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American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
1
Logistics of Language Change in the Qur’anic Discourse:
A pragma-linguistic perspective
Sami Al-Heeh1& Ibrahim Najjar
2
1Faculty of Arts, Department of Applied English, Palestine Ahliya University
E-mail: [email protected] 2Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, University of Malaya, Malaysia
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
This small-scale study explores language change in the Qur‟anic Discourse. It aims to describe some
semi-identical verses with minor changes at the structural level, interpret the meanings depicted in these
verses, and explain the factors that facilitated the linguist variation depicted in theses verses. The study
utilizes corpus linguistics for data collection. It also applies a critical as well as an analytical approach to
the data collected. Thus, it builds on Fairclough‟s (1998) critical model of discourse analysis. It has been
found that the holy Script of Islam tends to apply language change in a few semi-identical verses. The
variation, perceived by a native speaker‟s intuition, is structurally carried out through lexicalization,
grammaticalization, or lexico-grammaticalization. It has been concluded that the sociolinguistic
variation, realized in the Qur‟anic discourse, is regulated by the status, gender, and interaction social
factors.
Keywords: The Qur‟anic Discourse, Sociolinguistic Variation, Lexicalization and Grammatical-
ization, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Pragma-stylistics
1. INTRODUCTION
Like everything else, language changes over time. The German linguist, Wilhelm von Humboldt
has remarked that “There can never be a moment of true standstill in language, just as little as in the
ceaseless flaming thought of men. By nature it is a continuous process of development” (In Aitchison,
2001, p.3). According to structuralism, grammar refers to the set of underlying rules (also known as
principles and parameters) that native speakers of one language subconsciously follow. In theory, the
definition implicates that it is possible for a linguist to compile a good book of grammar in which the
author can formulate a complete set of grammatical rules that give good reasons for all the well-formed
structures and reject the ill-formed ones. In practice, this claim encounters a number of serious problems
including mainly language fuzziness and variation (Aitchison, 2001, p. 39).
Brinton and Traugott (2005, p. 9) list two approached to language change that are not in line with
the concept of grammar. The first tendency is perceived as a self-contained module regulated by a set of
language specifics and universal absolute principles and parameters functioning independently of
contextual factors. The second is felt as a set of general cognitive inclinations deeply shaped by
language external factors. At least, these approaches maintain a clear difference between the concept of
„lexicon‟ and that of „grammar‟. They also develop two conceptions of grammar that are parallelized in
opposition of two approaches to language change. In one view, change looks sudden, complete, internal
and transferable. In another, change sounds variational, gradual, linguistic and sociolinguistic.
American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
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Following a sociolinguistic variation model of language change, most of the studies have been
carried out on grammaticalization and lexicalization. In research, the term „grammaticalization‟ is meant
to refer to the part of the study that minds language change. It is used to address certain research
questions, such as how grammatical items can develop new grammatical functions, and how lexical
items and structures occur in certain contexts to serve grammatical functions. Heine (2017, pp. 573-601)
argues that grammaticalization theory is not a theory of language, in general and that of a language
change, in particular. He contends that the ultimate goal of the theory is to describe the way grammatical
forms arise, interpret how they develop over time and in physical space, and explain why they are
structured in the way they are. In this sense, it is essentially ahypothesized process looking for new
emergence of grammatical rules.
Lexicalization covers all the processes that “lead to the emergence of new lexical items”
(Himmelmann, 2004, p. 22). The definition includes only what is considered as new lexical item
emerging the lexicon. It, however, excludes any rule, whether grammatical or syntactic, that have
already stored in the lexicon as a fresh one. The interrelationship between both grammaticalization and
lexicalization is tight and confusing. Both overlap in the input and outcome. To both processes, the
lexicon is a final box of input. To both, new forms of language that is governed by fresh rules is the
ultimate goal. Both processes, however, vary in their orientation and focus. The process of lexicalization
is oriented by phonological as well as semantic factors whereas that of grammaticalization is oriented by
functional and syntactic factors. Thus, lexicalization focuses on meaning and senses while
grammaticalization focuses on new forms of language composition and addition.
Linguistic variation is defined as “two or more ways of saying the same thing, where the „same
thing‟ refers to what is denoted by an utterance” (Kiesling, 2011, p. 13). For example, the alternation in
the Qur‟anic discourse between [fa-ma: ista:‟u:] and [wa-ma: istata:‟u:]both glossed as „then / and they
were not able to‟ in modern English, entails notavariation but also a change. Necessarily, the linguistic
variable in the quote takes place at the phonological level in which the phoneme /ta/ is dropped in a post
lexical process. This morph-phonological process does not alter the potential meaning of the Arabic
morpheme [istata:‟a] meaning „he could‟ by itself. It only reflects a language change carried out on the
syntactic level to help denote two different abilities of a „group of people‟ to scale and dig through a
wall. From a pragma-linguistic point of view, the Qur‟anic discourse sustains that the more efforts to be
paid, the more phonemes to be used. The less efforts the less phonemes to be selected and used (see the
English interpretation provided in Example 1).
Besides pragmatic and phonological factors, linguistic variables can occur at other levels
including semantics, syntax and discourse. For example, the Qur‟anic discourse sometimes refers to
Prophet Johnah as [dha‟l-Nun] roughly glossed as „the Man of the Fish‟ in a situation through which the
Noble Qur‟an opens the discourse with Jonah going away in anger and thinking that his Lord would
never cause him distress. Up to this, Jonah is not in the depth of darkness inside the whale. So the
relationship between Jonah and the whale is constrained by the semantic factor of inalienability. This
American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
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helps explain why the Qur‟anic discourse selects the term [Dha‟l-Nun] which facilitates an inalienable
casebetween two arguments that has not started yet. Where the Qur‟anic discourse shifts to refer to
Jonah inside the whale, it selects and uses the term [sahib] roughly glossed as „the Man of the Fish‟.
This linguistic manipulation suggests that one argument referring to „Jonah‟ becomes part of the other
argument referring to the „fish‟. In this sense, the relationship between both arguments sounds alienable
and inseparable (see the English interpretation provided in Example 2).
Language change often takes place for some reasons including social status, gender, and
interaction. Social classes play an important role in innovating, carrying, and spreading the change in
waves. Though the change may start, in any class, it very likely that it is innovated by the high class
whose variety is often admired by other classes. Middle-aged people from the working and middle class
are supposed to carry the change due to the fact that they have some connections with younger and older
generations. Besides, the issue of gender is another cause that triggers some change. Throughout history,
the issue of both sexes, in general and that of woman, in particular in regard to hot themes of absolute
equality between sexes, and liberty of woman and woman‟s right, is exclusively debatable. Moreover,
Geographic isolation does not lead to language change. In fact, it maintains linguistic conservatism.
However, interaction with others often leads to language change, as it triggers at the social level some
drastic changes accompanied by some changes at the linguistic level(Holmes, 2001, pp. 194-120).
The rise of Islam in the sixth century triggered some drastic changes on the Arabs who had
experienced some differentsociocultural values andsocial norms. In the Pre-Islamic Era, Arabs were
accustomed to living in many tribes fighting for pastures and water for their livestock. Such people
coming from different tribes and clans and living an isolated and tough area, had inherited some
varieties characterize to good extent with fluency. These varieties were also featured by non-
correspondent pronunciation attributed to glottalization and germination (Hassan et al, 2011, pp. 831-
834). As both stemmed from as well as encouraged by the way people used to live, the teachings of
Islam stemmed basically from the Noble Qur‟an which has stressed unifying native speakers of
Arabicaround their Prophet. This social unity was accompanied by some techniques in reciting the holy
Script of Islam to regulate the random glottal stops and consonantal clustering.
In relevance, the Great Vowel Shift (GVS) in the 13th
century England was accompanied by
many drastic social changes to liberate Englishmen as well as their language from the dominance of
American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
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Latin and French (Giancarlo, 2001).Similarly, the Noble Qur‟an has shifted the long vowel /i:/ in the
adjective phrase (Adj-P) [ja:ri:yah] meaning „be running‟ to a short /i/ as in the verse [aljawa:ri al-
kunnas] roughly glossed as „the planets that rotate and clean‟ (At-Taquir 81:16). This Qur‟anic vowel
shift (QVS) on the graphemic and phonemic level in terms referring to the great planets running in the
sky or the big ships running in the sea is probably intended to draw people way from women running at
homes to serve.
1.2 Research problem, objectives, and questions
Though work is done in the aspect of sociolinguistic variation and language variation, there is no
(up to my best knowledge)solid research that has attempted to check language change in Arabic, in
general and the Qur‟anic discourse, in particular, that is based on more recent denotational theories, and
that is oriented by sociolinguistic, pragma-linguistic, and pragma-stylistic perspectives. Any systematic
scholarly studies on the topic is expected to contribute to the general field of applied linguistics and the
specific area of sociolinguistics.
The present study explores the extent to which change and variation are applied in the holy
Script of Islam. It exploits some semi-identical verses in which specific words are changed on the
syntactic level of the verse. It aims to describe these changes, interpret the implicated meanings
conveyed by the linguistic variation, and explain the forces lying behind the change. Thus, the study
attempts to address the following question:
1. To what extent is language change applied in the Qur‟anic discourse?
2. At what level of language does the change take place?
3. What is the factor that triggers the language change?
4. Which linguistic perspective does the change meet?
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Boukhechba and Bouhania (2019) investigated language in the spoken Arabic dialect of El-
Menia, a small city in Algeria. The scholars examined code-switching, diminutive and pragmatic
markers, and the substitution of /y/ into /q/. Data were collected from 386 subjects through focus group
interviews (FGI), virtual focus groups (VFGs) and anonymous observations, and correlated with social
factors, such as gender, age, family, practice, and social networks. The researchers found that that
formality, prestige and attitude are among the factorsthat triggeredlanguage change taking place in El-
Menia, Algeria. However, the impact of these factors on people depends oncriterion of the family that
could also be considered as a social network through which language change and variation spread from
one social group to another.
Irwandi (2019) studied the Qur‟anic concept on human language. He aimed to integrate both
religion and science to examine specific themes in sociolinguistic. He claimed that our ability to
communicate intelligently, symbolically and abstractly sound completely mysterious to evolutionists. He
also added that neither modern evolutionists could explain how human language has originated, nor
could linguists could explain how speech came about and why many languages have been developed in
the paradigm of science-religion interconnection. To provide some answers for the questions raised and
have not been answered, the researcher explored the Noble Qur‟an to discuss three concepts regarding
human‟s language: the etymology of our language, the relationship between our brain and language,
ethics and language. The researcher implicated that the study contributed to sociolinguistic as it
concerned how language is used by humans.
American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
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Dhia‟R and Salih (2008) investigated gender and culture in linguistic change. They considered
borrowing as a main cause of language change. They claimed that loan words have influence on all the
levels of language. They also argued that the native speakers of the language in which the linguistic
variation occurred might play a major role. To check the impact of both sexes on language change, they
assumed that language change had to be regulated by the native speaker as he / she could either accept
or reject it. They suggested that culture was another factor that could pave the way to language change.
The researchers found that variable of gender in favour of men was crucial in language change. Men
were more active than their counterpart women in innovating the change due to a higher degree of
linguistic interaction. The researchers concluded. The less conservative the society was, the more
frequent the change was. The more similar the sociocultural values were, the more significant the
change was.
Abdel-aal (2017) investigated the loss of meaning and grammatical function in one of the English
translations of the Noble Quran into English. The scholar refer to the semantic and grammatical losses
as mismatch between the target text and the source script in terms of grammar and morphemes that
affect meaning. The researcher found that the change in translating conjunctions was the most frequent
in the grammatical main category. Among the other common types of loss were the tense, syntactic
order, duality and plurality, and linguistic endorsement. In regard to semantic change, it includes some
variations in denotative and connotative meanings, re-wordings, rhetorical devices and expressive
speech functions. The researcher concluded that among the main causes of the losses were cross-
linguistic and cultural differences between Arabic and English, semantic complexities, and lack of
appropriate equivalents.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study benefits from the linguistic features of the Quranic discourse (QD) to describe,
interpret and explain variation and change. It first utilizes corpus linguistics, i.e. the science of large
bodies of text, to collect the Quranic verses, i.e. clauses that entail some shifts (McEnery, 2012).
Concordance of the key words in context (KWIK)would result in identifying the Quranic semi-identical
sequences and discourses in which the change is applied. This manipulation at the discourse level
enables the researcher to have a general look at the components of the sequence collected. This
preliminary outlook often helps the researcher collect data for analysis. In short, the ultimate goal of the
corpus work is, however, to identify the semi-identical coordinated Scripts that clearly display linguistic
variation at the discourse level of the Qur‟anic discourse.
Theoretically, the paper draws on a linguistic theory of language. The analysis consistently
builds on "systemic functional language" (SFL) which is supposed to leak some knowledge about the
grammatical functions as well as the syntactic features of the units of the holy Text under analysis
(Schmitt, 2010, pp. 55-73). From a pragmatic view, the analysis also builds on "first order logic" to
purify meaning (Kearns, 2000, pp. 25-35). Therefore, the "meaning relation" that each pair of verses
under investigation helps build will be analytically checked. The "meaning values" of the discourses
under discussion will be also drawn (Kearns, 2000, pp. 35-41). More importantly, the "predicate" or the
"predicators", i.e. what is said about the subject or what is used as subject complement, as well as their
"arguments", will be systematically drawn and notified (Hurford, 2007, pp.198-204).
The study also benefits from critical discourse analysis (CDA) as a research method. It builds on
Van Dijk's (1998)model of analysis which perceives discourse as an indispensable component of
American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
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ideology. Van Dijk (1998) has identified a variety of discourse structures that can carry important
functions of deep thoughts at the syntactic, semantic and schematic, i.e. discourse, levels. The study also
meets Fairclough's (2013, 2010)model of analysis. Fairclough's three-dimensional analytical framework
includes three types of analysis at the levels of producing, consuming and construing, i.e. realizing,
meaning (Mirzaei and Eslami, 2013, p. 106). The first analysis is descriptive; it aims at describing the
meanings produced. The second is interpretive, as it aims to consume the meanings produced by the
writer or speaker. The last analysis is explanatory, as it aims at realizing the meanings produced and
consumed.
The data collected is felt differently. Analytically, the researcher integrates two levels of
language to describe, interpret and explain the linguistic features of the QD that processes deep thoughts
that accelerate some linguistic variation. Thus, the researcher systematically uses a critical research
method that clearly shows how meanings are conveyed at the syntactic level. The study, therefore,
approaches the text from a more "recent denotational theory" in which the structural meaning of words
is checked at the discourse level (Kearns, 2000, pp. 16-24). Consequently, the study goes beyond the
notion of the sentence to contextualize the deep meanings, values, and doctrines the QD helps advance.
These meanings are often satisfied in the processes of production, consumption and realization.
Syntactically, the researcher also highlights the importance of language change and tense in the process
of word selection and use. Generally speaking, the data collected is perceived or rather conceived under
analysis from a „post-structuralism' perspective validating that “there is nothing outside the text” (Rivkin
and Rayan, 2004).
4. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
This section aims to explore the linguistic variation implemented in some semi-identical discourses in
the Noble Qur‟an. A systematic analysis including a description, interpretation as well as explanation of
the linguistic variation will be followed to answer the questions assigned for the study.
4.1.l Social Status and Lexicalization
In Figure (1), both quotes from the Qur‟anic discourse (henceforth QD) narrates the story of
Prophet Abraham‟s guests, the Angels. The first quote opens with honoring the guests and their host.
Then, it steps to announce their attendance, greetings their host with peace, and replying the foreigners‟
greetings tactfully. The QD moves to the event of preparing in which the host goes quietly to his
household and brings some fatted, but cooked beef. The QD ends in serving the food and urging them to
eat. Unlikely, the second quote opens with good tidings. It, however, steps to the greetings and
answering the greetings in a high degree of tactfulness, and the celebration of the good news by bringing
roasted beef. In the quote, the QD closes with panic and fear when the host realizes that the guests
cannot eat as human beings (see the English interpretations provided for both quotes in Figure 1).
In Figure (1), the QD presents Prophet Abraham as a very kind man who used to welcome guests.
Actually, the QD refers to Abraham as a „nation‟ and „the best friend of the most Passionate‟.
Historically, Prophet Abraham came from Mesopotamia in Iraq and lived among Canaanite Arabs to the
south of Historical Palestine in Al-Khalil, the Arabic for „friend‟ referring to Abraham himself.
American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
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Canaanites revered Abraham as a Prophet, and they also respected his son Isaac, his grandson Jacob or
Israel and Sons of Israel. Prophet Abraham as well as the neighboring Arabs were known of good
hospitality. This social norm was entrenched in Arabia, one of the toughest and largest Area in which
travel was unlikely without many stops for water, shelter and provision of food. Thus, Prophet Abraham
and the neighbors were accustomed to welcoming people coming from distant places. However, guests
at that time used to attend people of high status, such as Abraham or the heads of tribes and clans.
As implicated in the second quote, Prophet Abraham, the grandfather of Arabs and Jews, did not beget
children till late age. Thus, the Noble Qur‟an gives the good news of having a baby though both couples
were very old. This helps explain why Abraham and his wife, Sarah, were extremely astonished by the
good tidings announced by the Angels. Regardless of the constraint of age, Abraham went directly to
celebrate the great event to come. Thus, he fetched the guests who carried the good news to the old
couple roasted meat. The good news of having a child nictitates doing a party of barbecue to
commemorate. It is important to note here that the teachings of Islam honoring many of Abraham‟s
actions, urge Muslims to celebrate when having new born babies. Unlike welcoming guests which
encourages the act of cooking food, having a baby or rather some good news of begetting a baby at an
old age among childless parents accelerates performing a festival in which the ritual of roasting food to
rejoice is encouraged.
American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
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4.1.2 Social Status and Grammaticalization
In Figure (2), both quotes entail some linguistic variation. The first quote opens with these who
believed, those who turned to Judaism, Christians and Sabians. The QD steps to identify these sub-
groups as monotheists believing in their Creator, the Other Life and doing good deeds. The Quote closes
with assigning a reward for these categories and excluding any penalty or any sadness. Similarly, the
other quote reads. However, it reorders the categories of the believers maintaining the believers first, the
Jews second, the Sabians third, and finally the Christians last. In this linguistic manipulation, the QD
also excludes rewording as a potential conclusion for the arguments reordered. The other prospects are
kept for all (see the English interpretations provided for both quotes in Figure 2).
In Figure (2), both quotes reflect a sociolinguistic variation on the syntactic as well as the
semantic level of both discourses. The word-order of the items referring to the groups of people fixes a
high status to Muslims, as the term is placed first in both quotes. It, however, gives a relatively low
status to Sabians, as the term is inserted last. Re-ordering the items again has resulted in giving a low
status to Christians, as they are placed last. This sociolinguistic variation is carried out by
grammaticalizion through which the sentence pattern is shifted from linking by relative clauses (used for
both Muslims and Jews, respectively and frequently)to nominalization for both Sabians and Christians
(respectively and frequently). The nominative case is done through the syntactic markers [-u:na]
manifesting itself finally on the Arabic for Sabians.
American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
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By de-contextualizing the context in each quote, the QD conveys specific meanings related to the
notion of rewarding on the Other Day. In the first quote, the QD endorses that rewarding is generally
tested by believing in Allah, the Last Day, and doing good. Thus, results will be marked according to
these general criteria. In the other quote, the QD implicates other sub-criteria to be met in regard to
believing in the Creator. It is important to note here, that the concept of faith in Islam includes believing
in Allah as an only Creator, in His angles as holy spirits, His books as holy Texts, His messengers as
prophets, and His fate whether good or not. Consequently, the linguistic change realized in both
identical verses as well as realized on the syntactic level is intended to meet the variable of social status
for the arguments under discussion.
4.1.3 Sociolinguistic Variation and Lexical Diffusion
In Figure (3), the QD comments on Prophet Noah. It remarks that the Providence had sent Noah
to his people, and he stayed among them one thousand years except fifty years before they were
punished by flooding. In the quote, the QD assigned the motion verb phrase (M-VP) send as a predicate
to argue for the plural bound morpheme [-na:] meaning „We‟ referring to the Providence, the proper NP
(Noah) and the Prep-P (to his tribe). This three-place predicate gives a high status to the argument Noah
among his people. The QD also continues to assign the location VP stay as a predicate to argue for the
unstated pronoun [huwa] referring to (Noah), the Prep-P (among them), the adverbial NP (thousand
years), and the excluded adverbial NP (fifty years). Though rare, this four-place predicate tells a lot
about the period Noah‟s stayed with his own people. The quote closes with the big flood, as severe
punishment for Noah‟s people (see the English interpretation provided for the Quote in Figure 3).
In Figure (3), the QD explicates that the period that Noah has lived with his family is so long. It,
however, implicates that it is a difficult life in which Noah encounters so many difficulties while he is
telling them the message he is carrying from His God. The rejection which continues for a long period
of time has accelerated using the Arabic term [sanatun] meaning „year‟. This Semitic term is used to
cover the long and hard era Noah has lived before the punishment. As Noah has already escaped the
flood with a few people and some pairs of animals –as the Noble Qur‟an informs elsewhere, it is
expected that he and his companions have lived in peace for some period of time. To help realize the
kind of life that Noah lived with his people post the flood, the QD selects the Arabic [„a:mun] roughly
glossed as „year‟ in modern English to quantify as well as to qualify the period Prophet Noah
experienced. Unlike the previous one, this era is short but fruitful.
American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
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4.2.1 Sociolinguistic Variation and the Potential Roles of Both Sexes
In Figure (4), the QD uses the term [ar-rija:lu] to refer „men‟ and [an-nisa:‟i] to refer to „women‟
in the first verse. In the second, it uses the term [qawmun] glossed as „men‟ and „nisa:‟un] glossed as
„women‟ to argue for both sexes. In the first verse, the QD opens with the debatable argumentation
comparing men and women in regard to family guardianship (also known as minor leadership). It
maintains that men are more likely to lead the family due physical abilities and financial capacities. It
also continues to urge good women to obey and guard their husbands. Though perceived by most of the
researchers of Islamic studies as a directive, the quote maintains a referential speech function through
which the QD informs us about both sexes. Because of their physical strength, men can earn living.
However, theselection of the Arabic term [as-saliha:t] glossed as „well-qualified‟ and quantified by the
Arabic for „obedient‟, may exclude for the women who can run to earn their living, but they are
encouraged to obey their partners and to protect their earnings (see the English interpretation provide for
the first quote in Figure 4).
In Figure (7), the QD in the second verse opens with urging all believers not to deride other people
because those who are teasing might not be better than those who are being teased. Then, the QD
continues to urge women not do so for the same reason (see the English interpretation provided for the
second verse in Figure 4). This linguistic processingsounds ambiguous, as it maintains the term „qawm‟
to denote either „men‟ or „living earners‟ outside home. It also keeps the term „nisa:‟ to mean either
„women‟ or „householders‟. As the first verse assigns the predicate „qawwamu:na‟ meaning „be more
likely to be guardians‟ to argue for men, it is very probable that the QD (pragma-stylistically) selects the
American Journal of Humanities and Social Science (AJHSS) Volume 5, 2020
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term „qawmun‟ stemming from the same root, to refer to men. Though oriented by a social factor, this
sociolinguistic, lexical variation is a gender-based one.
4.2.2 Grammatical Sociolinguistic Variation and Gender
In Figure (5), the QD opens with everything belongs to Allah. He creates what he pleases. He
bestows daughtersupon whom He pleases, and he bestows the sons upon whom He pleases; or He mixes
them males and females; and He makes whom He pleases barren (see the English interpretation provided
for the quote in Figure 5). In the Arabic text, the QD uses the indefinite plural NP [ina:than] meaning
„females‟ as an argument for the predicate [yahabu] glossed as BESTOW. It also adds the definite plural
NP [ath-thuku:ra] to argue for the predicate [yahabu] roughly glossed as „bestow‟ in modern English. It
is important to note here that identical synonyms are unlikely in the QD. Thus, the VP [yahabu] is used
twice to denote „giving‟ and „granting‟. The first sense connotes for a case in which too many females
are given; the second for a special case in which only the males are given. In reality, the first case
sounds much more frequent than the other.
In Figure (5), the QD advances to refer to a third option in which Allah mixes both sexes: males
and females. The QD selects the linking word [„aw] roughly glossed as „or‟ in modern English to head
mixing case. This Semitic word can be used as a conjunct or a disjunct. As a conjunct, it allows for an
inclusive idea to proceed. As a disjunct, it helps resuming a full exclusive idea to advance. Whether a
conjunction or a disjunction, the QD assigns the predicate [yuzawwijuhum] roughly glossed as „He
mixes them‟ but literally as „He makes them get married‟ to argue for [thukra:nan] and [ina:thana]
glossed as „males‟ and „females‟. Both senses of the predicate assigned are in line with both arguments.
However, the lexical as well as the grammatical variation applied on the arguments gives more priority
for the sake of the second sense of marriage. Grammaticalization has included a linguistic change in the
word order from a female-to-male meaning relationship to a male-to-female rapport. Lexicalization has
also included a linguistic variation in the use of plural referring to males. That is to say, there is a shift
from pluralization for plethora conveyed by [thukuran] to that of scarcity satisfied by [thukra:nan]. As a
native speaker of English, I also perceive the term [thukra:n] as mature males. Finally, the closing of the
quote argues for a fourth, but null case in which people may be created barren. A case that can also be
proved wrong by marriage.
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4.3 Linguistic Variation and Interaction
In Figure (6), the QD slightly differently narrates the terrible moments of the arrival of Lot‟s
guests. In the first verse, the QD dramatically tells that when the Angels attended Lot as guests, he felt
distressed on their account as well as powerless with regard to them. Then, the QD gives the turn to the
Angles to reassure Lot not to feel sad or be panic, as his people could not cause harm to them. They also
told that they will save Lot and his family except his wife (see the English interpretation provided for the
first Quote in Figure 6). In the opening move, the QD inserts the minimum word [an] roughly glossed as
a „filler‟ in modern English. For some linguists, this word sounds extra, as its deletion does not change
meaning at all. It is also neither a content nor a functional word at the internal or external level of both
grammar and meaning. As the word does not function at the syntactic and semantic levels, it is very
probable that it works at the schematic, i.e. discoursal, level. In other words, it might be realized as a
discourse marker inserted initially to indicate a shift in the speech in which a turn is given to another
speaker. In this sense, the verse entails a telegraphic change regulated by linguistic interaction.
Dissimilarly, the opening of the second quote does not reflect any linguistic variation regarding
the insertion the discourse marker [an]. The speech is both a delayed and indirectly reported one. Here,
the QD narrates what happens; it simply puts some events in order according to the time in which each
event happened. The QD closes with what Lot said about that distressful day. It does not give turn to any
other participant to speak. This linguistic processing is not intended to be fully dramatic provoking some
intense in which a turn has to be taken from one speaker to be given to another instantly. The
manipulation is meant to be fully narrative allowing for some events to flow naturally. Lack of any need
for a linguistic interaction among interlocutors does not trigger any change at the syntactic level of the
discourse (see the English interpretation for the second quote in Figure 6).
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5. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
To conclude, the QD tends to change the text in certain contexts oriented by the variable of
social status. In a couple of semi-identical verses concerning the arrival of some guests who were
carrying some bad and good news to Prophet Abraham, the QDalters two words to meet the negative as
well as the positive feelings of receiving the news. Linguistic variation is carried out through
lexicalization of one word describing differentlythe kind of foodserved kindly to the carriers of both the
bad news concerning the delinquent peoples of Loot, i.e. Abraham‟s nephew, and the good tidings
concerning the new baby Abraham will beget. To meet both social acts, the QD alters the process of
preparing as well as serving the food to connote positively for the positive feelings of good
generousness, hospitality, and fresh parenthood.
Besides, the QD reflects some sociolinguistic variation at the syntactic level. In one quote, it has
been found that the QD lists believers coming from the Abrahamic four main religions. In one verse, the
QD places both Muslims and Jews, respectively, on the top, and inserts Christians and Sabians,
respectively and finally. In the other, the QD places Christians finally. It also deletes the motif of reward
on the Day of Doom for all the believers. The language change spotted in the second quote is carried out
on the syntactic level in which the case of both arguments referring to both Sabians and Christians is
shifted from an accusative to a nominative one. In both verses, grammaticalization is carried out through
shifting the accusative syntactic marker [-i:ina] to the nominative syntactic marker [-u:na]. This
linguistic manipulation at the structural level of the nominative case has already left both arguments of
Sabians and Christians not endorsed in relevance to the reward, deleted in the second. It has been
concluded that the variation evidenced in both quotes is sociolinguistic performed through
grammaticalization.
In relevance, the QD applies lexical diffusion to meet the burden of high social status extending
for a long period of time. In one verse, it has been found that the QD implicitly selects and uses the
Arabic term for „year‟ following the solar calendar to quantify the period as well as qualify the sort of
life that one Prophet lived with his own people. The term used connotes the negative feelings of long
term, continual hardships. The QD also applies a language change in which the Arabic for „year‟
following the lunar calendar to quantify as well as qualify another period the Prophet lived with his own
people. The term shifted to and used connotes the positive feelings of easiness of life in a relatively short
period time of a post era. Consequently, it has been concluded that the sociolinguistic variation carried
out by lexical diffusion is regulated by the social factor of high status extending differently for a long
period of time.
The QD tends to change the text in certain contexts related to the variable of gender. It has been
found that the QD uses the Arabic for „men‟ and „people‟ to refer to males. Though the second sense
denotes „male workers‟, the sociolinguistic variation is carried out by lexicalization in which one terms
is shifted to and used to meet the social and economic roles It has been concluded that the lexical,
sociolinguistic change is oriented by the variable of sex. In another example, it has been found that the
QD uses grammaticalization as well as lexicalization to show certain themes related to both sexes.
Among these are the motifs of creation both sexes and marriage. Consequently, it has been concluded
that the lexico-grammatical, sociolinguistic variation is also regulated by the differences between both
sexes pragma-stylistically.
Finally, the QD tends to vary the text for some reasons related to interaction. In one quote, it has
been found that QD uses a bare minimal word at the schematic level of the discourse. The word, having
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the general characteristic features of the fillers in English, sounds extraneous, as it neither carries
meaning on the semantic level, nor does it function on the grammatical level. It only functions at the
level of the discourse to signal for a turn to be given to somebody else. The insertion of this discourse
marker in one of a semi-identical pair of verses maintains a lexico-grammatical linguistic variation.
Consequently, it has been concluded that the change carried out by the insertion of the discourse marker
[an] in the QD is certainly triggered by linguistic interaction.
Linguists should investigate other forms of discourse markers which have been referred to as
„extra‟ words in the Qur‟anic discourse. Arab linguists list also up to five words behaving in a way
similar to that of [an] on the syntactic level of the QD. For example, the minimal word [„in] is used to
head a few verses in which the turn is given to other people. In these verses, the change is not oriented
by the linguistic interaction or the turn given. It is, however, based on what is said by interlocutors. In
other words, there is a difference between what is explicated about the arguments of the assigned
predicate, in general, and what might be implicated about each argument in particular. In one quote
headed by [„in], the QD gives a turn to old Egyptians to refer to both Moses and his brother Haroon as a
„couple of magicians‟, for instance. The explicated meaning suggests magic acts on both parts of the
argument; the implicated meaning denotes two types of magic acts: verbal and nonverbal. The nonverbal
or physical trick is implicated for Moses; the verbal for Haroon. Therefore, it is expected that the QD
uses the minimal word [„in] to mirror a linguistic change in which the implicated meanings are assigned,
enclosed and hedged.
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