A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE FLORA, FAUNA AND PHYSICAL RESOURCES OF MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

7/25/2019 A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE FLORA, FAUNA AND PHYSICAL RESOURCES OF MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

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A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE FLORA, FAUNA AND

PHYSICAL RESOURCES OF

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

Group Project Report Submitted to the School of Environmental Sciences,

Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.

By

Students ofIII Seeste! M" S#" En$%!onent S#%en#e & M'n'(eent

)*++ - *++. B't#/0

S#/oo1 of En$%!onent'1 S#%en#es

M'/'t' G'nd/% Un%$e!s%ty2ott'y'

3'nu'!y 4 *++.


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De#1'!'t%on

We, the third semester M. Sc. students, hereby declare

that the group project report entitled, A Preliminary Study

on the Flora, Fauna and Physical Resources of Mahatma

Gandhi University Campus is an authentic record of the

project work carried out by us under the supervision of

D!" A" P" T/o's, irector, School of !nvironmental

Sciences, Mahatma "andhi #niversity, $ottayam.

$ottayam III Seeste! M" S#" Students

%& ' (% ' )((&


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our heartfelt reverence toDr. A. P. Thomas

,

Director, School of Environmental Sciences for his timely help, encouragement and

co-operation throughout our work.

We are mostly grateful toDr. E. V. Ramasamy

, Faculty, School of

Environmental Sciences for the constant encouragement he has provided throughout

our work.

We are equally indebted to other teachers of the department for their comments,

suggestion and generous contribution on this project.

We would always remember with gratitude, the tireless efforts extended by

Mr. B. Ajaykumar Mr. Joby Paul Mr. John C. Mathew

, andSylas V.P

of the School

of Environmental Sciences for the successful completion of our work.

We wish to express our sincere thanks toDr. Francy K. Kakkassery Prasanth

Narayanan. S Dr. Kalesh Manu P. Malibhagam

,David Raju

andRameshan. M

for

helping us to identify some of the species, and for their constant support in the work.

It gives us great pleasure to record our deep sense of gratitude to

Mr. Salahudeen P.O, Librarian, School of Environmental Sciences.

We take this opportunity to thank allPh. D

Scholars

for their guidance and

encouragement throughout the work.

Also deepful gratitude is expressed toMr. Sreedharan Miss. Deepa Mrs. Neera

and all M. Phil Scholarsof the School of Environmental Sciences for their valuable

support and timely help provided to us throughout the work.

After all, let us thank God Almighty whose grace guided us through difficult

times and helped us to reach our destination.

III Semester Students.


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PRO3ECT TEAM

FLORAL DIVERSITY

5" Ann%e Se1' Iss'#

*" 3'%sen N" D"

6" M'nees/ 2u'! M"

7" S!ee!en8%n% L"

FAUNAL DIVERSITY

5" A!un B'9u V"

*" B'9u P'd':u'!

6" Tos Au(ust%ne

PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

5" Re8u1' M" P"

*" Ro/%n% M"

6" S/een' S/'8'/'n

SUPERVISORS

5" D!" A" P" T/o's, D%!e#to!,

S#/oo1 of En$%!onent'1 S#%en#es"

*" D!" E" V" R''s'y, F'#u1ty,

S#/oo1 of En$%!onent'1 S#%en#es"


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CONTENTS

TitlePage

No.

CHAPTER 1 Introduction

1.1 Biodiversity 1

CHAPTER 2 Objectives 3

CHAPTER Stud! Area 4

CHAPTER " #loristic Anal!sis

4.1 Introduction 6

4.2 Review of Literature 9

4.3 Materials and Methods 11

4.4 Results and Discussion !ualitative features

of the ve"etation

12

4.# $yste%atic &reat%ent 14

4.6 'onclusion 1#(

4.) Reference 1#1

CHAPTER $ #auna % &irds' &utter(lies' )ragon(lies and

)a*sel(lies

$.1 Introduction

#.1.1 Butterflies 1##

#.1.2 Dra"onflies and Da%selflies 1#6

#.1.3 Birds 1#)

$.2 Revie+ o( ,iterature

#.2.1 Butterflies 1#9

#.2.2 Dra"onflies 16(

#.2.3 Birds 161


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$. -etodolog!

#.3.1 Butterflies and Dra"onflies 162

#.3.2 Birds 163

$." Results and )iscussions

#.4.1 Butterflies 164

#.4.2 Dra"onflies 21*

#.4.3 Birds 233

$.$ Re(erence 266

CHAPTER / P!sico ce*ical caracteristics o( +ater

and soil

/.1 Intorduction 2)2

/.2 Revie+ o( ,iterature

6.2.1 +ater !uality 2)3

6.2.2 $oil !uality 2)4

/. -aterials and -etods

6.3.1 $a%,le 'ollection 2)6

6.3.2 -nalytical Methods for hysico che%ical ara%eters 2))

6.3.2.2 $oil -nalysis 2*4

/." Results and )iscussion 29(

/.$ Conclusion 299

/./ Re(erences 3(*

CHAPTER 0 Conclusion and reco**endations 311


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,IST O# TA&,ES

Table No. Title Page No.

4.1 List of lant s,ecies identified. 129

4.2 List of /ulnera0le Rare nde%ic and 149

&hreatened s,ecies of lants.

#.1 $yste%atic List of Butterflies in 16#

Mahat%a andhi niversity 'a%,us.

#.2 $yste%atic List of Dra"on flies in the 21*

'a%,us.

#.3 $yste%atic List of Da%selflies in the 22)

'a%,us.

#.4 $yste%atic List of Birds in the ca%,us. 234

#.# List of Mi"ratory Bird s,ecies Identified. 23)

#.6 List of 5estin" Bird s,ecies. 264

6.1 Details of the $a%,lin" $ites. 2)6

6.2 hysical and 'he%ical ara%eters 29#

of +ater.

6.3 hysical and 'he%ical 'haracteristics 29*

of $oil.


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,IST O# #IRES

#igure Title Page No.

1 $tudy area #

4.1 loral re,resentation of M. . 14)

niversity 'a%,us

4.2 'o%,osition of her0s shru0s 14)

trees and cli%0ers

4.3 Ma7or Dicotyledonous fa%ilies 14*

4. 4 Ma7or Monocotyledonous fa%ilies 14*

# .1 $tatus of Different Butterfly fa%ilies 26#

in the study area

#.2 'o%,arison of Butterfly s,ecies in 26#

different fa%ilies with res,ect

to +estern hats

6.1 /ariation in ,8 of water sa%,les 3((

6.2 /ariation in -cidity and -lalinity 3((

of water sa%,les

6.3 /ariation in 8ardness and $alinity 3(1

of water sa%,les

6.4 /ariation in D: and B:D of water 3(1


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6.# /ariation in ':D of water sa%,les 3(2

6.6 /ariation in 5itrate and hos,hate 3(2 of water sa%,les

6.) /ariation in $ul,hate of water sa%,les 3(3

6.* /ariation in otassiu% of water sa%,les 3(3

6.9 /ariation in Iron of water sa%,les 3(4

6. 1( /ariation in $oil Moisture 3(4

6.11 /ariation in soil ,8 3(#

6. 12 /ariation in $oil hos,horous 3(#

6.13 /ariation in $oil otassiu% 3(6

6.14 /ariation in &otal -cidity 3(6

6.1# /ariation in &otal 5itro"en and :r"anic 3()

'ar0on

6.16 /ariation in ';5 Ratio 3()


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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The conservation and sustainable use of earths natural

resources is of critical importance in meeting food, fodder, fiber,

health, water and other needs of growing world population. The

general lack of information and knowledge regarding biological

diversity and other resources is a constraint in our way towards

sustainable development. So there is an urgent need to develop

scientific, technical and Institutional capacities to provide the

basic understanding upon which to plan and implement

appropriate measures.

1.1. Biodiversity

The term biodiversity was introduced in the late 19!s by

the "merican biologist, #dward $. %ilson. The 199& 'nited

(ations #arth Summit in )io de *aneiro defined +biodiversity as

the variability among living organisms from all sources, including

terrestrial, marine, and other a-uatic ecosystems and the

ecological complees of which they are part/ this includes

diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.

0iological diversity is now increasingly recognied as a vital

parameter to assess global and local environmental changes and

sustainability of developmental activities 23ove4oy, 19956. In

recent years, the focus of nature conservation efforts has become

more inclusive, broadening from an approach emphasiing

flagship species like cranes, sea turtles or tiger to embrace the

entire diversity of life. "s one of the worlds top twelve mega

diversity countries, and a signatory to the International

7onvention on 0iological 8iversity 27086 it is important for India

to try and conserve the entire spectrum of biological diversity

2'(#:708, 19916


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The efforts needed for inventorying and monitoring are

enormous in magnitude. India harbours over 1,&5,!!!

scientifically described and perhaps another ;!!,!!! undescribed

species, over its s

landscape and waterscape. 7onservation priorities should be

decided on the basis of such information, and conservation

measures decided upon to translate these priorities into action.

The present study is an attempt to provide a comprehensive

picture of the current status, and diversity of plants, birds,

butterflies, dragonflies and damselflies of the ?ahatma =andhi

'niversity 7ampus. "long with this, the water and soil -uality of

the campus were also analysed.


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Chapter 2

OBJECTIVES

1. To provide systematic account of the flora of the campus.

&. To prepare a systematic herbarium of the flora in the

campus.


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Chapter 3

STUD !RE!

The ?ahatma =andhi 'niversity 7ampus is situated at

about 15 km from Bottayam. The geographical position of the

area can be co:ordinated as 9!


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CHAPTER:

FLORISTIC ANALYSIS


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4.1 INTRODUCTION

Plants are dominant species of the earth. Botanists wereexploring the floristic region of the earth for several centuries and

their efforts have succeeded only in preparing a more realistic

taxonomic account of the plants. The estimated 233,88 species in

!26" genera #Thorne, !$$2% are extremely diverse in &oth ha&it

and ha&itat. They include plants on which human depend on

sustenance such as grains and legumes, as well as numerous

important products including drugs, paper and &uilding material.

'lowering plants had their &eginning in the cretaceous

period of the (eso)oic era around !3 million years ago. They

flourished in the *eno)oic era around +" million years ago, which

also saw the evolution of mammals and the &irds. n the course of

evolution, flowering plants prove to &e the most successful. They

could grow in almost every -ind of ha&itat in earth. Today

flowering plants are the largest dominant groups in the plant

-ingdom. ndia, &eing a vast country with the wide contrast in the

physical features and the climate possess one of the richest and

most varied floras the world. The determining factors li-e

latitude, altitude, rain shadow, geology, slope of the land,

direction, nature of ocean current, day length and the intensity of

sunlight, resulting in the different ha&itat ranging from forest,

grassland wetland etc.

The ndian su&continent with its diverse ha&itat and the rich

vegetation has always &een a tempting proposition for the

&otanist. There are enough evidence for the fact that ancient

ndian had domesticated plant since the edic ages #!"" / 8""

B*%. They studied plants mainly from there stand point via,

&otanical #udvita%, dietic #annapanadi% and medicinal

#virenchanadi% of these the most important was their study of

medicinal plants and they have &e0ueathed to the posterity, a


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4.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

estern ghat is considered as one of the the !8 centres in

the world were mega diversity exist #7air !$$+%. 5 lot of study has&een conducted in this region. (aor contri&ution of the floristic

study were conducted &y the British. n western ghats maority of

the endemic species are confined to selected hill slopes or small

hill areas and ha&itat, thus ma-ing those poc-ets very important

from the point of conservation #9agavan : 1ingh, !$83% indicating

that !"3 species are confined to the western ghat of (aharashtra

and ;6 species to


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Thenmala division #1u&ramaniyan, !$$%, 'lowering plants of

Thrissur forest #1asidharan : 1ivaraan, !$$6% 'lora of


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4.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was &ased on the specimens collected from the

(ahatma andhi >niversity campus at regular intervals for threemonths, since 1eptem&er 2""+. ?xplorations were ta-en under

the intervals of ! days, to different parts of the campus to have a

clear understanding of the influence of seasonal changes in

vegetation pattern and &iodiversity composition. @uring the field

trip every species was collected in flowering and fruiting stages

and detailed field notes were ta-en on the spot. The flowering and

fruiting time of each species was particularly noted. >sing wet

method, sample specimen were collected in polyethylene &ags for

detailed la& study. Photographs of every specimen was ta-en. The

specimen was su&ected to detailed la& study using light

microscope and stereo microscope and final identification of

materials were done after consulting relevant literature and

expert udgment. The nomenclature of each species has &een

&rought up to date as per rules given in the nternational *ode of

Botanical 7omenclature #!$88%.


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4.4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION -

4.4.1. QUALITATIVE FEATURES OF THE VEGETATION

4.4.1(a). Spe!e" #$p#"!%!#&'rom the preliminary floristic investigation in the university

campus, a total of 2+3 species of plants were identified, which

were &elongs to $! families. 5 total of 28 angiosperm species

&elong 82 families were recorded from the region. 5 total of !

species of pteridophytes were collected from the campus which

were &elongs to $ families # Ta&le / !%. 5 total of + Poaceae, 3

?uphor&iaceae, 2 *yperaceae and one each of 5canthaceae,

(eliaceae, (oraceae, 'a&aceae and 9u&iaceae meme&res were

collected and could not identified.

5 total of !3+ species preserved as her&arium specimens

and photographic documentation was also done for each species

within their ha&itats. 'orm the field data, the most dominant

angiosperm family of the campus according to the species num&er

is ?uphor&iaceae which has !6 species and &oth 'a&aceae and

9u&iaceae in the second position with each of !3 species.

The study showed that the vegetation profile consisted of

trees, shru&s, clim&ers, her&s and grasses #'ig A 2%. The

her&aceous flora dominates the vegetation followed &y shru&s,

trees and clim&ers.

4.4.1('). E&e$!"$

5s a part of the estern hat, the midlands of niversity campus is less, endemic plant species were recorded as

past relics of evergreen vegetation in this region. There are !!

species which are recorded as endemic to estern hats found in

study area. 5 total of species were found endemic to peninsular

ndia #Ta&le /2%. 5 total of 3 ulnera&le species were o&served

during the floristic analysis.


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4.4.1(). E#$! e"#*e"

There are 6" trees reported from the >niversity campus

which includes many wood yielding ones. They includeArtocarpus

heterophyllus, A. hirsutus, Calophyllum inophyllum, Swieteniamahagoni and Tectona grandis. (ost of these species were

cultivated in this region.

4.4.1(). Me!!&a+ p+a&%"

(edicinal plants li-e Abrus precatorius, Biophytum

sensitivum, Cinnamomum malabatrum, Desmodium gangeticum,

Glycosmis pentaphylla, Helictres isora, Hydnocarps pentandra,

y!opyrum smilaci"olium, #hysalis angulata, #hyllanthus amarus,

Scoparia dulcis, Spilathus calva, Sida cordi"olia, $auvol"ia

serpantina, Aegle marmelos, %eucas aspera, Cassia "istula,

&lephantopus scaber, Cassia tora, Achyranthes aspera,

#rotasparagus racemosus, &milia sonchi"olia etc. were also

noticed from the >niversity campus.


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4.5 SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT

DICOTYLEDONS

ANNONACEAE

ANNONNA

Annona squamosa L.

Local name: .

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: Cultivated.

Tree, 3 - 5 meter tall. Leaves glabrous, linear - oblong, oroblong lanceolate, narrowed at base. Flowers greenish, ragrant.

Cultivated in gardens. Sometimes ound wild. Fruits edible.

ARTABOTRYS

Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.

Local name: .

Habit: Climbing shrub.

Habitat: Semi evergreen and evergreen orests.!ood", climbing shrubs. Leaves elli#tic or elli#tic - oblong,

acuminate at a#e$, cuneate at base. Flowers ascicled.

Flowering and ruiting: %a" & Se#tember. '(late - ) *+

CANANGA

Cananga odorata(Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms.

Local name: .

Habit: Tree.


Tree bole straight, bar gre"ish-white. Leaves sim#le,

alternate, distichous, esti#ulate #etiole slender, grooved above,

minutel" #uberulous lamina oblong, elli#tic, ovate or elli#tic-

lanceolate base obtuse or obliue a#e$ acuminate or acute

margin entire, undulate, glabrous, coriaceous lateral nerves

#innate intercostae scalariorm, obscure. Flowers bise$ual,

"ellowish-green, ragrant, several in #eduncled, a$illar" c"mes


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bracts subulate, #uberulous on both sides, cauducous #edicel

slender se#als 3, ovate, #ubescent, re1e$ed, shortl" connate at

base #etals 2, green, turning "ellow, linear or lanceolate, valvate,

#uberulous inner ones smaller, subeual torus some whatconve$ stamens man", closel" arranged, connectives broadl"

a##endaged, acute, concealing anthers car#els man", glabrous at

the ver" base, ovules man" attached to the suture, st"lules

slender, terminated b" a club-sha#ed stigma. Fruit aggregate o

berr", in a cluster, globose, glabrous, #ul#", blac seeds

transversel" com#ressed, "ellowish-brown.

POLYALTHIA

Polyalthia longifolia (So!".) Th#.

Local name: .

Habit: Tree.


Tall tree, bole straight crown conical bar gre"ish-brown,

smooth Leaves sim#le, alternate, distichous, esti#ulate #etiole

#ubescent when "oung, slender lamina ovate-lanceolate base

round a#e$ acuminate margin strongl" undulate, glabrous,

coriaceous. Flowers bise$ual, green, numerous, in umbels or

ascicles at the a$is #edicels slightl" #ubescent se#als 3, ovate-

triangular, #ubescent, connate at base #etals 2, linear, broad at

base, #uberulous stamens numerous, cuneate car#els man",

#uberulous, ovoid, st"le oblong stigma sessile. Fruit aggregate o

berries berr" ovoid to elli#soid, glabrous, reddish to blac seed

one, ovoid, #ale brown, shin".

Flowering and ruiting: %arch & *ugust.

$%ARIA

Uvaria narum (Da') B'.

Local name: , .

Habit: Scandent Shrub.

Habitat: eciduous orests o #lains.

Scandent shrubs, branches 4ig4ag, leaves oblong-lanceolate,


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glabrous, acuminate. Flowers "ellow, solitar". (etals 2, ovate,

connate at base, in1e$ed. Stamens man". Fruitlets staled, man",

glabrous.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember.

MENISPERMACEAE

CYCLEA

Cyclea peltata (Lam). Hook.

Local name: .

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: Semi evergreen and evergreen orests.

Climbing shrub, stems twining, clothed with re1e$ed hairs.

Leaves ciliate, #ilose, #eltate, slightl" retuse or truncate at base.

Flowers greenish in a$illar" droo#ing #anicles. Fruits ovoid.

'(late - ) C+

The leaves are locall" used as Thali'+ or newborn children.

TINOSPORA

Tinospora cordifolia M!"s.

Local name: .

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: %oist deciduous orests.

Climbing shrub with succulent stem, the bar #a#er" at

rst, then cor" leaves glabrous 1owers "ellow, on nodes on the

old wood dru#es red, sessile endocar# with ew isolated

tubercles or smooth.

Flowering and ruiting: 6anuar" - %arch.

CAPPARACEAE

CLEOME

Cleome rutidosperma L.

Local name: .

Habit: Herbs.Habitat: ecidous orests and #lains.


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7rect, branched viscid, hair" herbs, 38 & 58 cms tall. Leaves

3 & 5 oliolate lea1ets oblong, acute or obtuse at a#e$, narrowed

at base. Flowers "ellow, Solitar" in reduced lea a$ils. Ca#sules

u#to 9.5 cms long.Flowering and ruiting: 6une & 6ul". '(late - ) +

LACO$RTIACEAE

HYDNOCARP$S

Hydnocarpus pentandra (B*h. + Ham.) Ok!.

Local name: .

Habit: Tree.Habitat: Semi evergreen and moist deciduous orests.

Tree, 9 - m tall. Leaves #ubescent below, serrate, elli#tic,

acuminate at a#e$, acute at base. Flowers white in a$illar"

racemes #eduncles and se#als brown, tomentose. ;erries

globose, tomentose.

Flowering and ruiting:


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Cultivated or wood and ruits and as an ornamental in

gardens. !oods used or maing countr" boats and handles or

agricultural tools. Seeds "ield oil.

GARCINIA

Garcinia gummi-gutta,-.

Local name: .

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: 7vergreen orests, cultivated.

7vergreen tree, bar blac, rough, thinl" scal" bla4e

cream" "ellow e$udation #ale "ellow, stic". Leaves sim#le,

o##osite, decussate, esti#ulate lamina elli#tic or elli#tic-

oblanceolate, base cuneate, or attenuate, a#e$ acute, margin

entire, coriaceous. Flowers #ol"gamodioecious, "ellowish-white

male 1owers in a$illar" ascicles se#als 0, coriaceous, ovate or

obovate #etals 0, concave with narrow membranous margin

stamens inserted on a rece#tacle, monadel#hous, orming

globular head #istil absent or minute emale 1owers: in terminal

and a$illar" ascicles staminodes /8 - >8, ovar" globular

stigmatic ra"s s#reading. ;err", ovoid to subglobose, "ellow or

red, grooved seeds ovoid, com#ressed, #ale brown, veined.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember - Se#tember.

MAL%ACEAE

ABELMOSCH$S

Abelmoschus moschatusM!ks.

Local name: !".

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: %oist deciduous orests also in #lains.

7rect shrubs /-/.5 meter tall. Leaves hastate, #almatel" 5

lobed, stellatel" #ubescent lobes lanceolate, serrate. Flowers

"ellow.


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Flowering and ruiting: 6ul" & Se#tember.

HIBISC$S

Hibiscus vitifoliusinn!

Local name: "#.Habit: Herb.

Habitat: r" deciduous and semi evergreen orests also in

the #lains.

*nnual or biennial herb leaves sti#ulate usuall" #almatel"

lobed or cut. Flowers "ellow, a$illar" or rarel" in a terminal

raceme. ;racteoles usuall" ree rom each other and rom the

cal"$. Cal"$ 5 lobed, valvate or s#athaceous or circumcissile.

(etals 5, connate at the base and adnate to the staminal tube.

Staminal tube truncate or 5 toothed at the to#, giving o the ree

ends o the stamens at various heights. =var" 5 celled ovules

three or more in each cell st"les 5, connate below stigmas

usuall" ca#itate. Ca#sule loculicidall" 5 valved, 5 celled or rarel"

/8 celled. Seeds reniorm, globose or ovoid, glabrous, velvett"

cotton" or scal".

Flowering and ruiting: %arch - *ugust.

SIDA

"ida acuta B"m.

Local name: $%.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: Freuent along road sides and railwa" tracs.

Low, branched shrubs branches stellate, tomentose. Leaveslanceolate, acute at a#e$, slightl" obtuse or sub acute at base.

Flowers "ellow.

Flowering and ruiting: =ctober - ecember.

"ida cordifolia L.

Local name: &%.

Habit: @ndershrub.

Habitat: Common in all habitats.7rect, branched under shrubs, 58-28 cm tall. Leaves densel"


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stellate, tomentose, crenate, ovate, obtuse or acute at a#e$,

rounded, cordate or truncate at base. Flowers "ellow mostl"

solitar", a$illar", rarel" in clusters o >-3. %ericar#s awned,

trigonous, 1attened.Flowering and ruiting: %arch -%a".

"ida rhombifolia L.

Local name: &%.

Habit: @nder shrub.

Habitat: !astelands and degraded orests.

7rect, stellate - tomentose undershrubs, leaves rhomboid,acute, lower hal entire, u##er serrate #etiole Aoint not distinct

cal"$ lobes shorter than tube #etals #ale "ellow, obliuel"

obovate & truncate staminal tube hair", st"les -/> mericar#s /8

- />, each with > awns, stellate #ubescent.



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eciduous trees bole straight, armed with conical #ricles

bar gre" mottled with white, longitudinal ssures shallow. Leaves

digitatel"-com#ound, alternate, sti#ulate, lateral rachis stout,

swollen at base, glabrous lea1ets whorled #etiolule stout,glabrous lamina elli#tic, elli#tic-ovate or elli#tic-obovate base

attenuate or cuneate a#e$ caudate-acuminate. Flowers dar

crimson, solitar" or > - 5 together cal"$ cam#anulate, irregularl"

lobed, lobes coriaceous, sil" inside, alling oB with corolla and

stamens #etals 5, obovate to elli#tic-obovate, 1esh", imbricate

stamens in 5 bundles laments 1at, angular anthers reniorm

ovar" conical, tomentose, 5 celled ovules man" stigma 5 d.

Ca#sule tomentose, c"lindrical, blacish and glabrous seeds

numerous, #"riorm, smooth, dar brown, embedded in white

cotton.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember - %a".

STERC$LIACEAE

HELICTRES

Helictres isora L.

Local name: , ").

Habit: Small tree.

Habitat: eciduous orests, also in #lantations and #lains.

Small tree. Scabrous or stellatel" #ubescent, incised, obovate,

abru#tl" acuminate, at a#e$, obliuel" rounded at base. Flowers

red in a$illar" ascicles. Follicles #ubescent.

Common in the undergrowth o semi evergreen orests.

Flowering and ruiting: Se#tember - %arch.

,ALTHERIA

%altheria indica L.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: egraded moist deciduous orests, roadsides and

waste #laces.

*n under shrub with much sot #ubescence, ovate, serrate


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leaves and small "ellow 1owers in globose a$illar" clusters.

Flowering and ruiting: Se#tember & %a".

TILIACEAE

GRE,IA

Gre&ia nervosa (Lo".) Pa0"ah.

Local name: -.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: Semi evergreen orests and sacred grooves.

7rect shrubs, 3 - 5m tall. Leaves glabrous above, stellatehair" beneath, oblong, acuminate at a#e$, truncate or rounded at

base. Flowers #ale "ellow.

Flowering and ruiting: =ctober - Februar".

TRI$METTA

Triumfetta rhomboidea1a2.

Local name: './.

Habit: Shrub.Habitat: egraded deciduous orests and #lains.

7rect herbs or sub shrubs stellate - tomentose all over

lower leaves trilobed, u##er ones ovate - deltoid, acuminate,

serrate, three - nerved rom base #etiole 3 cms long 1owers in

lea - o##osed c"mes se#als oblong aristate at a#e$ #etals "ellow

obovate-obtuse, glabrous stamens /8 ca#sule globose, glabrous,

covered b" globchidiate bristles.

Flowering and ruiting: Se#tember - 6anuar".

The #lant is re#orted to have demulcent and astringent

#ro#erties. oots are diuretic.

LINACEAE

H$GONIA

Hugonia mysta$ L.

Local name: -.


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Habit: Straggling shrub.

Habitat: %oist deciduous orests and #lains.

Straggling shrubs. Leaves, subsessile, elli#tic or obovate,

acute or obtuse at a#e$,cuneate at base. Flowers "ellow, lowest

#air o #eduncles transerred into s#iral hoos. ru#es 1esh",

globose.



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;erries globose, #ul# sweet.

Flowering and ruiting: =ctober.

Fruit is valued or its aromatic #ul# and its medicinal use. Leaves

oBered to Dod in worshi#.GLYCOSMIS

Glycosmis pentaphylla (R!-3.) DC.

Local name: .

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: Semi evergreen and moist deciduous orests.

Dlabrous shrub or small tree Leaves alternate,

im#ari#innate lea1ets 3 - 9, elli#tic or oblong, acute or

acuminate, crenulate, gland - dotted, glabrous 1owers in terminal

or a$illar", s#iciorm #anicles cal"$ lobes 5, ovate & acute #etals

5, ovate acute, gland dotted stamens /8, sub eual, anthers gland

& ti##ed. berries globose, white turning #in.



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SIMAR$BACEAE

AILANTH$S

Ailanthus e$celsa Ro6.

Local name: , 3.

Habit: Tree.


Trees /8 - 38 meter tall bar gre". Leaves u#to 52 cms long

lea1ets #ubescent beneath, obliuel" ovate - lanceolate,

acuminate at a#e$. Flowers "ellow, in long, dense 1owered,

a$illar" and terminal #anicles >8 - 35 cms long. Common in

evergreen orests. !ood used or match bo$es and s#lints.Flowering and ruiting: Februar" - %a".

MELIACEAE

A7ADIRACHTA

Azadirachta indicaA. 1ss.

Local name: "/.

Habit: Tree.


7vergreen tree bar gre"ish-brown, verticall" striated

e$udation red, stic". Leaves im#ari#innate, alternate, esti#ulate

rachis slender, swollen at base, glabrous, lea1ets 9 - /5, o##osite

or subo##osite #etiolule slender, glabrous lamina lanceolate or

alcate, base obliue, a#e$ acuminate, margin serrate, glabrous,

coriaceous. Flowers bise$ual, white, in a$illar" #anicles

bracteoles scal" se#als 5, connate at base, ovate, margin ciliate

#etals 5, ree, white, oblong-obovate, #ubescent, imbricate

staminal tube glabrous, a#icall" /8 lobed lobes truncate anthers

/8, slightl" e$erted, a#iculate, o##osite to lobes, sessile ovar"

su#erior, globose, 3 celled st"le elongate stigma terete, 3 lobed.

ru#e oblong - ovoid, greenish-"ellow seed one, surrounded b" a

sweet #ul#.


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NAREGAMIA

)aregamia alata ,0h- & A".

Local name: ).

Habit: @ndershrub.

Habitat: Fairl" common throughout the midlands along road.

@ndershrub. Leaves long, trioliate, glabrous, central

lea1ets, obovate, entire or > - 3 lobed, obtuse at a#e$, cuneate at

base, laterals smaller, 1owers white, a$illar", solitar", ca#sules 3 -

valved, globose.

Flowering and ruiting: Se#tember - =ctober.

7ndemic to (eninsular )ndia.

S,IETENIA

"&itenia mahagoni (L.) 1a*2.

Local name: 45.

Habit: Tree.


Large evergreen trees ;ar ssured, dar leaves

#ari#innate lea1ets 3 - 2 #airs, obliuel" ovate - lanceolate, base

cuniate, thinl" coreaceous, glabrous 1owers in a$illar" #anicles

cal"$ tube short, lobes minute, #etals 5, white oblong staminal

tube lobbed at a#e$, anthers /8, included ca#sule large, wood",

brown - tomentose.

Flowering and ruiting: *#ril - 6anuar".

Timber is beautiull" grained, good or urniture and other

decorative wors.

RHAMNACEAE

7I7YPH$S

*iziphus oenoplia (L.) M''.

Local name: 6).

Habit: Shrub.


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Habitat: eciduous orests and #lains.

Straggling shrubs "oung branches strigose. Leaves

canescent above, brown sericeous beneath, ovate - lanceolate.

Flowers greenish - "ellow in a$illar", #ubescent c"mes. Fruitsobovoid, blac.

Flowering and ruiting: 6anuar" & Februar". '(late - )) C+

*izyphus rugosa Lam.

Local name: 6)07.

Habit: Shrub.


Large, straggling, thorn" shrubs or small tree. Leaves

#ubescent beneath, subcordate at base. Flowers in tomentose

c"mes. Cal"$ lobes ovate. =var" villous. ru#es oblong.

Flowering and ruiting: Februar" - *#ril.

%ITACEAE

CAYRATIA

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Dom.

Local name: .

Habit: Climber.

Habitat: Semi evergreen orests and #lains.

Herbaceous climbers with wir", branched tendrils. Leaves 3-

oliolate on long #etioles, #ubescent lea1ets ovate, serrate, acute

at a#e$, rounded at base. Flowers #ale "ellow in umbellate c"mes.

Fruits turbinate, 1esh", > - 0 seeded.

Cissus repens Lam.

Local name: 89, ,:3;.

Habit: Scandent shrub.

Habitat: *ll t"#e o orests.

Scandent, glabrous shrubs with leaves o##osed tendrils.

Leaves serrate, ovate, acuminate at a#e$, cordate at base.Flowers greenish in com#ound c"mes.


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Flowering and ruiting: %arch & =ctober. '(late & /8 a+

TETRASTIGMA

Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (D!s-.) A's-o ! Ma66.

Local name: ")< 2"7.Habit: Climbing shrub.

Habitat: 7vergreen, semi evergreen orests and sacred

groves.

Climbing shrub stem and branches warted, obscurel" 0

gonous leaves #addatel" 3 - 5 oliolate lea1ets elli#tic

acumainate, distantl" serrate, base cuniate, coriaceous, glabrous

1owers in cor"mbose c"mes cal"$ tube 0 lobed #etals 0 green,

ovate stamens 0 in male 1owers staminodal in emales, berries

ovoid.

Flowering and ruiting : ecember & %arch. '(late & )) 7+

LEEACEAE

LEEA

eea indica (B"m. f.) M!"".

Local name: 8=, 2


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SAPINDACEAE

CARDIOSPERM$M

Cardiospermum helicacabum L.

Local name: *>.Habit: Climber.

Habitat: %oist deciduous orests, also in scrub Aungles.

Climber, stems wir", leaves biternate lea1ets lanceolate.

Flowers white in umbellate c"mes lower #edicels modied into

circinate tendrils. Ca#sules de#ressed, #"riorm. Seeds blac with

a large heart-sha#ed hilum.

Flowering and Fruiting: =ctober & ecember. '(late - )) D+

ANACARDIACEAE

ANACARDI$M

Anacardium occidentale L.

Local name: 2?".

Habit: Tree.


Trees, /8 - />m tall. Leaves glabrous, chartaceous, oblong,

obtuse at both ends. Flowers "ellowish - white in terminal c"mose

#anicles se#als and #etals #ubescent.

* cash cro# commonl" cultivated or nuts.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember & 6une.

HOLIGARNA

Holigarna arnottiana Hook. f.

Local name: .

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: Semi evergreen and evergreen orests, also in the

#lains.

Trees, /8 - /5m tall. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous above,

s#arsel" brownish tomentose along the nerves beneath, obovate

or oblanceolate, acute or shortl" acuminate at a#e$, narrowedrom the middle to a cuneate base #etiolar s#urs usuall"


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deciduous. Flowers brown, tomentose in a$illar" and terminal

racemes. ru#es oblong, glabrous.

Flowering and ruiting: %arch - %a".

7ndemic to Southern !estern Dhats.MANGIERA

'angifera indica L.

Local name: ".

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: 7vergreen and semi evergreen orests, and also

widel" cultivated.

Tree. Leaves alternate, #etioled, coriaceous, sim#le, entire.

Flowers small, #ol"gamous in terminal #anicles #edicels Aointed

bracts, deciduous. (etals 0 - 5, ree o adnate to the disc,

imbricate, urnished on the inside with a lobed glandular scale or

crest. is 1esh". 0 - 5 lobed. Stamens / - 5, inserted inside or on

the dis. =var" sessile, one celled, obliue st"le lateral stigma

sim#le ovule #endulous. Fruit a large 1esh" resinous dru#e with a

com#ressed brous stone. Seed large, ovoid & oblong,

com#ressed testa thin, #a#er" Cot"ledons #lano-conve$ radicle

slightl" curved u#wards.

Flowering and ruiting: 6anuar" & 6une.

Cultivated or its edible ruit, which is eaten resh, or made

into #reserves or #icles. !ood used or #laning, #acing cases,

boats and other #ur#oses.

ABACEAE

ABR$S

Abrus precatorius L.

Local name: &.

Habit: Climbing shrub.

Habitat: =ccasional at low elevations o the moist deciduous

orest.

Climbing shrubs. Lea1ets #airs, S#arsel" strigose beneath,

oblong, rounded at base. Flowers #in, ascicled in thic a$illar"


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#eduncles u#to 3 cms long. Seeds white or scarlet with a blac

s#ot.

Flowering and ruiting : %arch - =ctober.

(aste o seeds used e$ternall" or sin inections. Seeds used asAewellerEs weight.

ALYSICARP$S

Alysicarpus vaginalis(L.) DC.

Local name: )@).

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: !aste lands in the #lains.

(rostrate or ascending herbs basal leaves orbicular, u##er

oblong-obtuse, base cordate, lower surace a##ressed hair", u##er

strongl" reticulate sti#ules lanceolate 1owers in terminal

racemes cal"$ his#id, lobes lanceolate, u##er two connate

corolla #ur#le #ods strongl" reticulate, glabrous, 5 - 2 Aointed

seeds subreniorm.

Flowering and ruiting: Se#tember - ecember.

CENTROSEMA

Centrosema pubescens B!-h.

Local name:


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CROTALARIA

Crotalaria pallidaD"8a.

Local name: .

Habit: Shrub.Habitat: !aste lands.

Subshrub leaves trioliolate lea1ets obovate-obtuse,

membranous 1owers in terminal or subterminal racemes cal"$

lobes longer than tube, u##er two connate at a#e$ corolla "ellow

with #rominent red veins, standard broadl" elli#tic-acute, wings

oblong-obtuse with transverse #ouches, eels strongl" curved,

beaed, u##er #art connate #od oblong, glabrous seeds man",

reniorm.


DALBERGIA

+albergia latifoliaRo6.

Local name: "A.

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: Cultivated.eciduous trees bar smooth lea1ets obovate-obtuse,

emarginate, subcoriaceous, glabrous 1owers in cor"mbose

#anicles cal"$ glabrous, lobes subeual corolla white, standard

obovate - obtuse, wings oblong - acute, eels connate at a#e$

stamens #od / - 0 seeded, oblong, acute at bith ends.

Flowering and Fruiting: %a" - Februar".

Status: Vulnerable ')@C< >888+.DESMODI$M

+esmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.

Local name: @).

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: Freuent in deciduous orests at low elevations.

7rect shrubs, branches #ubescent. Leaves s#arsel"

#ubescent above, densel" villous beneath. Flowers white, tinged,lilac. (ods 0 - 9 seeded, slightl" curved, s#arsel" clothed with


46/322

curved hairs.

Flowering and ruiting: *ugust - ecember.

+esmodium heterophyllum (,''.) DC.

Habit: Herb.Habitat: Freuent in wet situations throughout the #lains.

!ir", branched, trailing herb. ooting at nodes stems 38 -

28 cms long, #ilose. Leaves trioliolate Central lea1ets elli#tic-

ovate or obovate, obtuse at a#e$, rounded at base. Flowers #in, /

- 3 together in a$illar" and > - 2 in terminal racemes.

Flowering and ruiting: *ugust - Se#tember.

+esmodium tri,orum (L.)DC.

Local name: ).

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: Drasslands and moist deciduous orests.

!ir", trailing herbs. Lea1ets obovate, truncate or

emarginate at a#e$, cuneate at base. Flowers #in in a$illar"

racemes. (ods straight, 3 - 5 Aointed.

Flowering and ruiting: 6ul" - ecember.+esmodium triquetrum DC.

Local name: B), .

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat:Semi evergreen and moist deciduous orests, also in

the #lains.

*n erect shrub with lea1ets u# to 2-?in. long and triuetrous

stems. Flowers #ur#le, #od a##ressed #ubescent.Flowering and ruiting: Se#tember - =ctober.

PONGAMIA

Pongamia pinnata (L.) P!""!.

Local name: *3.

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: Freuent along roadsides in the midland 4one.

Tree, 2-? m tall. Leaves u# to >> cm long, lea1ets 5 & 9,


47/322


48/322

imbricate, #eltate, ovate-lanceolate, auricled, ciliated along

margins, gland-dotted cal"$ membranous, lobes sub eual, wings

obovate-obtuse, eels curved, oblong-obtuse, connate at base

stamens monadel#hous, anthers dimor#hic #ods 3 - 0 Aointed,strongl" reticulate with retrorsel" barbed bristles.

Flowering and Fruiting: Se#tember & 6anuar".

CAESALPINIACEAE

BA$HINIA

#auhinia purpureaL.Local name: .

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: Common in #lains, oten cultivated.

eciduous trees, bar brown, rough, shallow with vertical

and hori4ontal urrows, brous. Leaves sim#le, bilobed, alternate

lamina suborbicular, base cordate, a#e$ obtuse, margin entire,

glabrous above, slightl" glaucous beneath, coriaceous. Flowers

bise$ual, #ur#le coloured, in a$illar" cor"mbs #edicels slender,

cal"$ tube thin, #ubescent with 5 short lobes #etals 5, oblong

stamens /8, alternate ones short anthers versatile ovar" hal

inerior, sti#itate ovules man" st"le liorm stigma #eltate. (od

1attened, beaed, longitudinall" striate, glabrous seeds oblong.


CAESALPINIA

Caesalpinia mimosoidesLam.

Local name: A07.

Habit: Shrubs.

Habitat: Forest clearings and agricultural lands in #lains.

Stragging shrubs S#ines recurved leaves bi#innate #innae

/5->8 #airs lea1ets /8-/5 #airs, oblong- obtuse, mucronate

racemes terminal cal"$ lobes oblong & obtuse #etals "ellow, sub-

eual stamens /8, lament vilous at base, anthers uniorm #ods


49/322

turgid#ricl" seeds >.

Flowering and Fruiting: ecember - %arch.

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) S#a"-3.

Local name: C1.

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: Cultivated as an ornamental #lant.

Small to medium tree, Leaves com#ound, o##osite,

bi#innate. ;ar "ellowish & green. Flowers terminal on new

growth, erect alternate, 38 - 08 in a long raceme. ;right scarlet

stamens. (etals rilled edged, red with green tinge. Seed #ods

darish brown.Flowering and ruiting: Throughout the "ear.

Caesalpinia sappanL.

Local name: /3, 0D.

Habit: Tree.


Trees, s#arsel" armed with short straight or recurved

#ricles. Leaves bi#innate, alternate sti#ules s#iniorm, rachisslender, #ubescent, #ulvinate #innae /8 - /0 #airs, slender

lea1ets o##osite, subsessile lamina oblong, base obliue, obtuse,

a#e$ obtuse, emarginate, margin entire, glabrous, coriaceous.

Flowers bise$ual, "ellow, in su#ra-a$illar" and terminal racemes

se#als 5, uneual #etals 5, orbicular, subeual, with red s#ot at

the base stamens /8, declinate, densel" wooll" at base ovar"

gre"-velvet". (od obliuel" oblong, blac, glabrous seeds blac,oblong or elli#soid.

CASSIA

Cassia .stula L!

Local name: -.

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: %oist deciduous orests widel" #lanted as

ornamental #lants.

%edium si4ed deciduous tree, lea1ets 0 - 5 #airs, ovate-


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lanceolate, glabrous, racemes droo#ing to /m long. Se#als 5,

#etals "ellow, obovate - orbicular, stamens /8, uneual, onl" 3 - 0

#erect. (ods terete, wood", #endulous.

Flowering and ruiting: %a" - 6ul".Flowers are #o#ularl" used in Hindu religious ceremonies. oot is

used or treating sin diseases, le#ros", tuberculosis.

CHAMAECRISTA

Chamaecrista leschenaultiana (DC.) D!0!".

Habit: @ndershrub.

Habitat: Drass lands and o#en areas in moist deciduous

orests.

7rect undershrub. Dlands on #etioles sessile. Lea1et /2 - >0

#airs, subalcate. Stamens /8. Sti#ules cons#icuous. Flowers

"ellow, su#ra-a$ilar". (od ? - /2 seeded.



51/322

PELTOPHOR$M

Peltophorum pterocarpum(DC.) Ba*k!" ! H!8!.

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: (lanted as ornamental avenue tree.Tree, "oung #arts brown tomentulose. Leaves bi#innate,

alternate, sti#ulate sti#ules small, lateral, cauducous rachis

stout, #ulvinate, brown tomentulose #innae o##osite, #ulvinate,

brown #ubescent lea1ets /0 - 3?, o##osite, esti#ulate lamina

sessile, oblong, base obliuel" truncate, a#e$ obtuse or retuse,

margin entire, glabrous above, #uberulent beneath. Flowers

bise$ual, golden "ellow, in terminal or lateral racemose #anicles

cal"$ lobes 5, ovate, #etals 5, subeual, crinled stamens /8,

laments #ilose at base anthers uniorm stigma #eltate. (od

samaroid, oblong-elli#tic, minutel" tomentulose, longitudinall"

striated seed lenticular, light brown, com#ressed.

SARACA

"araca asoca(Ro6.) ! ,'!.

Local name:G

.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: 7vergreen orests also grown as ornamental trees.

7rect shrubs 3 - 0m tall. Leaves #innate le1ets 0 - 5,

chartaceous, oblong, obtuse at a#e$, narrowed at base. Flowers

orange in a$illar" #anicles. %ostl" cultivated in gardens.

Flowering and ruiting: *#ril & %a". '(late - ))) C+

Status: Vulnerable')@C< >888+.

SENNA

"enna tora (L.) Ro6.

Local name: .

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: !aste lands throughout the #lains.

Small annual shrub. Leaves with subulate glands between

trate lea1ets lea1ets 3 #airs, obovate, obtuse, mucronate.

Flowers 5 - 2, "ellow, small in a$illar" #airs. (ods /8 - >8 cm long,


52/322

curved. Seeds man".

Flowering and ruiting: =ctober - ecember.

Leaves locall" used as remed" or sin diseases.

TAMARIND$STamarindus indica L.

Local name: .

Habit: Tree.


Tree, ? -/5m tall. Leaves long, lea1ets oblong, retuse at

a#e$, narrowed at base. Flowers "ellow in a$illar" racemes.

Flowering and ruiting: 6anuar" - 6une.

Fruits edible cultivated.

MIMOSACEAE

ACACIA

Acacia auriculiformisA. C.

Local name: -.

Habit: Tree.Habitat: Cultivated.

Acacia pennata(L.) ,''.

Local name: H.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: %oist deciduous orests.

(ricl", straggling shrubs #ricles recurved leaves

bi#innate, #innae lea1ets oblong-obtuse #etiole with a largesessile, concave gland near the middle 1owers in #anicled

globose heads cal"$ tube 5 - lobed #etals 5, white, oblong, acute

stamens numerous, e$erted #od thin, 1at, /8 - /0 seeded.


ADENANTHERA

Adenanthera pavonina L.

Local name: H.Habit: Tree.


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eciduous tree bar gre" to reddish-brown, smooth. Leaves

bi#innate, alternate, sti#ulate sti#ules minute, lateral, cauducous

rachis #ulvinate #innae > - 3 #airs, o##osite or rarel"subo##osite, even #innate, grooved above, #ulvinate, #uberulent

lea1ets alternate, esti#ulate lamina oblong, oblong-elli#tic, a#e$

round, emarginate or obtuse and mucronate, margin entire.

Flowers bise$ual, #ale "ellow, clustered in a$illar" s#iciorm

racemes bracts linear cal"$ tube cam#anulate, 5 toothed,

#ubescent #etals 5, connate below, linear-lanceolate, glabrous

stamens /8, laments liorm, alternatel" long and short anthers

oblong, ending in a sti#itate gland ovar" subsessile st"le

liorm stigma sim#le. (od straight to alcate to slightl" twisted,

s#irall" coiled ater dehiscence, thin, se#tate within, a#e$ acute,

glabrous seeds elli#tic-lenticular, gloss", red.

Flowering and Fruiting: 6une & *ugust.

ALBI7IA

Albizia lebbec((L.) B!-h.

Local name: I".

Habit: Tree.


eciduous tree bar surace "ellowish-brown, rough,

dee#l" ssured. Leaves bi#innate, alternate, sti#ulate sti#ules

lateral, cauducous rachis slender, grooved above, with a gland at

its base, glabrous, #ulvinate, #innae glabrous, o##osite, even

#innate lea1ets o##osite, esti#ulate, even #innate, a gland in

between each lea1ets lamina obliuel" oblong, a#e$ obtuse,

margin entire, glabrous above and slightl" #ubescent beneath,

coriaceous midrib towards distal margin, lateral nerves 2 - ?

#airs, #innate, slender, #rominent. Flowers bise$ual, greenish-

white, in subglobose heads, solitar" or > - 0 together in a$illar"

cor"mbose racemes bracts linear, cauducous cal"$ tube unnel-

sha#ed, #ubescent, teeth triangular corolla inundibuliorm,


54/322

greenish, lobes 5, lanceolate, #ubescent without stamens man",

lament tube shorter than corolla tube, laments long e$serted,

green or #in ovar" subsessile, glabrous, st"le liorm stigma

minute. (od 1at, oblong, com#ressed, straw coloured, base anda#e$ obtuse seed ovate, dull dar brown, 1attened.

Flowering and Fruiting: %arch - =ctober.

MIMOSA

'imosa diplotricha C. ,-. & Sa0 - 08, glabrous.Flowers rose - red in #eduncle and globose heads. 3 - 0 seeded,#ricl" along the structures.

Flowering and ruiting: *lmost throughout the "ear. '(late & ))) ;+

ROSACEAE

R$B$S

/ubus ellipticusSm.

Habit: Straggling Shrub.

Habitat: 7vergreen shola and semi evergreen orests.

* large straggling shrub with stiB red hairs and #ricles.

The orange ras#berr" - lie ruit is edible and good. )t can be

made into #reserves.

* number o varieties o Garden /ose are cultivated as


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ornamental #lants.

CRASS$LACEAE

9ALANCHOE

0alanchoe pinnata (Lam.) P!"s.

Local name: ()J, ()0.

Habit: @nder shrub.

Habitat: oc" areas in moist deciduous orests, also in

#lains.

Flesh" undershrubs. Leaves crenate, elli#tic - oblong, obtuse

at both ends. Flowers white in la$ #endulous #anicles.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember & Februar".

RHI7OPHORACEAE

CARALLIA

Carallia brachiata (Lo".) M!"".

Local name: "?.Habit: Tree.

Habitat: Semi evergreen orests, also in the #lains.

(rett", evergreen tree, 5 - 9m. Leaves o##osite, sim#le,

entire, obovate, glabrous. Flowers small, "ellowish-green, in small

heads. Cal"$ ? lobed, glabrous. (etals orbicular, clawed. Stamens

/2. ;erries globose.



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COMBRETACEAE

CALYCOPTERIS

Calycopteris ,oribunda Lam.

Local name: 1.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: %oist deciduous orests also in the #lains.

Straggling shrub. Leaves s#arsel" #ubescent above, densel"

#ubescent beneath, lanceolate, acuminate at a#e$, obtuse at base.

Flowers white in a$illar" and terminal tomentose racemes.

Flowering and ruiting : 6anuar" - %a".

TERMINALIA

Terminalia catappa L.

Local name: KL, .

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: Drown as ornamental trees.

Trees, /8 - /5 meters tall. Leaves crowded at the ends o

branches, obovate, obtuse at a#e$, cordate at base. Flowers white

in a$illar" s#ies.

Flowering and ruiting: =ctober -


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MYRTACEAE

PSIDI$M

Psidium gua1ava L.

Local name: .Habit: Tree.


Trees 0 - 2m tall bar smooth. Leaves #ubescent beneath,

elli#tic or elli#tic- oblong, acute at both ends. Flowers white.

;erries "ellow.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember - 6une.

Commonl" cultivated in #lains or ruits.

SY7YGI$M

"yzygium cumini (L.) Sk!!'s.

Local name: 8".

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: Fairl" common in semi evergreen orests.

Trees /5 & >8 m tall. Leaves chartaceous, ovate - lanceolate,

obtusel" acuminate at a#e$, cuneate at base. Flowers #inish

"ellow in #anicled c"mes. Fruits oblong #ur#le.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember & *ugust.

7ndemic to Southern !estern Dhats

Fruits edible, used against diabetes and bladder stones.

"yzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC.

Local name: M/>.

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: ;ans o streams in evergreen orests.

Trees, 9-/>m tall. Leaves ovate- lanceolate, rounded at base.

Flowers white in #anicled c"mes. Fruits white, globose. Fruits

edible.

Flowering and ruiting: Se#tember & 6une. '(late & +


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MELASTOMATACEAE

MELASTOMA

'elastoma malabathricum L.

Local name: , ), -.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: *bundant in moist deciduous orest.

7rect, branched shrubs stems scar". Leaves ribbed,

scabrous on both the suraces, ovate or elli#tic, acute at both

ends. Flowers #in in terminal #anicles. Ca#sules irregularl"

dehiscing.

Flowering and ruiting: *#ril & 6une. '(late & ))) +

Fruits edible.

MEMECYLON

'emecylon randerianum SM & MR A'm!a.

Local name:


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LYTHRACEAE

LAGERSTROEMIA

agerstroemia speciosa (L.) P!"s.

Local name: M:.Habit: Tree.

Habitat: Semi ever green and evergreen orests, #lanted as

avenue tree.

Tree, - />m tall. Leaves chartaceous, elli#tic-oblong,

acuminate at a#e$, acute at base. Flowers #in in terminal

branched racemes.

Flowering and ruiting: %arch & *#ril. '(late & ))) 7+

Timber used or urniture.

ONAGRACEAE

L$D,IGIA

ud&igia perennis L.

Local name: A.-


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a$illar", solitar".

Fruits edible.

CARICACEAECARICA

Carica papaya L.

Local name: /


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emale solitar", ruits oblong.

Flowering and ruiting: *#ril - 6une. '(late & ))) F+

AI7OACEAEGLIN$S

Glinus oppositifolius (L.) DC.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: =#en areas, lae shores, stream bans.

(rostrate or diBused herbs leaves in a##arent whorls o 3-5,

obovate - s#athulate 1owers in a$illar" ascicles te#als 5, green,

with white margin oblong-obtuse stamens 5 ovar" 3-celled st"les

3, recurved ca#sule oblong, loculicidal seeds numerous,

reniorm, tubercled with a #air o uneual, white hilar

a##endages.

Flowering and ruiting: Februar" & %a".

MOLL$GO

'ollugo pentaphylla L.

Local name: ./P1.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: *long bans o streams and in moist and dr"

deciduous orests.

*scending herbs leaves whorled, subsessile, obovate-

obtuse, base attenuate, u##er leaves oten elli#tic-lanceolate

1owers white in terminal, la$ #anicles te#als 5, ovate-acute

stamens 3 st"le 3, short ca#sule loculicidal, 3-valved seeds

reniorm, areolate.

Flowering and ruiting: 6ul".

APIACEAE

CENTELLA

Centella asiatica (L.) $"6a.

Local name: &3, 0Q.


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Habit: Trailing herb.

Habitat: Common in marsh" #laces.

Trailing herb, rooting at nodes, leaves orbicular - reniorm,

crenate, cordate at base. Flowers dull, reddish in umbels. Fruitscom#ressed.

Flowering and ruiting: 6ul" - *ugust.

R$BIACEAE

CANTHI$M

Canthium angustifolium Ro6.

Local name:07

.

Habit: *rmed shrub.

Habitat: %oist deciduous , semi evergreen and ever green

orests.

7rect armed shrub. Leaves elli#tic - lanceolate, obtusel"

lanceolate - acuminate at a#e$ rounded at base. Flowers white.

Flowering and ruiting: %arch & *#ril. '(late & ) ;+

Canthium coromandelicum (N. B"m.) A's-o.

Local name: 07.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: %oist and dr" deciduous orests, also in sacred

groves.

*rmed shrub or small tree 1owering branches usuall" with

out s#ines leaves ovate - acuminate, base rounded sti#ules

triangular, acuminate 1owers in ew-1owers a$illar" c"mes cal"$

minutel" our lobed corolla greenish white, tube short, lobes as

long as the tube, ovate - acute, re1e$ed stamens our, dru#e

obcordate, did"mous.

Flowering and ruiting: 6une & Se#etember.


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CHASALIA

Chasalia curvi,ora (,a''.) Th#.

Local name: "7$2.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: Fairl" common in evergreen orest.

Shrub. Leaves membraneous, elli#tic, obovate or linear -

oblong, acute, acuminate or cus#idate at a#e$, cuneate at base.

1owers sessile, reddish white in terminal c"mes. ruits

did"namous, smooth.

Flowering and ruiting: %arch & Se#tember. '(late & ))) D+

HEDYOTIS

Hedyotis corymbosa(L.) Lam.

Local name: /P1.

Habit: Herb

Habitat: Cultivated elds and wastelands.

7rect or diBused branched herbs, sometimes rooting at

nodes. Leaves scabrous, elli#tic-lanceolate acute at both ends.

Flowers white, long #edicelled. Ca#sule globose, glabrous.

Flowering and ruiting: 6ul" -


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I/ORA

3$ora coccinia L.

Local name: .

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat:)n the #lains.

Large shrub, 3 - 0 m length. Leaves elli#tic - ovate,

olivegreen when dr", acute at a#e$, rounded or cordate at base.

Flowers in dense sessile cor"mbiorm c"mes. Cal"$ 0 - toothed,

corolla tube > - 0cm long, stamens 0.

Flowering and ruiting: =ctober. '(late & ))) H+

3$ora cuncifolia Ro6.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: 7vergreen orests.

Shrub, leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, 1owers

#in with "ellowish tinch in s#reading cor"mbs. Cal"$ #ubescent.

Corolla lobes glabrous.

Flowering and ruiting: 6anuar" & %a".

7ndemic to (eninsular )ndia.

MITRACARP$S

'itracarpus villosus (S#a"-3) DC.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: egraded moist deciduous orests and waste lands.

7rect, #ubescent herb, leaves sessile, ovate or elli#tic,

basall" veined, veins im#ressed sti#ules orming a #ectinate

sheath 1owers in dense, a$illar", sessile, ca#itate clusters

bracteoles liorm cal"$ lobes our, sub eual, corolla white, lobes

our, shorter, ovate-acute, stamens our sessile, at the mouth o

the corolla ca#sules circumcissile, seeds >, urrowed on one side.

Flowering and ruiting: *ugust -


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M$SSAENDA

'ussaenda bellilaB*h. + Ham.

Local name: "7).

Habit: Shrub.Habitat: %oist deciduous and semi ever green orests and

also in the #lains.

Shrub. Leaves broadl" ovate, abru#tl" acuminate at a#e$.

Sti#ules hair" outside bid teeth curved. Flowers reddish "ellow,

in densl" hirsute c"mes. =ne cal"$ lobe transormed into a show"

#etaloid bract. ;erries obovoid.

Flowering and ruiting: 6ul".

7ndemic to !estern Dhats.

'ussaendasinclude medium to tall shrubs, ver" show" and

striingl" handsome, with ovate or lanceolate corrugated sot

leaves, mostl" covered with sot hair. The true 1ower is tubular,

star-lie, "ellow, orange, cream or white.The striing eature is

the e$#anded ovate or obovate se#als o the 1owers.

PA%ETTA

Pavetta tomentosa Ro6.

Local name: ".

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: Semi ever green orests, also in the #lains.

Shrub, 3 - 5 m tall "oung branches tomentose. Leaves

s#arsel" #uberulous above, tomentose beneath, elli#tic-lanceolate,

ovate or oblanceolate, acute or acuminate at a#e$. Flowers#inish-white in terminal cor"mbiorm sessile c"mes. Fruits

globose, green.

Flowering and ruiting: 6anuar" - *#ril.

PSYCHOTRIA

Psychotria ,avida Ta'6o-.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat:@ndergrowth o evergreen orests.Shrub. Leaves acuminate at a#e$, acute or cuneate at base.


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Flowers white. Fruits elli#soid, smooth.

Flowering and ruiting: %arch & %a". '(late & ) *+

7ndemic to Southern !estern Dhats.

SPERMACOCE

"permacoce articularis L.

Local name: .".

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: Drass lands and dr" deciduous orests, also in the

#lains.

(rocumbent, branched his#id herb. Leaves sessile, scabrous,

elli#tic, acute at a#e$, cuneate at base, 1owers white in a$illar"

ascicles, bracteoles ew, liorm.

Flowering and ruiting: 6une - ecember.

"permacoce latifolia (A6'.) S*hm.

Local name: /P1.

Habit: herb.

Habitat: *bundant in cultivated elds, es#eciall" in coconut

#lantations.

Trailing herb stem villous. Leaves sessile, strigose, ovate,

acute at a#e$, cuneate at base. Flowers white, ascicled in a$ils o

leaves. Fruits densel" strigose.

Flowering and ruiting: 6une &


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Habitat: *bundant and oten troublesome in tea, coBee and

other #lantations.

7rect herb, strong-scented. Leaves ovate, crenate, #etioled

o##osite or the u##er alternate. (ale blue 1owers. Heads in densecor"mbs or #anicles. )nvolucre com#anulate bracts linear,

subeual. ece#tacle nearl" 1at, naed or with caducous scales.

Corolla tubular, eual, regular, 5-clet. *nthers a##endaged, base

obtuse. St"le arms elongate, obtuse. *chenes blac, 5-angled,

glabrous or the angles slightl" his#id #a##us o 5 ree or connate

#alaeceous scales, broad and lacerate towards the base, aristate

at a#e$ or o /8 ->8 narrow, uneual scales.

Flowering and ruiting: Throughout the "ear.

BIDENS

#idens pilosa L.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: !eed in allow elds and waste lands.

Herbs. Leaves 3 - oliolate, lea1ets ovate to elli#tic -

lanceolate, middle one larger, serrate heads solitar" or #aired,

heterogamous, ra"ed #eduncle u#to 0 cm long, #h"llaries

multiseriate, margin hair" ra" 1orets emale, "ellow or white

disc 1orets bise$ual, "ellow achenes ?mm long, 0 - angled

#a##us o > - 0, retrorsel" barbellate awns.

Flowering and ruiting: 6une & ecember. '(late & ) 7+

CHROMOLAENA

Chromolaena odorata (L.) 90 & Ro6so.

Local name: R .

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: *long road sides and waste lands and also in #lains.

Straggling shrubs. leaves #uberulous above, #ubescent

beneath, ovate, dee#l" dentate, acuminate at a#e$, cuneate at

base. Florets bluish white in terminal cor"mbose ca#itula.

*chenes blacish, 0 - 5 ribbed, scabrid #a##us white.


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Flowering and ruiting: ecember & Februar".

ECLIPTA

5clipta prostrata (L.) L. Ma-.

Local name: S, .Habit: Herb.

Habitat: *t elevations, in waste #laces and on roadsides.

Herbs, stems red rooting at nodes, #ilose. Leaves entire or

obscurel" serrate, elli#tic & ovate, acute at a#e$, cuneate at base.

Flowers white, a$illar". *chenes s#arcel" #ubescent at ti#.

Flowering and ruiting: *ll seasons.

ELEPHANTOP$S5lephantopus scaber L.

Local name: T".

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: %oist deciduous orests, also in the #lains.

Sca#igerous herb leaves in a basal rosette, oblanceolate -

obtuse, coarsel" serrate, strigose on both suraces heads > - 5

1owered, aggregated to/ - 9 dense, non-ra"ed #seudoheads on the

sca#e subtended b" 3 lea" bracts 1orets homogamous, blue,

rarel" white #h"llaries biseriate, green, lanceolate achenes

oblong, /8 ribbed #a##us uniseriate, stiB, setose hair".

Flowering and ruiting: =ctober - 6anuar".

ootstoc is ver" stout, and is used in )ndian herbal medicine.

EL$THERANTHERA

5lutheranthera rudralis (S#.) S*h.+B.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: egraded moist deciduous orests, also in the

#lains.

EMILIA

5milia sonchifolia (L.) DC.Local name: 0


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Habit: Herb.

Habitat: r" and moist deciduous orests, also in the #lains.

Herbs. Leaves #ubescent beneath, irregularl" dissected,

terminal #art triangular. Flowers #in in terminal ca#itula.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember & Februar". '(late & ) C+

SPILANTHES

"pilanthes calva DC.

Local name: ", ,.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: %arsh" areas.

*scending herbs leaves ovate, obtuse or acute, base

truncate or obtuse, serrate heads homogamous, solitar", a$illar"

#h"llaries biseriate, #ubescent #alea concave 1orets "ellow, all

tubular achenes com#ressed, glabrous.



71/322


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TRIDA/

Trida$ procumbens L.

Local name: &U/, V-3 seriate, outer

herbaceous, inner scarious, #inish. *chenes turbinate, sil"-

villous, #a##us bristles, #lumose.

Flowering and ruiting: *ll seasons. '(late & ) +

%ERNONIA

ernonia cinerea(L.) L!ss.

Local name: M"W%.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: Common in cultivated lands and secondar" orests.

7rect or decumbent herb. Leaves #ubescent, obscurel"

dentate, ovate, obtuse at a#e$, cuneate at base. Flowers white in

terminal cor"mbose ca#itula. *chenes blacish with an inner long

and outer short ring o #a##us.

Flowering and ruiting: Throughout the "ear.

,EDDELIA

%eddelia chinensis (Os6!*k.) M!"".

Local name: -S.

Habit: (rocumbent herbs.

Habitat: Common in moist areas near streams in coastal

4one.

(rocumbent herbs, leaves entire or serrate, s#arsel" his#id,

oblanceolate, acute and a#iculate at a#e$, attenuate at base.

Florets "ellow in terminal ca#itula.

Flowering and ruiting: *ugust - %arch.


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Leaves used in the #re#aration o hairoil #owdered #lants

mi$ed with sugar given or #romoting digestion and a#etite.

Gynura aurantiaca4an ornamental #lant,o this amil", is a

striingl" #rett" small oliage shrub with shallowl" lobed leaves

green above and #ur#le below with same coloured hair, soter

than velvet. The leaves turned in diBerent directions give a lovel"

eBect o green, #ur#le and red.

SAPOTACEAE

CHRYSOPHYLL$MChrysophyllum cainito L.

Local name: -.

Habit: Tree.

Habitat: =ten cultivated in gardens and avenues.

Tree, >8 - >5m tall. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at

a#e$, narrowed at base. Flowers greenish-white in a$illar"

clusters. Fruits "ellowish, globose.Flowering and ruiting:


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OLEACEAE

MY/OPYR$M

'y$opyrum smilacifolium (,a''.) B'm!

Local name: 601.

Habit: Shrub

Habitat: Semi evergreen and evergreen orests and sacred

groves.

6asminum sps!are cultivated as ornamental #lants which

includes climbing, semi-climbing and erect shrubs with #earl-

white or #ure white 1owers.

APOCYANACEAE

ALSTONIA

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. B".

Local name: X>)).

Habit: Trees.

Habitat: %oist deciduous orests and sacred groves and also

in the #lains.Trees, /> - /5 meter tall. Leaves coriaceous, cuneate at

base. Flowers white in umbellate c"mes. Follicles narrow,

#endulous seeds #a#illose.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember - Februar".

ALLAMANDA

Allamanda cathartica L.

Local name: +".Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: Freuentl" grown in gardens in the #lains.

Laticierous, scandent shrubs leaves whorled, elli#tic-

oblong, acuminate, base attenuate, coriaceous 1owers in short,

terminal c"mes #edicel short cal"$ lobes 5, uneual, oblong &

acute corolla large, "ellow, unnel- sha#ed, tube dilated above the

base, lobes 5, suborbicular, twisted to let in bud, throat densel"villous stamens included, stigma ovoid with a basal ring lie


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a##endage.

Flowering and ruiting: Throughout the "ear. '(late & *+

er" common ornamental #lant in gardens, seen in seldom

ruits.


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Climbing shrub stems rust" villous. Leaves villous, u##er

ovate - elli#tic, acute at both ends. Flowers white in terminal

#anicles.

Flowering and ruiting: 6anuar" & *#ril./auvol.a serpantina(L.) B!-h.

Local name: Y, E/5Z.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: %oist deciduous orests, also in the #lains.

7rect shrubs. Leaves s#arcel" #ubescent above when "oung,

glabrous beneath, elli#tic - lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate

at a#e$, cuneate at base. Flowers in a$illar" c"mes #eduncles

#ubescent.

er" rare in natural habitats. Cultivated or medicinal use.

Flowering and ruiting: %a" - *ugust. '(late & C+

TABERNAEMONTANA

Tabernaemontana heyneana,a''.

Local name: ).

Habit: Shrub.

* small tree with stout wood" resinous branches, oblong or

obovate coriaceous leaves with about >8 main nerves at right

angles to the mid rib and meeting in loo#s, im#ressed above.

Flowers large, white with a "ellow tube ollicles 0 - 5 in long, / - >

inches broad, orange "ellow.

7ndemic to Southern !estern ghats.

Status:Lower risk, Near threatened ')@C< >888+.

Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. B".

Local name: .

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: %ostl" cultivated as garden #lants.

Shrub, 0 - 2m tall. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate,

acuminate at a#e$, narrowed at base. Flowers white in a$illar"

c"mes. Fruits s#indle sha#ed, divaricate.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember & %arch.


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NERI$M

)erium odorumSo'.

Local name: .

Habit: Shrub.Habitat:=rnamental.

* glabrous erect shrub. Goung shoots greenish, thin, brown,

emitting uantities o mil" Auice when cut. Leaves o##osite,

linear-lanceolate, ta#ering at both ends, thic, coriaceous with a

thic midrib, decurrent at the base #etiole thic. Flowers

arranged in terminal #anicles, #in or white single or double,

ragrant #eduncles and #edicels minutel" #ubescent bracts

small. Seeds small each to##ed b" a tut o hairs.

Flowering and Fruiting: Throughout the "ear.

This shrub is considered as EThe Dlor" o the DardensE in

.5 times as much

#oison in


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corolla #in, lobes ovate, s#reading corona laterall" com#ressed,

basall" incurved ollicles elli#soid seeds with sil" coma.

Flowering and ruiting: ecember - 6une.

)t is widel" used in *"urvedic medicines. The late$ is believed tobe acrid.

,ATTA9A9A

%atta(a(a volubilis (L. f.) S-af.

Local name: "---.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: Common in coastal 4ones.

Dlabrous twining shrubs. Leaves ovate, acuminate at a#e$,cordate at base. Flowers #ale "ellow in a$illiar", #endulus umbels.

Follicles wood".

Flowering and ruiting: %arch & *ugust.

PERIPLOCACEAE

HEMIDESM$S

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.B".Local name: A, 2.

Habit: Shrub.

Habitat: eciduous orests and #lantations, also in the

#lains.

(erennial, #rostrate or twining undershrub root stocs

aromatic. Leaves linear- lanceolate to elli#tic, ver" variable,

a#iculate mottled with white above. Flowers "ellowish with

#inish tinge. Cal"$ glabrous. Corolla lobes ovate-acute, thic.

Follicles two, divaricate, slender.


oots are tonic and are said to be an e$cellent substitute or

Sarsa#arilla. '(late & 7+

Asclepias currassavicaL. is grown as an ornamental #lant.

'(late & +


79/322


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LOGANIACEAE

STRYCHNOS

"trychnos nu$-vomicaL.

Local name: .Habit: Tree.

Habitat: %oist and dr" deciduous orests, also in sacred

groves.

eciduous trees bar rough, dar leaves o##osite, broadl"

elli#tic-acute, basall" 3 - 5 nerved, glabrous, coriaceous 1owers in

a$illar" c"mes cal"$ minutel" 5 lobed corolla greenishwhite, tube

c"lindric, lobes 5, rounded stamens 5 berries large, globose,

thic-walled, orange-red when ri#e seeds man", disciod, shining

gre".

Flowering and ruiting: d ca#sule elli#soid.

Flowering and ruiting: *ll seasons. '(late & ) ;+

BORAGINACEAE

Heliotropium indicumL.Local name: -.


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82/322

with a dar #ur#le e"e ca#sule ovoid seeds densel" #ubescent.

Flowering and ruiting: Se#tember - 6anuar".

3pomoea mauritiana1a*2.

Local name: 06-.Habit: Climber.

Habitat: Semi-evergreen orests.

Climber with large tuberous ta# roots leaves alternate,

orbicular digitatel" 5-9 lobed, more than hal wa" down, glabrous

#etiole to cm long 1owers in a$illar" c"mes #eduncle to />cm

#edicel >cm se#als ovate-obtuse, concave, glabrous corolla #in,

unnel-sha#ed 5-lobed laments uneual ovar" and st"le

glabrous ca#sule ovoid, 0-celled seeds wooll".

Flowring and Fruiting: Se#tember -


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MERREMIA

'erremia tridentata (L.) Ha''. f.

Local name: "


84/322

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: egraded orests and waste #laces.

7rect, Dlabrous herbs. Leaves ovate, acute, sinuate or

toothed, rounded at base. Flowers "ellow, solitar". Cal"$ hair",lobes triangular, acute. Filaments hair" at base. ;erries enclosed

in the bladder-lie cal"$.

Flowering and Fruiting: 6ul". '(late & H+

SOLAN$M

"olanum torvum S#.

Local name: _.

Habit: (ricl" shrub.

Habitat: egraded orest areas and also in the #lains.

(ricl" shrub, stellate tomentose. Leaves ovate - oblong,

sinuate or lobed, acute or acuminate at a#e$, uneuall" cordate at

base. Flowers white, #ubescent in lateral c"mes. ;erries red,

subglobose or obovoid.



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LINDERNIA

indernia antipoda (L.) A's-o.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: Sides o streams, reservoirs and marsh" areas.Dlabrous, diBuse herbs, rooting at lower nodes leaves

elli#tic, acute or obtuse, sessile 1owers solitar", a$illar" or in

terminal racemes cal"$ lobes 5, lanceolate corolla bluish-#ur#le,

"ellow at the throat stamens >, staminodes > ca#sule linear,

much longer than the cal"$.

Flowering and ruiting: 6ul" - ecember.

SCOPARIA

"coparia dulcis L.

Local name: `:-.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: !aste lands.

7rect branched herb. Leaves o##osite or whorled, elli#tic-

lanceolate, serrate. Flowers small, white, a$illar". Cal"$ dee#l" 0

#artate, corolla rotate, 0 lobed, throat bearded. Stamens 0.Ca#sules globose, enclosed in the cal"$. Seeds scrobiculate.

Flowering and Fruiting: %a" -


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BIGNONIACEAE

TECOMA

Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.9.

Habit: Herbs or undershrubs.Habitat: =rnamental.

* large shrub sometimes reaching the si4e o a small tree.

The leaves are o##osite, com#ound and odd #innate. Lea1ets

o##osite, ovate-oblong to lanceolate in sha#e. The new leaves are

a beautiul gloss" green. The 1owers are borne in large terminal

#anicles and are ragrant. The ca#sules are #roduced during the

cold weather and remain hanging or a long time on the #lant.

PEDALIACEAE

PEDALI$M

Pedalium mure$ L.

Local name: 8.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: !astelands.

Succulent herb. Leaves glabrous, ovate, margin irregularl"

lobed, obtuse at a#e$, truncate at base. Flowers blue, solitar",

a$illar". Fruits s#inescent, trigonal, green.

Flowering and ruiting: 6une - ecember.

SESAM$M

"esamum orientale L.

Local name:,7

.

Habit: Herb.


7rect annual herb stem 0-angled, #ubescent lower leaves

large, digitatel" lobed, u##er entire 1owers a$illar", solitar",

white or #in cal"$ 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate corolla bilabiate,

stamens 0 ca#sule oblong, beaed, densel" #ubescent seeds

blac, smooth.


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Flowering and ruiting: Se#tember & %arch. '(late & e+

!idel" cultivated as an oil cro#.

ACANTHACEAE

ANDROGRAPHIS

Andrographis paniculata(B"m. f.) ,a''.

Local name:


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BARLERIA

#arleria prionitis L.

Local name: K.

Habit: Shrub.Habitat:r" deciduous orests and scrub Aungles.

* much - branched, usuall" #ricl" shrub u# to 3 m tall, with

whitish stems and rounded branches. Leaves o##osite, elli#tic,

acuminate, lineolate, bristle-ti##ed, entire, glabrous above, "oung

leaves oten #ubescent beneath. Flowers orange-"ellow or cream-

coloured, sessile, borne in a$illar" oliaceous bristle-ti##ed bracts.

Fruits ovoid with a ta#ering bea, > seeded.

)nduces #ers#iration 'bar Auice+ antise#tic '#lant+ e$#ectorant

'bar Auice+.

BLEPHARIS

#lepharis maderaspatensis(L.) H!8! ! Ro-h.

Local name: 4%.

Habit: Herb.

Habitat: r" deciduous orests and #lains.

(rostrate herb stems sericeous. Leaves #uberulous above,

glaucous beneath, entire or serrate, ovate or obovate, acute and

mucronate at a#e$, cuneate at base. Flowers white with "ellow

s#ots and #in striations at the throat o the lower li#.

Flowering and ruiting: cm

long. Ca#sules #a#er", villous at a#e$.

Flowering and ruiting: *ugust & %arch. '(late & ) +


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STROBILANTH$S

"trobilanthus ciliatus N!!s.

Local name: W2.

Habit: Shrub.Habitat: 7vergreen and semi evergreen orests.

Shrub, reaching 0 eet in height, Leaves elli#tic, acuminate,

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A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE FLORA, FAUNA AND PHYSICAL RESOURCES OF MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY CAMPUS