanical controls-Reduce system costSSC controller allows the user to control the process without the need for:

Reversing starters Reduced voltage starters Multi speed starters Multi speed motor

5. Integral dynamic braking transistor

The SSC controller has an additional transistor built in for applications that require extrabraking torque. The dynamic brake resister module connects directly to the controllersterminals to provide up to 300% braking torque.Braking torque depends up on controller rating and motor.6. Compact designAttaches directly to front of controller replacing keypad or Ready/fault panel and savesvaluable panel space.7. Quick installationsReduces installation time by allowing the user to configure node address via the network.8. Electronic motor over load protectionSSC does not require an over load relay for the operation of one motor. Thus saves the extra

cost and panel space of installing a separate over load relay.9. Multiple specific speeds


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Can be made available for manufacturing and material handling e.g. conveyors, packaging,winders, mixers, trolleys and for commercial applications examples laundry machines,automatic doors, automatic car washes, dock levellers. (In case of preset speed module)10. Follows analog signalIt can be used in many applications that take advantage of the adjustability and simple control

that comes from an analog signal. Example:

1. Fans and pumps- Refrigeration, paint booths, exhaust, HVAC, metering.2. Machine tools- Lathes, milling machines, drill presses, saws, woodworking,

grinders.

4.3 Details of VVVF Drive The A.B. 160 SSC series B comes in two different models i.e.analog signal follower and preset speed module. The major difference lying between them isthat by using preset speed controller module, we can fix 8 different speeds for the motor bychanging the preset frequency by programming it.It has an option of program keypad module, through which we can change the parameter

required for the control of motor.The SSC (smart speed controller) is a compact motor speed controller for use on three-phaseinduction and synchronous A.C. motors. It is microprocessor controlled and fullyprogrammable for a variety of applications.

1phaseinput50/60Hz

3phaseinput50/60Hz

Outputratings

Input ratingsDynamicbraking torque(%)

PowerDissipationWatt

Coolingmethod

KW HP O/P AmpsOperatingVoltagerange

KVAWithoutexternalresistor

With

externalresistor

160s-AA02

160-AA02

.37 1/2 2.3 180-265 1.1 100 300 20 Convection

Control Inputs (analog signal follower model only)Analog input (4 to 20 mA) Input impedance 250 ohm

Analog input (-10 to +10V DC) Input impedance 100k ohm

External speed potentiometer 1k ohm to 10 k ohm, watt minimumProgram keypad module

Features:The program keypad module is located on the front panel of the controller. It features thefollowing:# Five key on the module for display or programming controller parameter# Three keys for control inputs to the controller# Directional LEDs# six digit, seven segment LED displayFour digits, seven segments LED display this four digit display the parameter value or faultcode numberTwo digit, seven segment LED display These two digit display the active parameternumber for both display and program parameter, which are designated as P## throughout thismanual.Escape key- It allows you to toggle between the display mode and program mode. When in


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program mode, this key also disables the editing of parameter value.Select key It is not only used while in program mode. It enables the editing of aparameter values. When you press this key the program mode indicator flashes.Up/down arrow keys - Are used to scroll through a list of parameters, or increase anddecrease the parameter values. Press and hold either key to increase scrolling speed.

Enter key When pressed, while in programming mode causes the current value displayedto be entered into memory. When you press this key the program mode indicator remains on,but stops fleshing.Starts Key - Initiates a start command when the controller is programmed for local start/stopcontrol. (When P46- (input mode) is set to 2 ).Stop key- Initiates the motor to coast , ramp or D.C. brake to stop themotor depending on the setting of P 34 [stop mode].Reverse key Pressing it causes the motor to ramp down to zero hertz and then ramp up toits set speed in the opposite direction.Directional LEDs to indicate the direction of rotation counter clockwise and clockwiseLEDs.

The counter clockwise Led eliminates constantly when the motor rotates in reverse direction.The clockwise LED eliminates constantly when the motor rotates in forward direction.Four-digit parameter display these four digits display the parameter value or fault codenumber.Display modeThe controller always powers up in the display mode. While in this mode you may view allread only controller parameters, but not modify them.4.4 PROGRAM MODEYou enter the program mode by pressing the escape key (ESC). While in program mode, youcan edit any programmable controllers parameters.Display and Program Parameters DescriptionsDisplay Parameters

ParameterParametername

Description Units

1Outputfrequency

0.0 to 240Hz

0.1 Hz

2Outputvoltage

0 to max.Voltage

1 volt

3Output

current

0 to 2 timescontroller

rated outputcurrent

.01

amps

4Outputpower

0 to 2 timescontrollerrated outputpower

.01 KW

5 Bus voltage0 to 410vfor 230vcontrollers

1 volt

6Frequency

command

0.0 to 240

Hz

0.1 Hz

7 Last fault Retains fault Numeric


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for troubleshooting

value

8Heat sinktemperature

0 to 150degree cent

1degreecent.

9Controllerstatus

Running,forward,accelerating,decelerating

Binarynumber

10Controllertype

Used byAllen-Bradleyfield servicepersonal

Numericvalue

11Controlversion

Display firmwire version

Numericvalue

12 Input status

Displays thestatus ofstart, stop,and reversediscreteinputs

Binarynumber

13Powerfactor angle

0.00 to 90degrees

.01degrees

14

Memory

probedisplay

Used byAllen-

Bradleyfield servicepersonnel

Numericvalue

15Presetstatus

Displays thestatus ofspeeddiscreteinputs

Binarynumber

Program parameters

ParameterParameter

NameDescription

Factory

Default

30Acceltime 1

0.1 to 600sec.

10

31Deceltime 1

0.1 to 600sec.

10

32Min.Frequency

0 to240 Hz 0

33Max.Frequency

0 to240 Hz 60

34Stopmode

Threesettings 1) Ramp


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automate the processes like to control temperature, pressure, flow etc. The use of computerincreased and dedicated microcontrollers were then used. One of the most ingenious devicesever devised to advance the field of industrial automation is the Programmable LogicController. Broadly, the PLC performs tasks like - acquisition of process data, processing ofcollected data, plant hardware monitoring, system check and diagnosis, and generates control

actions.Industrial automation is being done in nearly every type of industry. Underlying most of thisautomation of big process is much more mundane tasks: turning equipment (pumps, conveyorbelts etc.) on or off; opening and closing of valves; checking sensors to be certain they areworking; sensing alarms when monitored signals go out of range etc. These logical functionscan be implemented by PLCsIn this project we are demonstrating some of the industrial process control with the help ofprogrammable logic controller. Such processes which we are controlling have applications indomains of electroplating, painting electro reforming, drying, heating, drying and any suchtype of industrial processes The processes which are demonstrating in this project are:

1. Lowering and raising a job2. Moving job laterally.3. Synchronizing the opening and closing of tank with lowering and rising of job.4. Controlling start/stop and speed of conveyer motor using VVVF drive.5. Counting of job using proximity switch.6. Synchronizing finished job placement on conveyer belt.7. Measurement of temperature using thermocouple.8. Displaying of temperature on digital indicator.

5.2 DESCRIPTION OF MODELTo demonstrate the above objectives we have constructed a model, the details of which aregiven systematically below. In this model we are using following items:S.NO ITEM SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1 Container Tin(19 height,28cm diameter) 1

2 DC gear motor 24 volts separately excited with permanent magnet 2

3 Pulley and Gear 2,1

4 Relay( 8 terminals) 24 volts 2Diagram of the model

5.2.1 CONTAINERWe have used a tin circular container of 30 centimeter diameter and forty five centimeter

height for containing the useful liquid or device for the desired purpose .The lead of containeris open one forth only. A sliding lead is riveted to main lead which meshes with gear ofmotor.5.2.2 DC GEAR MOTORWe used a 24 volt DC motor for the desired operation.D.C motor can rotate in both thedirection by changing the polarity. We used gear motor because of smooth operation and hightorque. One motor is synchronized with the cap of container as well as job piece and secondmotor rotates with the arm of the model.5.2.3 PULLEY AND GEARGear is used to mesh with the cap of container. It opens and closes the container cap. Pulleyis used to wrap the rope of the job piece. Both are mounted on same shaft. The diameter of

pulley is 3.5 cm which transmit power to another pulley of diameter of 1cm and increase thenumber of revolution per minute. Another pulley of 3.5 cm diameter is mounted on same


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shaft on which rope is mounted. The pitch circle diameter of gear is 4.5 cm which open andclose the lid.5.2.4 RELAYWe used 24 volts relay for reversing the direction of motor, having six terminals for reversingthe direction of motor and two terminals for energizing the coil. The centre terminals is used

to input supply and outer four terminal is cross connected and output is taken from their.when coil is energies then polarity is reverse and coil is deaneries then its output of samepolarity.5.2.5 WOODEN STRUCTUREWe used shisham wood for the structure which gives the desired construction of the model. Aflat base is used to put the container and proper standing of model5.2.6 ROPEWe use nylon thread for the carrying of job. It is rolling on the 3.5 diameter pulley.OUTPUTS GIVEN OUT FROM PLCOUTPUT ADDRESS

Motor 1 O:2/6Motor 2 O:2/5

Relay 1 O:2/7

Relay 2 O:2/4

Digital controller O:4/0

Temperature hi alarm O:0/11

VVVF drive O:2/1INPUTS GIVEN TO PLCINPUT ADDRESS

To control the starting of operation I:0/0Accept I:1/1

Test I:1/3

Proximity sensor I/P I:1/7

Emergency switch I:1/05.3 MOTION CONTROL USING PLCObjectTo lower and raise a job in a container by means pulley and motor and place the jobon the conveyor belt using an arm control.Basic IdeaThe basic idea behind this program is to control the direction of rotation of the motor. The

placement of the motor should also be such that the transmission of mechanical power to thepulley can be done using belt drive. The job then can be raised or lower logically through thePLC.ImplementationIn this project we are controlling a typical industrial processes by the PLC in this project weare controlling our model with the help of DC gear motors. The step of operation as follow:STEP 1We put job on the arm and arm motor start rotation for 2.48sec. & rest above the container forstarting the operation to be perform on the job.STEP 2Motor1 rotate in anti-clock wise direction with the help of relay 1 for 10.4sec. The container

will open & job moves into the container.STEP 3


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The motor -1 rotates clock wise without relay for 10.42sec. The container will close and thejob will comes out.STEP 4Arm motor rotates in anti clockwise direction with out relay for 2.9sec & the arm goes overthe conveyer belt and drop the job on it.

STEP 5Arm motor rotate clock wise for 5.3sec and bring arm to its initial position.After that the next cycle starts after 4.5sec.OPERATION:-In this process we have used the timer instruction for performing the operation for thespecified duration. In all we have used 9 timers T4:1-T4:9.The output of timer T4:2 goes toT4:1 whose output comes back to T4:2 for initializing the whole process after 43sec.T4:3 timers are used for the pause of 2.48 sec. After that T4:4 timers are used for rotating themotor 1 for 10.42sec with relay. T4:5 are used for pause of 5sec for completing the process tobe done on the job.T4:6 are used for closing the lid of container. It takes 10.42sec.T4:7 areused for rotation of the arm motor for 2.9sec.T4:8 are used for the pause of 2.3sec.T4:9 are

used to bring the arm in its initial position for 5.35sec.This cycle is repeated sequentially andcontinuously for desired number of times.5.4 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTObjectTo sense the temperature of any particular device and simulation for the condition of

fault occurrence in the device.

Basic IdeaThe basic idea behind this program is to basically indicate the temperature of any devicethrough the digital indicator and to sense the temperature value for the faulty condition and tostop the process automatically so that the fault can be removed and then again restart theprocess.ImplementationTo implement the above program we have a temperature sensor which senses the temperatureof particular device and sends it to the CPU through the RTD converter and the CPU calibrateit and gives the output to the digital indicator so that the temperature of that device can bemeasured. In case of any faulty condition the CPU which is continuously sensing thetemperature and giving the output senses the high temperature and stops the process andactivates an indicator which is a flasher so that it can be known that which fault has occurredin the process. And the process remains stop until the fault is accepted and removed.OperationIn the given program at rung 0 the input scaling of the temperature is done so that the readingof the temperature from the RTD converter goes to the CPU and at the very next rung the

reading is calibrated according to the scale so gives the output at the digital indicator.If the temperature increases more than the prescaled value the function GRT will give thehigh output to the flasher (O: 0/11). This flasher is used in the series of every output forsuddenly stop the operation.The above conditions remain as it is until the temperature remains below the presettable limit.It has preset value one so its done bit goes high in first increment and which stops theblinking of LED and glow it constantly. and the process is going onNow to again restart the whole process the fault has to be removed and the temperatureshould become to its desired value.We have used a thermocouple for measuring of temperature that will convert in the digitalsignal and indicated on the temperature indicator.

5.5 SPEED CONTROL OF MOTOR USING VVVF DRIVEObject To control the speed of a motor by the help of variable voltage and variable


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frequency drive controlled by the PLC.Basic IdeaThe basic phenomenon to control the speed of any motor is to control its input voltage or tocontrol its frequency and this job is performed by the VVVF drive.Implementation

To implement this program as ladder logic firstly its scaling has to be done so that it may runwith the desired speed given in the computer. To scale any output or input the SCP (Scalew/parameters) instruction is used.OperationWhen the control switch TG#1 which is addressed at I:0/0 is switched on which gives theoutput to the VVVF drive and the motor connected to the this drive starts running. There isalso an emergency stop button which can be pressed in case of any emergency occurred whilethe process is running.In the SCP (Scale w/parameter) instruction the scaling is done to control the speed of motorthe input given to it is the percentage value of the scaled values. And what ever may be theinput is given in the SCP instruction the speed of the motor becomes high and low according

to it.5.6 CONVEYOR SYSTEM

ObjectTo implement the conveyor system on a VVVF controlled motor and to count thenumber of the pieces passing through the conveyor.

Basic IdeaThe basic idea behind this program is to count any number of pieces passing through theconveyor belts which are sensed by the proximity switch.Implementation

To implement this program the proximity switch is placed to the suitable distance from theconveyor belt. When any piece passes through the proximity sensor it gives a high pulsewhich is fed to the PLC and the counter placed in the program counts the number of piecesmoving on it up to the preset value given to the counter.OperationWhen the motor is started by the switch TG#1 the conveyor starts to move in forwarddirection along with the pieces kept on it. The proximity switch inputs to the PLC when itsenses any ferrous material passing through it at the address I:1/7 which increments thecounter C5:0 by one and also glows a RED LED addressed at O:0/0 as per the count.After one count of the counter C5:0 the another counter C5:1 is incremented by one and sinceits preset value is one so its done bit goes high in one increment and thus it stop the motorand also activates a timer T4:0 associated with it which counts for the given time period and

then resets the counter C5:1 and thus motor is again started. Thus the delay of desired timeperiod can be obtained with the help of this timer after each count so that any operation canbe performed to the job counted by the proximity switch and after that operation the motorautomatically restarts.When the counter C5:0 counts 10 pieces the RED LED glows which is addressed at O:0/3.And after it counts 20 pieces another LED glows next the above LED and the very next tothis glows after 30 count and similarly the LED addressed at O:0/8 glows after 40 pieces.After the done bit of counter C5:0 goes high a RED LED addressed at O:0/10 glows and thecounter stops counting the pieces.

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY


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1. User Manual, Allen BradleyTM Micro Logix 1500 Programmable Controller2. User Manual,Allen BradleyTM 160 SSC Variable Speed Controller3. Allen BradleyTMs URLhttp://www.ab.com/plclogic/4. Rockwell Automations URLwww.rockwellautomation.com5. MicroMentor, Allen BradleyTM, Rockwell International Company

8.APPENDIX AINSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION

1. XIC Examines a bit for an ON condition2. XIO Examines a bit for an OFF condition3. OTE Turn ON or OFF a bit(non-retentive)4. OTL Latch a bit ON (retentive)5. OTU Unlatch a bit OFF (retentive)6. OSR Detects an OFF to ON transition [It sets a bit for false to true (one scan)]7. OSF It sets a bit for true to false (one scan)8. TON Delay turning ON an output on a true rung9. TOF Delay turning OFF an output on a false rung10.RTO Delay turning on an output from a true rung. The accumulator is retentive.11.CTU Count Up12.CTD Count Down13.RES Reset the RTO and counters ACC and status bits (not used with TOF

timers)14.EQU Test whether two values are equal (=)15.NEQ Test whether one value is not equal to a second value.16.GRT Test whether one value is greater than a second value.17.GEQ Test whether one value is greater than or equal to a second value.18.LEQ Test whether one value is less than or equal to second value.19.MEQ Test portions of two values to see whether they are equal.20.LIM Test whether one value is within the range of two other values.21.ADD Add two values.22.SUB Subtract two values.23.MUL Multiply two values.24.DIV Divide one value by another.25.NEG Change the sign of the source value and place it in the destination.26.

CLR Set all bits of a word to zero.27.SCL Scale a value.

28.SCP Scale value to a range determined by creating a linear relationship.29.SQR Find the square root of a value.30.DCD Decodes a 14-bit value (0 to15), turning ON the corresponding bit in the 16-bit

destination

1. ENC Encodes a 16-bit source to a 4-bit value. Searches the source from the lowest tothe highest bit, and looks for the first set bit. The corresponding bit position is

written to the destination as an integer.
http://www.ab.com/plclogic/http://www.ab.com/plclogic/http://www.ab.com/plclogic/http://www.rockwellautomation.com/http://www.rockwellautomation.com/http://www.rockwellautomation.com/http://www.rockwellautomation.com/http://www.ab.com/plclogic/


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1. FRD Converts the BCD source value to an integer and stores, in the destination.2. TOD Converts the integer source value to BCD format and stores it in the destination.3. AND Performs an AND operation4. OR Performs an inclusive OR operation5. XOR Performs an exclusive OR operation6. NOT Performs a NOT operation7. MOV Move the source value to the destination.8. MVM Move data from a source location to a selected portion of the destination.9. COP Copy a range of data from one file location to another.10.FLL Load a file with a program constant of a value from an element address.11.BSL Load and unload data into a bit array one at a time.12.BSR. Load and unload data into a bit array one at a time.13.FFL Load words into a file and unload them in the same order (first in, first out).14.FFU Load words into a file and unload them in the same order (first in, first out).15.LFL Load words into a file and unload them in reverse order (last In, last Out)16.LFU Load words into a file and unload them in reverse order (last In, last Out)17.SQC Compare 16-bit data with stored data.18.SQO Transfer 16-bit data to word addresses19.SQL Load 16-bit data into a file.20.JMP Jump forward/backward to a corresponding label instruction.21.LBL Jump forward/backward to a corresponding label instruction.22.JSR Jump to a designated subroutine and return.23.SBR Jump to a designated subroutine and return.24.RET Jump to a designated subroutine and return.25.SUS Debug or diagnose your user program.26.TND Abort current ladder scan27.END End a program or subroutine28.MCR. Enable or inhibit a master control zone in your ladder program.29.IIM Update data prior to the normal input scan30.IOM Update outputs prior to the normal output scan.31.REF Interrupt the program scans to execute the input/output scan

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