A preliminary Checklist and diversity of Avifauna in ...xajzkjdx.cn/gallery/188-april2020.pdf · productivity (Manikannan et al. 2012). Both natural and artificial wetlands, support

A preliminary Checklist and diversity of Avifauna in Theroor Wetland,

Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India

Anandh Prasanth M1, Dr. S. Asokan2

1Research Scholar, Department of Zoology and Wildlife Biology, A.V.C College,

Mayiladuthurai, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India.

2Principal (Retd) Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology and

Wildlife Biology,A.V.C. College (Autonomous), Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Presently Controller of Examinations, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and

Technology, Tanjore, TN.

Abstract

Wetlands are integral to a healthy environment. The diversity of Birds in wetlands is

intermediary zones between permanently aquatic and dry terrestrial eco-systems. The present

study is conducted to make a preliminary checklist to birds of Theroor wetland, Kanyakumari,

Tamil nadu. A total of 73 species belonging to 33 families have been documented during the

present study. Major birds of study belong to the feeding guild Carnivores with 23 species. The

seasonal distribution of birds suggest Theroor wetland provide good habitat for the winter

visitors like Garganey, Northern Shoveler, Eurasian Wigeon, Northern Pintail, Common Teal.

Keywords: Wetlands, Kanyakumari, Seasonal Distribution, Feeding guild, Migratory birds.

Introduction

Birds have been described as feathered biped, warm-blooded vertebrate animals, whose

temperature remains constant and independent of the surrounding temperature (Ali 2002). Of

1318 bird species found in India (Praveen et al. 2016), 310 species are known to be dependent

on wetlands (Kumar et al. 2005; Kumar & Gupta 2009, 2013).

India has totally 27403 wetlands which cover an area of about 58.2 million hectares

(Prasad et al. 2002) of which 23444 are inland wetlands and remaining 3959 are coastal

wetlands (Rajakumar 2012). In Tamil Nadu it was estimated that 31 natural wetlands covering

an area of 58,068 hectares and 20,030 manmade wetlands with an area of 201,132 hectares

(Venkatraman 2005).

Birds are commonly used as surrogates of biodiversity owing to the wide availability

of relevant data on their distribution and status (Gregory et al. 2003; Gregory 2006; Eglington

et al. 2012). which use wetland as a source of drinking water and for feeding, resting, shelter,

and social interactions (Rajpar & Zakaria, 2011).

Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology

Volume XII, Issue IV, 2020

ISSN No : 1006-7930

Page No: 1971

Wetlands are transitional zones between permanently aquatic and dry terrestrial eco-

systems. According to the Ramsar convention, wetlands are “… areas of marsh, fen, peatland

or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or

flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide

does not exceed six metres.” (Ramsar Convention, 1971, Article 1.1).

Wetlands and water birds are inseparable elements, the water birds occupy several

trophic levels in the food web of wetland nutrient cycles (Rajashekara & Venkatesha 2010).

Assemblage of bird species density, diversity, richness and relative abundance in a habitat are

affected by various factors like food availability, water level, quality of water, the size and the

abiotic factors in the wetland (Manikannan 2011; Paracuellos 2006; Jaksic 2004; Lagos et al.

2008).

Wetlands are the main custodians of the water birds (Weller 1999; Stewart 2001). As

they attract huge number of migratory and resident bird due to high nutritional value and

productivity (Manikannan et al. 2012).

Both natural and artificial wetlands, support a high diversity of resident and migrant

waterbirds (Amezaga et al. 2002). They are the most threatened habitats and are considered to

be the most important to be conserved, and they provide for the most endangered taxa

(Costanza et al. 1997; Junk et al. 2013).

Anthropogenic activities like discharging of domestic sewage, discharging of industrial

effluent, dumping of solid waste, over exploitation of their natural resources and conversion of

wetlands in to barren lands are the major factor for the loss of biodiversity (Ramachandra

2006).

Kanyakumari District is located towards the southern tip of the Indian peninsula and

therefore provide critical wintering habitats for many migrant species (Abhisheka et al. 2012).

Previous studies like diversity of birds in Theroor pond I and pond II which consists of 25 and

28 species respectively (Vijayan et al. 2006). The studies conducted by earlier workers

documented limited number of birds of the study site. Hence this study focus on preparing a

preliminary checklist to the Theroor wetland with seasonal distribution of birds.



ISSN No : 1006-7930

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Materials and Methods

Study Area

Fig: 1 Satellite view of the Study area – Theroor Wetland

Fig: 2 Study area – Theroor Wetland



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The Theroor wetlands (8°10′45″N 77°27′45″E) is a part of Suchindram Theroor Birds

Sanctuary, situated near Suchindram town in Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India. It is a

protected area comprising an area of about 419acres. The local people were extensively using

this wetland for irrigation and it Ayacut is about 2728 acres. The study area is surrounded by

paddy field and human habitation, it underlies the southernmost continental range of the

Central Asian Flyway. This area is considered as Important Bird Area (Code No. IN279).

Bird surveys were conducted at twice in month, in Theroor Bird Sanctuary from Aug

2018 to July 2019. Birds were counted by the “direct count” and “total count” methods (Bibby

et al. 2000). In “direct count” method a suitable vantage point was selected and all the visible

birds were counted. Another method “total count” was used wherever possible, by walking

around the wetlands or from specific vantage points to count the birds. Systematically this

survey was conducted in morning around 6.00 hrs to 10.00 hrs. Birds were recognised in the

field by using Nikon (12x50 mm) binoculars. Photographs were taken to identify the birds

whenever possible and the bird’s identification is confirmed using standard field guides like

Birds of the Indian subcontinent and Birds of Southern India (Grimmett & Inskipp 1999;

Grimmett & Inskipp 2007) were used for field identification. The study area, experiencing sub-

tropical climate, has four seasons: Monsoon (June– Sept), Post-Monsoon (Oct–Dec), Summer

(Mar-May) and the Winter (Jan-Feb).

The birds were categorized based on the migratory status into Resident (R), Winter

Migrant (WM) and Local Migrant (R/M). Based on the feeding guild the birds were categorized

into Herbivore (HR), Piscivore (PI), Omnivore (OM), Insectivore (IN), Frugivore (FR) and

Carnivore (CA) following Ali and Ripley (1987). The statistical analysis Species Diversity,

Dominance, Pielou’s Evenness and Margalef Richness was done using MS-Excel 2010 and

Past3.

Result and Discussion

Table 1, shows that 73 species of birds were encountered in the Theroor wetlands,

Kanyakumari District from Aug 2018 to July 2019. belonging to genera, 33 families under 14

orders were recorded from as per the IUCN Category, 4 species are classified as Near

threatened and the remaining 69 species, Least concern (Figure 5). The current study revealed

that, the 73 species in Theroor Wetland supports 8% Winter Migrants, 30% Resident/Migrants

(Local migrants) and 62% of the species as resident (Figure 4).



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Fig. 3 Feeding Guild of Birds in Theroor Wetland

The migrant species includes species such as Garganey, Northern Shoveler, Eurasian

Wigeon, Northern Pintail, Common Teal, Cotton Teal and Western Marsh Harrier. Residents

birds include Near Threatened species like Black-headed Ibis. Local Migrants include Near

Threatened species include Painted Stork, Spot-billed Pelican and Oriental Darter. In the

present study, 33 families were documented during the entire study period in Theroor wetland

(Table 1). Among them, Anatidae was the dominant family with 9 species, followed by

Ardeidae (8 species), Accipitridae (5 species), Rallidae (5 species) Alcedinidae (3 species) and

Motacillidae (3 species).

Fig: 4 Migratory Status of the Birds in Theroor Wetland

23

23

7

13

21

15

7

0

5

10

15

20

25

CA FR GR HR IN NE NE/FR OM PI

No

. of

Ind

ivid

ual

s

Feeding Guild

45, 62%

22, 30%

6, 8%

R

R/M

WM



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The Guild-wise analysis of the 73 species shows that 23 species of birds are Carnivores,

15 species are Omnivores, 13 species are Insectivores, 7 species are Herbivores and Piscivores

each (Figure 3).

Fig: 5 IUCN Status of the Birds in Theroor Wetland

Fig: 6 WPA Status of the Birds in Theroor Wetland

As shown in Fig. 6 Maximum species falls under Schedule IV (92%), followed by

Schedule I (7%) and Schedule V (1%). The diversity analysis (Table 2), reveals maximum

species was observed during the month of January (69) and March (69) and it is followed by

November (67), December (67), October (66) and May (66). The Shannon-wiener diversity,

Simpson Reciprocal index and Evenness was maximum during the month of August. Margalef

LC, 69, 95%

NT, 4, 5%

LC

NT

7%

92%

1%

Sch-I

Sch-IV

Sch-V



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Richness was maximum during the month of January and it is followed by March, May and

July. The seasonal diversity study (Table 3), reveals that the maximum species was observed

during Post-Monsoon (71 species), Winter (71 species), Summer (71 species) and it is followed

by Monsoon (61 species). The Shannon wiener diversity was maximum during the summer

season (3.419). Evenness was maximum during the Monsoon season and Margalef richness

was maximum during the winter season as it harbours large number of migratory birds to the

wetland.

Vijayan et al. 2006 in their study, reported good population of Near threatened Species

like Spot-billed pelican, Painted stork and Oriental darter. In the past decades, the population

of little cormorant, cattle egret and Garganey population was declining due to the

anthropogenic activity and over growth of aquatic weeds. The rapid decrease in wetland

reduced the stop over sites of the migratory birds, which lead to the protection of wetlands for

the migrants as well as resident birds (Prasad et al. 2004).

It is a fact that, if the quality of wetland habitat is substantially reduced, populations of

wetland dependent birds in the area also can be expected to decrease. One of the best-known

functions of wetlands is to provide a habitat for birds, which act as a surrogate for biodiversity

and Wetland ecosystem. So, it may be suggested that drastic steps must be taken to preserve

wetlands and to save wetland birds.

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(2004). Inland wetlands of India, Conservation Atlas. Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology

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Table: 1 Checklist to the Birds of Theroor Wetland during the study period Aug 2018 to July 2019

SI.No Order Family Common Name Scientific Name IUCN

Category

WPA

Sch

Foragin

g Guild

Migrator

y Status

1 Anseriformes Anatidae Lesser Whistling

Duck

Dendrocygna javanica LC Sch-

IV

HR R

2 Anseriformes Anatidae Garganey Spatula querquedula LC Sch-

IV

OM WM

3 Anseriformes Anatidae Northern Shoveler Spatula clypeata LC Sch-

IV

OM WM

4 Anseriformes Anatidae Eurasian Wigeon Mareca penelope LC Sch-

IV

HR WM

5 Anseriformes Anatidae Indian Spot-billed

Duck

Anas poecilorhyncha LC Sch-

IV

HR R

6 Anseriformes Anatidae Northern Pintail Anas acuta LC Sch-

IV

OM WM

7 Anseriformes Anatidae Common Teal Anas crecca LC Sch-

IV

HR WM

8 Anseriformes Anatidae Comb Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos LC Sch-

IV

HR R

9 Anseriformes Anatidae Cotton Teal Nettapus

coromandelianus

LC Sch-

IV

OM WM

10 Podicipediformes Podicipedidae Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis LC Sch-

IV

CA R

11 Columbiformes Columbidae Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis LC Sch-

IV

GR R

12 Caprimulgiforme

s

Apodidae Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis LC Sch-

IV

IN R

13 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis LC Sch-

IV

CA R

14 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Asian Koel Eudynamys

scolopaceus

LC Sch-

IV

OM R



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15 Gruiformes Rallidae White-breasted

Waterhen

Amaurornis

phoenicurus

LC Sch-

IV

OM R

16 Gruiformes Rallidae Watercock Gallicrex cinerea LC Sch-

IV

HR R

17 Gruiformes Rallidae Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio LC Sch-

IV

OM R

18 Gruiformes Rallidae Common

Moorhen

Gallinula chloropus LC Sch-

IV

OM R

19 Gruiformes Rallidae Common Coot Fulica atra LC Sch-

IV

HR R/M

20 Ciconiiformes Ciconiidae Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala NT Sch-

IV

PI R/M

21 Ciconiiformes Ciconiidae Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans LC Sch-

IV

CA R

22 Pelecaniformes Pelecanidae Spot-billed

Pelican

Pelecanus philippensis NT Sch-

IV

PI R/M

23 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis LC Sch-

IV

CA R/M

24 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Indian Pond

Heron

Ardeola grayii LC Sch-

IV

CA R

25 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis LC Sch-

IV

CA R/M

26 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Grey Heron Ardea cinerea LC Sch-

IV

CA R/M

27 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Purple Heron Ardea purpurea LC Sch-

IV

CA R/M

28 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Great Egret Ardea alba LC Sch-

IV

CA R/M

29 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia LC Sch-

IV

CA R/M

30 Pelecaniformes Ardeidae Little Egret Egretta garzetta LC Sch-

IV

CA R/M



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31 Pelecaniformes Threskiornithidae Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis

melanocephalus

NT Sch-

IV

CA R

32 Pelecaniformes Threskiornithidae Indian Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa LC Sch-

IV

OM R

33 Pelecaniformes Threskiornithidae Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus LC Sch-

IV

CA R/M

34 Suliformes Phalacrocoracida

e

Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger LC Sch-

IV

PI R/M

35 Suliformes Phalacrocoracida

e

Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax

fuscicollis

LC Sch-

IV

PI R/M

36 Suliformes Anhingidae Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster NT Sch-

IV

PI R/M

37 Charadriiformes Charadriidae Red-wattled

Lapwing

Vanellus indicus LC Sch-

IV

CA R

38 Charadriiformes Jacanidae Pheasant-tailed

Jacana

Hydrophasianus

chirurgus

LC Sch-

IV

OM R

39 Charadriiformes Jacanidae Bronze-winged

Jacana

Metopidius indicus LC Sch-

IV

OM R

40 Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago LC Sch-

IV

CA R/M

41 Charadriiformes Scolopacidae Common

Sandpiper

Actitis hypoleucos LC Sch-

IV

IN R/M

42 Charadriiformes Laridae Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida LC Sch-

IV

PI R/M

43 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Short-toed Snake

Eagle

Circaetus gallicus LC Sch-I CA R

44 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Western Marsh

Harrier

Circus aeruginosus LC Sch-I CA WM

45 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Shikra Accipiter badius LC Sch-I CA R

46 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus LC Sch-I CA R

47 Accipitriformes Accipitridae Black Kite Milvus migrans LC Sch-I CA R



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48 Coraciiformes Coraciidae Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis LC Sch-

IV

CA R

49 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Common

Kingfisher

Alcedo atthis LC Sch-

IV

CA R

50 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis LC Sch-

IV

PI R

51 Coraciiformes Alcedinidae White-throated

Kingfisher

Halcyon smyrnensis LC Sch-

IV

CA R

52 Psittaciformes Psittaculidae Rose-ringed

Parakeet

Psittacula krameri LC Sch-

IV

FR R

53 Passeriformes Dicruridae Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus LC Sch-

IV

IN R

54 Passeriformes Corvidae House Crow Corvus splendens LC Sch-V OM R

55 Passeriformes Corvidae Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos LC Sch-

IV

OM R

56 Passeriformes Dicaeidae Pale-billed

Flowerpecker

Dicaeum

erythrorhynchos

LC Sch-

IV

NE/FR R

57 Passeriformes Nectariniidae Purple-rumped

Sunbird

Leptocoma zeylonica LC Sch-

IV

NE R

58 Passeriformes Nectariniidae Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus LC Sch-

IV

NE R

59 Passeriformes Estrildidae Scaly-breasted

Munia

Lonchura punctulata LC Sch-

IV

GR R

60 Passeriformes Estrildidae Tricoloured

Munia

Lonchura malacca LC Sch-

IV

GR R

61 Passeriformes Motacillidae Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus LC Sch-

IV

IN R

62 Passeriformes Motacillidae Western Yellow

Wagtail

Motacilla flava LC Sch-

IV

IN R/M

63 Passeriformes Motacillidae White-browed

Wagtail

Motacilla

maderaspatensis

LC Sch-

IV

IN R



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64 Passeriformes Cisticolidae Common

Tailorbird

Orthotomus sutorius LC Sch-

IV

IN R

65 Passeriformes Acrocephalidae Booted Warbler Iduna caligata LC Sch-

IV

IN R/M

66 Passeriformes Acrocephalidae Blyth's Reed

Warbler

Acrocephalus

dumetorum

LC Sch-

IV

IN R/M

67 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Red-rumped

Swallow

Cecropis daurica LC Sch-

IV

IN R/M

68 Passeriformes Hirundinidae Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica LC Sch-

IV

IN R/M

69 Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Red-vented

Bulbul

Pycnonotus cafer LC Sch-

IV

FR R

70 Passeriformes Leiothrichidae Yellow-billed

Babbler

Turdoides affinis LC Sch-

IV

IN R

71 Passeriformes Sturnidae Common Myna Acridotheres tristis LC Sch-

IV

OM R

72 Passeriformes Sturnidae Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus LC Sch-

IV

OM R

73 Passeriformes Muscicapidae Oriental Magpie

Robin

Copsychus saularis LC Sch-

IV

IN R

Status: R/M-Local Migrant; R-Resident; WM-Winter Migrant.

Feeding Guild: Herbivore (HR), Piscivore (PI), Omnivore (OM), Insectivore (IN), Frugivore (FR), Granivore (GR), Nectarivore (NE) and

Carnivore (CA)

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) categories: LC - least concern; NT - near-threatened.

* The information is based on the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2019).



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Table: 2 Ecological Indices of the Birds in Theroor Wetland from Aug 2018 to July 2018

Ecological Indices Months

Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June july

No. of Species 60 57 66 67 67 69 65 69 58 62 61 60

No. of Individuals 623 529 1210 1834 1651 1158 1412 1266 688 739 730 605

Dominance 0.04971 0.05 0.0976 0.1425 0.1063 0.06314 0.07246 0.07695 0.0589 0.07716 0.1068 0.06538

Simpson Diversity 0.9503 0.95 0.9024 0.8575 0.8937 0.9369 0.9275 0.923 0.9411 0.9228 0.8932 0.9346

Shannon wiener

Diversity

3.509 3.449 3.054 2.672 2.873 3.288 3.122 3.214 3.332 3.18 3.048 3.306

Pielou's Evenness 0.5568 0.5519 0.3213 0.216 0.2641 0.3883 0.349 0.3605 0.4826 0.3879 0.3455 0.4544

Margalef Richness 9.169 8.93 9.157 8.783 8.908 9.639 8.824 9.519 8.724 9.235 9.1 9.211

Table: 3 Seasonal Ecological Indices of the Birds in Theroor Wetland

Ecological Indices Seasons

Post-Monsoon Winter Summer Monsoon

No.of Species 71 71 71 61

No. of Individuals 4695 2570 2693 2487

Dominance 0.1143 0.06494 0.056 0.06052

Simpson Diversity 0.8857 0.9351 0.944 0.9395

Shannon wiener Diversity 2.887 3.237 3.419 3.385

Pielou's Evenness 0.2527 0.3586 0.4299 0.4841

Margalef Richness 8.28 8.915 8.863 7.674



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A preliminary Checklist and diversity of Avifauna in ...xajzkjdx.cn/gallery/188-april2020.pdf · productivity (Manikannan et al. 2012). Both natural and artificial wetlands, support