A National Space Policy · A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY 2. Background Australia is a major user of, and beneficiary from, space-based Earth

National Earth Observation Group

A National Space Policy: Views from the Earth Observation Community

A N AT I O N A L S PA C E P O L I C Y: V I E W S F R O M T H E E A R T H O B S E RVAT I O N C O M M U N I T Y

Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism Minister for Resources and Energy: The Hon. Martin Ferguson, AM MP Secretary: Mr Drew Clarke

Geoscience Australia Chief Executive Officer: Dr Chris Pigram

© Commonwealth of Australia, 2010

With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms and where otherwise noted, this product is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en

Geoscience Australia has tried to make the information in this product as accurate as possible. However, it does not guarantee that the information is totally accurate or complete. Therefore, you should not solely rely on this information when making a commercial decision.

GeoCat # 70590

Cover image: Surface reflectance image of Australia in May 2010 using a 16 day composite from MODIS (Geoscience Australia)

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en

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A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY

1. Executive summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

2. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

3. State of Australian Earth Observations from Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

3.1. Federal and State programs dependent on EOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

3.2. Economic assessment of EOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

4. Seventh National Remote Sensing Technical Reference Group (NRSTRG) and distributors meeting 9

4.1. Recommendations of the Seventh NRSTRG and distributors meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.2. Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.2.1 High risk classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.2.2 Medium risk classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.2.3 Low risk classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.3. Mitigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5. Appendix A. Drafting Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6. Appendix B: Seventh NRSTRG and distributors meeting, Canberra, Friday 19 February 2010, delegates: 17

7. Appendix C: References and reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

8. Appendix D: Australian Federal and State programs dependent on Earth Observation . . . . . . . . . 19

Table of Contents

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Landsat 5 image of Canberra and Lake George from 7 April 2009

1. Executive summaryAustralia has been receiving Earth Observations from Space (EOS) for over 50 years. Meteorological imagery dates from 1960 and Earth observation imagery from 1979. Australia has developed world-class scientific, environmental and emergency management EOS applications. However, in the top fifty economies of the world, Australia is one of only three nations which does not have a space program. The satellites on which Australia depends are supplied by other countries which is a potential problem due to Australia having limited control over data continuity and data access.

The National Remote Sensing Technical Reference Group (NRSTRG) was established by Geoscience Australia as an advisory panel in 2004. It represents a cross-section of the remote sensing community and is made up of representatives from government, universities and private companies. Through the NRSTRG these parties provide Geoscience Australia with advice on technical and policy matters related to remote sensing. In February 2009 the NRSTRG met for a day specifically to discuss Australia’s reliance on EOS, with a view to informing the development of space policy. This report is the outcome of that meeting.

Australia has some 92 programs dependent on EOS data. These programs are concerned with environmental issues, natural resource management, water, agriculture, meteorology, forestry, emergency management, border security, mapping and planning. Approximately half these programs have a high dependency on EOS data. While these programs are quite diverse there is considerable overlap in the technology and data.

Of Australia’s EOS dependent programs 71 (77%) are valued between $100,000 and $10 million and 82 (89%) of all these programs have a medium or high dependency on EOS data demonstrating Australia’s dependency on space based imaging.

Earth observation dependencies within currently active Federal and state government programs are calculated to be worth just over $949 million, calculated by weighting the level of dependency on EOS for each program. This includes two programs greater than $100 million in scale and one program greater than a billion dollars in scale.

This document is intended as a summary of Australia’s current space and Earth observation dependencies, compiled by the NRSTRG, to be presented to the Federal Government’s Space Policy Unit, a section of the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research, as an aid to space policy formation.

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2. BackgroundAustralia is a major user of, and beneficiary from, space-based Earth observation. However, Australia is one of only three exceptions in a list of the top fifty national economies, ranked by the World Bank, which do not have their own space program. Despite this, some seventy Federal and State organisations and agencies receive and make regular use of Earth observation and remote sensing instruments, on satellites launched by the United States, Japan, India, China, Korea, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Nigeria and the European Commission. Geoscience Australia, CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology operate numerous satellite receiving stations and process this data for internal uses or for delivery to external public and private users.

The Australian Academies of Science and Technological Sciences and Engineering jointly released an Australian Strategic Plan for Earth Observations from Space in 2009, seeking to outline the collective vision and aspirations of the space science community in Australia.

“Earth Observations from Space (EOS) are the single most important and richest source of environmental information for Australia. They enable a wide range of essential services to be given to the community, with multi-billion annual benefits to the nation as a whole.”1

Paradoxically, while Australia is one of the world’s most sophisticated users of Earth Observations from Space (EOS), achieving excellent outcomes in land, water and disaster management, it is also uniquely vulnerable. The Australian EOS community relies heavily on international providers; in some cases, these facilities are fully operational and there is a low probability of failure. However, in many instances there are significant risks which are often outside Australia’s control2. Australian agencies depend on space capabilities, including satellites, sensors and ground stations, which may fail, be discontinued, or simply become unavailable.3 Given the fundamental nature of the EOS data stream removal of single points of failure within this system is essential to build resilience and avoid foreseeable and cascading consequences.

Geoscience Australia’s (GA) National Earth Observation group, formerly the Australian Centre for Remote Sensing (ACRES), has been in the business of acquiring, processing and distributing satellite data since the creation of the Australian Landsat Station (ALS) in October 1979. The first formal distributor meeting of ACRES was held in November 1992. This forum continues to discuss the distribution of satellite data through the Australian spatial sector using a network of licensed distributors. The National Remote Sensing Technical Reference Group (NRSTRG) was established in 2004 by ACRES. This group represents a cross section of the remote sensing community and is made up of representatives from government, universities and private companies. Through the NRSTRG these parties provide GA with advice on technical and policy matters related to remote sensing.

The first of the Landsat satellite series was launched in July 1972 and data has been recorded over Australia by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) since then. The newest in this series of remote sensing satellites is Landsat 7 launched on 15 April 1999.

1 An Australian Strategic Plan for Earth Observations from Space, ATSE 2009, p.1

2 The Status of Public-Good Remote Sensing in Australia, Geoscience Australia , 2006

3 An Australian Strategic Plan for Earth Observations from Space, ATSE 2009, p.25

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Australian acquisition of Landsat data began in October 1979 through the Australian Landsat Station (ALS). The ALS later became Australian Centre for Remote Sensing (ACRES) in October 1986 when it arranged for data from other satellites to be received. ACRES was integrated into GA in 2003 before being renamed the National Earth Observation group (NEO) in 2009. In this time GA has archived nearly every Australian Landsat image taken by the satellite since the establishment of ALS. GA continues to receive and archive data from the Landsat series and other satellites on a daily basis. There is a significant reliance on Landsat 5 and 7 data by local, state and national agencies4. Landsat 5, which originally had a design life of three years, has been providing high quality imagery for more than a quarter of a century. Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) will be launched in December 2012; while Landsat-7 continues to provide extremely stable, very well calibrated image data, many years beyond its five-year operational life expectancy. In 2003 Landsat-7 suffered the failure of the scan-line corrector, which caused some diminution of the satellite’s capacity.

As part of GA’s contingency plan for Landsat-5 failure the organisation is receiving as much data from the Indian Resourcesat-1 (IRS-P6) as possible. Unfortunately, because of duty cycle limitations, IRS-P6 is not able to provide reliable coverage and it is now envisaged Landsat-7 will be the primary fall-back should Landsat-5 fail.

The most optimistic estimation of the Landsat-5 lifespan calculated by the USGS is that it may last until early 2013. However, Landsat 5 has no remaining back up systems and is operating on a reduced duty cycle due to technical limitations. The impact of this is being reduced by prioritising the acquisition of images according to quality and need. Power limitations are also reducing Landsat-5’s capacity to record images of Australia to southern Australia during winter months.

Geoscience Australia was appointed the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Oceania Data Node (ADN) for acquisition and distribution of ALOS data, a Japanese government satellite. This role ends and access to ALOS data will be limited from January 2011 after the current MOU expires. Due to policy changes GA will be considered a commercial user of ALOS data, and as a result it will not continue as the ADN and will be required to pay commercial prices for more than 50 scenes of data in any given year. There may be scope to source similar data from other space agencies, but no arrangements are in place.

National programs such as meteorology, bushfire detection and monitoring of floods, land cover, ocean and the atmosphere rely heavily on coarse resolution data streams. These are currently supplied by the MODIS sensor onboard the NASA-operated Aqua and Terra satellites. These data streams are down-linked directly by GA, BoM, the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and the Western Australian Satellite Technology and Applications Consortium5 (WASTAC). Delays in follow-on missions particularly the US NPP and Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) missions increase the likelihood of a data gap in Australian coarse resolution applications with the current End of Life of both Aqua and Terra satellites on 30 September 20116.

4 Phinn, S.R., Held, A. Danaher, T. and Roelfsema, C.M. (2008) Australia’s Environmental Monitoring Information Needs for a Multi-spectral,

Moderate Spatial Resolution Imaging Satellite Program. In: Proceedings of the 14th AustralAsian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference,

Darwin, September 2008.

5 WASTAC : Bureau of Meteorology; Landgate; Curtin University of Technology; CSIRO; Murdoch University; Geoscience Australia

6 Earth Observation Handbook, CEOS, May 2010, http://www.eohandbook.com/

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The cost, availability and quality of data from commercial sensors, such as the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMCii) and SPOT, are also being investigated. Commercial imagery products and services are used by large numbers of government agencies for environmental, national security and compliance monitoring. However, the specific purchases of each agency are not visible to other agencies, which can lead to wasteful duplication. Two states (Queensland and New South Wales) have already established commercial whole-of-state imagery acquisitions and processing to support legislated monitoring and management that have previously been completely reliant on Landsat imagery. Western Australia also has a legislative mandate for monitoring but currently the business case for using imagery has not been adopted.

Recognising the increasing role of commercial satellites, in August 2005 the Secretaries’ Committee on National Security (SCNS) directed GA and the Defence Imagery Geospatial Organisation (DIGO) to establish an Inter-Departmental Committee (IDC) capable of providing advice on the use of commercial satellite technology in Australian Government. The IDC for Commercial Satellite Capabilities (IDC-CSC) met for the first time on March 10 2006 at GA. The committee is co-chaired by the DIGO and GA.

To help address some of the issues associated with commercial satellite imagery GA and DIGO are undertaking a joint project to develop a cooperative procurement panel called Optical, Geospatial, Radar and Elevation data and services (OGRE) panel. This will allow clustering between agencies at multiple levels of government, and enable such groups to access a panel of suppliers of imagery data and services.

This capability will allow:

1. development of an archive of commercial imagery at Geoscience Australia to service government;

2. development of a coordinated, streamlined and cost-effective approach to purchasing of imagery within Australian government through an active ‘community of practice’;

3. access to imagery under flexible licence and copyright conditions, allowing wide usage of data and imagery within all levels of government; and

4. greater governance and transparency of the usage of commercial imagery data and services within government.

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3. State of Australian Earth Observations from Space

3.1 Federal and State programs dependent on EOS

The NRSTRG Drafting Group7 assessed current Australian Federal and State programs dependent on Earth Observations from Space (EOS). This process involved a detailed desktop study, a review of similar studies and consultation with NRSTRG attendees and distributor delegates.

This review aims to capture all programs using EOS data and includes more than three quarters of current programs within all levels of government. Defence and national security programs were not included.

35 Federal programs and 57 State or Territory programs were assessed. Federal programs ranged from the very small program run by the Australian Electoral Commission, rated at less than $100 000 with a ‘low’ dependency on EOS (but supplying “essential” electoral data); to the three major federal programs each costing more than $100 million: Caring for our Country, a $2 billion Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) program with a ‘medium’ dependency rating; the National Carbon Accounting System (NCAS), accounting for greenhouse emissions from land-based activities and the National Carbon Accounting Toolbox (NCAT), operated by the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (DCCEE) and CSIRO (‘high’); and the multi-agency $273 million International Forest Carbon Initiative (IFCI) operated by DCCEE in partnership with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), CSIRO, AusAID and GA. This IFCI program uses satellite observations to help build capacity and support inclusion of REDD8 in a post-2012 global climate change agreement; and to provide details of forest extent and biomass estimation in forestry partnerships with neighbouring countries of South East Asia. This program has a high level of dependency on EOS, and contributes to numerous foreign policy, international development and environmental objectives. It is likely to expand to include coverage of most SE Asian countries in the near future.

The newly established federal government TERN (Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network) has a $5 million earth observation component, to deliver standardised national scale EOS products and validation sources for terrestrial environments. The marine version of this program, IMOS (Integrated Marine Observing System) is an established $50 million program delivering physical and biological information of Australian offshore waters from EOS and in-situ measurements.

The type of data used by these programs was also considered, with 82 programs (89%) using optical data and twelve programs (13%) using radar data. 52 programs (57%) were dependent on the Landsat series of satellites and 34 programs (37%) were dependent on the MODIS sensor operating on the Aqua and Terra satellites, both of which are operated by the United States.

A defining characteristic of all programs is the level of dependency on EO capabilities. This was itself defined as being the practical importance of Earth observation science to the overall functioning of the program: could the program function in the absence of satellite observation? Is Earth observation an ‘optional extra’ to the functioning of a given program? Is remote sensing an essential component of the program?

A second defining characteristic is the scale of the program, stated in dollars for the life of the program as a convenient and easily compared measure. 82 of Australia’s 92 programs requiring EOS (89%) fall into the ‘medium’ to ‘high’ reliance categories9. When considering the total value of programs involving EOS, 71 programs (77%) are valued between $100,000 and $10m.

While there is considerable overlap in function of the various programs, it is estimated that of the 59 programs (64%) in the ‘high’ dependency category, almost half are concerned with environmental issues, natural resource management, and water. Five programs each are concerned with agriculture/forestry (including IFCI), bushfires/emergencies, and mapping/planning, two with mining, and four each with forensic issues including border security, compliance, and taxation evaluation; and climate change and weather (including the Bureau of Meteorology, concerned with all aspects of national weather and climate, and being highly dependent on EOS).

7 NRSTRG Drafting Group, Appendix A, p 18

8 REDD: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries

9 See also National Remote Sensing Data Requirements – Gaps and Opportunities for ACRES, Athena Global, 2006, p.11

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0

5

10

15

20

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Summary of Australian Federal and State programs dependent on Earth Observation

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In the ‘medium’ dependency category, this pattern is repeated, with 12 of the 22 programs being concerned with environment, water and NRM, three concerned with agriculture, three with mapping and planning, two with bushfire and emergency, one with forensic/compliance and one with climate change. Notably Caring for our Country with a budget of more than $1bn falls within the ‘medium’ category.

Summary of Australian Federal and State EO Program Spending

Scale Low Medium High Total

Less than $100,000 1 2 8 11

$100,000 - $1,000,000 3 6 26 35

$1,000,000 - $10,000,000 4 12 20 36

$10,000,000 - $100,000,000 2 2 3 7

$100,000,000 - $1 billion 0 0 2 2

Greater than $1 billion 0 1 0 1

Total 10 23 59 92

Table 1: Australian Programs dependent on Earth Observation

By using the minimum of each of the scale categories and multiplying these values by the program dependency (1= High, 2/3=Medium, 1/3=Low) we can calculate a conservative minimum financial value of Earth Observation dependencies within currently active Federal and state government programs. For example, the entire IFCI program is $273m, which puts it within the $100m-$1bn range; ‘high’ dependency means that, multiplied by one, there is a financial dependency of $100m for the IFCI program. Using this conservative approach for all 92 programs brings the total dependency of government programs of EOS to just over $949m.

Figure 1: Australian programs dependent on Earth Observation

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This review can be expected to change in the future, as climate change and sea level rise assume more importance, affecting agriculture, emergency and disaster management, infrastructure, marine resources and inland water. At the same time, risks and mitigations (including the failure or reduced availability of existing systems, and their potential replacements) have been identified and are enumerated below in Section 4.2.

Results of the review are tabulated in Appendix A.

3.2 Economic assessment of EOS

In addition to this review, GA and the Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information (CRC-SI) have commissioned an economic assessment of the EOS field.

This review will be undertaken by ACIL Tasman to:

1. Estimate the direct and indirect economic value of space based Earth Observation activities to the Australian Community in 2008-09.

2. Determine the direct and indirect economic impact of an unplanned denial of all Earth Observation data to the Australian economy in 2008-09

3. Estimate the size of the EOS industry, particularly SME, sector in 2008-09.

4. Identify contemplated large scale government applications of Earth Observation data and estimate their direct and indirect economic value.

This economic review will be undertaken in addition to similar reviews being undertaken by the Space Policy Unit, and is intended to ensure that an economic assessment is undertaken with specific knowledge of the complexity related to economically valuing data. The direct economic value of EOS (or data more generally) may be quite small in comparison to the impact it creates because data is used for purposes other than simply its collection.

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The terms of reference of the NRSTRG are:

• toprovideinputtoandadviseontechnicalanddeliveryissuesassociatedwithreceptionanduseof public good satellite imagery in Australia

• toprovideinputandadviceonstrategicissuesconcerningaccessto,andfuturerequirementsfor,remotely sensed imagery, such as future applications and upcoming earth observation missions.

The group provides:

• adviceontechnicalandstrategicremotesensingissuesinanationalandinternationalcontext;

• inputintothedevelopmentofGAstrategicandcontingencyplansthroughaforumforconsultationand liaison on remote sensing issues on a technical level and identification of related policy implications.

4. Seventh National Remote Sensing Technical Reference Group (NRSTRG) and distributors meetingThe seventh meeting of the NRSTRG was held in Canberra in February 2010. Present at the meeting were representatives of Geoscience Australia’s National Earth Observation Group, private sector distributors of satellite data, operators of space infrastructure, researchers in the EOS field and high level delegates from the Federal and state agencies in the EOS field.

The NRSTRG represents a cross section of the remote sensing community and is made up of representatives from government, universities and private companies. Through the NRSTRG these parties provide GA with advice on technical and policy matters related to remote sensing.

The meeting and subsequent discussion identified a number of high level risks to the future of the EOS field in Australia, together with appropriate mitigations, and the meeting came to a series of resolutions. Recommendations, risks and mitigations are listed below.

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4.1 Recommendations of the Seventh NRSTRG and distributors’ meeting

The seventh NRSTRG and distributors’ meeting raised a list of general points of consensus; this list was developed through consultation with the drafting group and the meeting delegates. Following this consultation the following recommendations were created which reflect the consensus of the Earth observation community.

Related to space infrastructure the meeting recommended:

1. that Australia maintain access to an operational moderate resolution data stream for Australia and the region;

1. that access to an all-weather (SAR), 24-hour operational imaging capability is ensured; Australia is well placed for the development of new applications in this field;

2. on-going atmospheric observations to assist in the correction of imagery;

3. further cooperation to ensure that successful sensor fusion, particularly the merging of satellite and airborne datasets, will increase;

4. influencing satellite providers to ensure access to new science missions, and emphasised the importance of integrating short-term science missions into existing and new applications; and

5. developing stronger ties between civilian and defence EOS usage, particularly with reference to dual civilian/defence use of any Australian capability.

Related to ground infrastructure the meeting recommended:

1. urgently and substantially upgrading Australia’s ground communications infrastructure and broadband networks, particularly for Near Real Time (NRT) applications such as emergency response;

2. creating stronger links between current and planed ground reception stations and working towards a national ground station network to reduce duplicate acquisitions;

3. a mechanism for working with satellite providers to coordinate the introduction of technologies such as relay satellites and virtual ground stations;

4. the development of an operational calibration and validation network based on existing sites required for EOS applications as well as to influencing future science missions; and

5. developing ongoing participation in a global initiative for standardised calibration targets

Related to data processing the meeting recommended:

1. moving towards national geometric, radiometric and biophysical standards to simplify inter sensor comparison to increase the resilience of EOS applications and ensuring sensor continuity;

2. recognition of the critical role of satellite calibration and derived-product validation in EOS, benchmarked against international calibration standards such as those by CEOS;

3. ensuring that national standards for EOS conform with international standards set by the international Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS);

4. adopting ANZLIC and ISO 19115-2 metadata standards as the national standard for EOS; and

5. subject to agreement by the three main Landsat processing teams (GA/CSIRO, SLATS, NCAS-CSIRO) that the Landsat Product Generation System (LPGS) be adopted as the standard processing system for the Landsat satellite series.

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Calibration and validation field work at Lake Frome during February 2009 carried out between CSIRO, Geoscience Australia, Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), the Chinese Academy of Science (CSA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

Related to data delivery the meeting recommended:

1. on improved government access to commercial EOS datasets; and

2. funding data custodianship to reduce barriers to access of EOS data including inflexible licencing, excessive pricing, usage of proprietary data formats and products delivered using specifications which limit access to expert users.

Related to governance the meeting recommended:

1. developing stronger links with the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) and the Intergovernmental Group on Earth Observation (GEO);

2. development of stronger links with and between major EOS players within the jurisdictions;

3. on the need to increase governance in EOS field particularly related to:

a. the government procurement of commercial imagery; b. coordination of ground stations; c. development of a national calibration and validation network and d. development of standards for EOS data processing.

4. developing stronger formal links with the Australian space policy community.

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imag

e pr

oces

sing

spe

cial

ists

Hig

h

Ther

e is

a h

igh

likel

ihoo

d of

th

is r

isk,

bec

ause

ther

e ar

e no

t eno

ugh

stud

ents

rec

eivi

ng

high

qua

lity

EO/im

age

proc

essi

ng q

ualif

icat

ions

Med

ium

Lim

ited

capa

city

to r

ealis

e th

e po

tent

ial o

f EO

dat

a to

pro

vide

dec

isio

n/po

licy

supp

ort i

nfor

mat

ion

4Po

or g

roun

d in

fras

truc

ture

Failu

re o

f fun

dam

enta

l inf

rast

ruct

ure

to s

ervi

ce r

equi

rem

ents

, fo

rex

ampl

eco

mm

unic

atio

nsin

fras

truc

ture

Hig

h

Ther

e ar

e al

read

y in

stan

ces

whe

re fu

ndam

enta

l in

frast

ruct

ure

is fa

iling

to m

eet

serv

ice

requ

irem

ents

(Alic

e Sp

rings

-Can

berr

a da

ta li

nk)

Hig

h

The

timel

ines

of d

ata

deliv

ery

(late

ncy)

are

com

prom

ised

, le

adin

g to

del

ayed

del

iver

y of

dat

a.T

his

isa

cri

tical

bo

ttlen

eck

duri

ng e

mer

genc

y re

spon

se s

cena

rios

Tabl

e 2:

Hig

h le

vel r

isks

for

the

Aus

tral

ian

Eart

h O

bser

vatio

n Se

ctor

4.2

Ris

ks

4.2.

1 H

igh

ris

k cl

assi

fica

tio

n

13


4.2.

2 M

ediu

m r

isk

clas

sifi

cati

on

Ris

k N

o.

Ris

k t

itle

Det

aile

d r

isk

an

d e

xam

ple

sLi

kel

iho

od

va

lue

Lik

elih

oo

d

des

crip

tio

nC

on

seq

uen

ce

valu

eC

on

seq

uen

ce

Des

crip

tio

n

5Po

litic

al c

onst

rain

s le

ad

to d

enia

l of E

O d

ata

Inab

ility

to s

ecur

e pu

blic

goo

d sa

telli

te im

ager

y fr

om fo

reig

n go

vern

men

ts.C

hang

eso

fgov

ernm

enta

nd/o

rgo

vern

men

tpo

licy

can

lead

toc

hang

esin

dat

aav

aila

bilit

y.F

ore

xam

ple

ongo

ing

acce

ss to

the

ALO

S re

sear

ch s

atel

lite

is d

ue to

end

in

Janu

ary

2011

due

tor

ecen

tpol

icy

deci

sion

sin

Japa

n

Med

ium

In th

e cu

rren

t eco

nom

ic

clim

ate

gove

rnm

ent f

unde

d EO

S m

issi

ons

are

likel

y to

be

del

ayed

or

give

n gr

eate

r co

mm

erci

al fo

ci

Med

ium

Gov

ernm

ent f

unde

d EO

S da

ta

is n

o lo

nger

ava

ilabl

e

6In

abili

ty to

fund

co

mm

erci

al d

ata

Inab

ility

tor

esou

rce

capt

ure

ofc

omm

erci

alE

OS

data

str

eam

s.

The

cost

con

tinen

tal c

over

age

from

com

mer

cial

mod

erat

e re

solu

tion

sate

llite

s (S

POT,

DM

Cii

and

sim

ilar)

are

qua

nta

mor

eex

pens

ive

than

trad

ition

alg

over

nmen

tfun

ded

EOS

data

su

cha

sLa

ndsa

t.

Ver

y H

igh

The

high

cos

t of c

omm

erci

al

sate

llite

imag

ery

mea

ns th

at

it is

hig

hly

likel

y th

at th

e co

st o

f Lan

dsat

equ

ival

ent

(16

day

revi

sit,

cont

inen

tal

cove

rage

) obs

erva

tions

will

be

una

ccep

tabl

e.R

isk

leve

lis

hig

h

Med

ium

The

EO d

ata

acqu

isiti

on

freq

uenc

y w

ould

dro

p

7In

abili

ty to

acc

ess

key

EO d

ata

requ

ired

for

Aus

tral

ian

envi

ronm

ent

Inab

ility

to a

cces

s sp

ecifi

c se

nsin

g ca

pabi

litie

s sp

ecifi

cally

th

erm

ala

ndS

WIR

dat

a.T

hese

two

type

sof

dat

aha

veu

niqu

ese

nsin

g ca

pabi

litie

s w

hich

are

impo

rtan

ce fo

r un

ders

tand

ing

the

Aus

tral

ian

envi

ronm

ent

Hig

h

Thes

e da

ta s

trea

ms

are

only

cur

rent

ly a

vaila

ble

at

mod

erat

e re

solu

tion

from

La

ndsa

t (hi

gh r

isk

of fa

ilure

an

d/or

com

prom

ised

dat

a qu

ality

) or

avai

labl

e fr

om

MO

DIS

(non

ope

ratio

nal)

Med

ium

Man

y sc

ienc

e ap

plic

atio

ns

for

exam

ple

biop

hysi

cal

estim

ates

of p

rope

rtie

s su

ch

as e

vapo

tran

spir

atio

n an

d gr

ound

cov

er w

ould

be

seve

rely

com

prom

ised

8In

abili

ty to

sou

rce

oper

atio

nal a

ll-w

eath

er

EO (R

adar

) dat

a st

ream

s

Lack

ofa

nap

prop

riat

eR

AD

AR

sat

ellit

eca

pabi

lity.

Met

hods

ca

nnot

be

oper

atio

nalis

ed w

ithou

t an

oper

atio

nal d

ata

sour

ceM

ediu

m

The

curr

ent o

bser

vatio

ns

stra

tegi

es o

f rad

ar s

enso

rs

do n

ot m

eet o

pera

tiona

l re

quir

emen

ts, t

here

fore

the

risk

is h

igh

Hig

h

Una

ble

to a

naly

se a

n al

l-w

eath

er d

ata

stre

am

for

emer

genc

y an

d N

RM

pu

rpos

es

9In

abili

ty to

eng

age

new

co

mm

erci

al E

O p

laye

rs

EO h

as b

ecom

e m

ore

affo

rdab

le p

artic

ular

ly w

ith th

e ad

vent

of

mic

ro s

atel

lites

and

hen

ce th

e pr

opor

tion

of c

omm

erci

al

sate

llite

sto

pub

licg

ood

sate

llite

sha

sin

crea

sed

dram

atic

ally

.Fo

rex

ampl

e,w

hile

stil

lcon

trib

utin

gto

ESA

,Eur

opea

nag

enci

es s

uch

as D

LR a

nd A

SI a

re d

rivin

g m

ore

and

mor

e in

depe

nden

t mis

sion

s su

ch a

s Te

rraS

AR

-X a

nd C

OSM

O-

SkyM

ed.

Hig

hTh

e in

crea

sed

com

mer

cial

isat

ion

of s

pace

is

inev

itabl

eM

ediu

mLo

ss o

f dat

a an

d re

duce

d ab

ility

to in

fluen

ce n

ew

mis

sion

s

Tabl

e 3:

Med

ium

leve

l ris

ks fo

r th

e A

ustr

alia

n Ea

rth

Obs

erva

tion

Sect

or

14


4.2.

3 Lo

w r

isk

clas

sifi

cati

on

Ris

k N

o.

Ris

k t

itle

Det

aile

d r

isk

an

d e

xam

ple

sLi

kel

iho

od

va

lue

Lik

elih

oo

d d

escr

ip-

tio

nC

on

seq

uen

ce

valu

eC

on

seq

uen

ce D

e-sc

rip

tio

n

10In

abili

ty to

acc

ess

new

rem

ote

sens

ing

tech

nolo

gies

New

tech

nolo

gies

suc

h as

GR

AC

E (g

ravi

ty),

SMO

S (m

icro

wav

e), D

ESD

YN

Y (s

pace

bor

ne L

IDA

R),

Hys

pIR

I (h

yper

spec

tral

), an

d Se

ntin

el 3

(RA

DA

R a

ltim

etry

) are

fu

ndam

enta

l to

the

scie

nce

com

mun

ity, i

n or

der

to d

evel

op

new

pro

duct

sto

mee

texi

stin

gan

dem

ergi

ngp

olic

yre

quir

emen

ts

Low

Thes

e m

issi

ons

are

curr

ently

pl

anne

d bu

t fun

ding

to th

ese

mis

sion

s is

not

sec

ure

Low

Aus

tral

ian

EO s

cien

ce

com

mun

ity lo

ses

touc

h w

ith s

tate

of t

he a

rt s

cien

ce

appl

icat

ions

11Se

vere

cos

mol

ogic

al o

r El

ectr

o-M

agne

tric

Pul

se

(EM

P) e

vent

Due

to s

ever

e co

smol

ogic

al e

vent

suc

h as

sol

ar b

urst

or

EMP

gene

rate

d th

roug

h a

nucl

ear

deto

natio

n in

spa

ce a

cces

s to

all

sate

llite

dat

a co

uld

ceas

eV

ery

low

Ther

e ar

e nu

mer

ous

EO

plat

form

s.T

her

isk

of

sim

ulta

neou

s fa

ilure

of a

ll EO

sy

stem

s is

slig

ht

Ver

y H

igh

No

acce

ss to

any

EO

dat

a

Tabl

e 4:

Low

leve

l ris

ks fo

r th

e A

ustr

alia

n Ea

rth

Obs

erva

tion

Sect

or

15


4.3 Mitigations

Mitigations Risks

Development of EOS skills in Australia: encourage/support tertiary institutions to create more EO (physics, mathematics, spatial analysis and applications of EO data)degreeswhichprovidethefundamentalknowledge,skillsandexperienceinundergraduateandpostgraduateprograms.Thismustincludeindustryplacementinrelevantorganisations.DevelopmentofanappropriateeducationpathwayintheEOSfield.AttractEO/imageprocessingexpertsfromoverseas

1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10

Development of EOS infrastructure: invest in infrastructure to ensure that it is capable ofservicingexistingandfutureneeds

1, 3, 4, 8, 10

ESA Sentinel program: seek to establish formal collaborations and ground support activities with ESA at multiple levels to ensure that data from Sentinel are available and suitableforAustralianneeds.EngageactivelywiththeSentinel-2,-3programs.

1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10

Influence Japanese data policy: seektoinfluencethegovernmentofJapantorecognise the critical need for public-good data and ensure that current and future ALOS missions are available for public-good uses and suitable for Australian needs

1, 5, 7, 8, 10

International engagement with EOS field: source public good imagery from multiple internationalagencies(distributetherisk).MaintaincloseliaisonwithrelevantinternationalpartnersandcoordinationmechanismssuchasGEO.

1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10

Links with private sector: engage with commercial EO operators 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

NASA LDCM mission: Ensure access to comparable observations from the LandsatDataContinuityMission(LDCM).EngageactivelywiththeLDCMprogramthrough formal collaborations and ground support activities such as calibration and validation services

1, 2, 5, 7, 10

NASA NPP/JPSS program:SupporttheNASA/NOAANPP/JPSSsystemdevelopmentand ensure that data produced are suitable for Australian needs

1, 2, 5, 7, 10

Promote the future of EOS in Australia: Promote the importance of future science programs within international forums particularly involving the European Commission, theUnitedStatesJapanandotherAsiancountrieswithactiveEOSprograms.

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10

Study and communicate value of EOS: Ongoing analysis and communication of the sizeandvalueoftheEOSfield.IdentifyanEOSobservationstrategythatmeetstheneeds of all key stakeholders and fits within the available budget

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Take a Whole of Government approach to EOS: Identify an EOS strategy which meets the needs of all key stakeholders such as the recent international trend towards treatingdataasinfrastructure.Supportinitiativeswhichclusteracquisitionbudgetstoallowfornegotiationofeconomiesofscalewithcommercialimageryproviders.

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Table 5: Mitigations for the Australian Earth Observation Sector

Note: Risk 11 (Severe cosmological or Electro-Magnetric Pulse (EMP) event) remains untreated.

16


5. Appendix A. Drafting GroupThe NRSTRG meeting decided that Geoscience Australia should create an initial draft of a document with the working title The Earth Observation community’s inputs to a National Space Policy. This document was then drafted through a working group made up of:

Adam Lewis, Geoscience Australia

Alex Held, CSIRO

Christian Witte, Department of Environment and Resource Management, QLD

David Hudson, Geoscience Australia

James Cameron, Department for Environment and Heritage, SA

John White, Department of Sustainability and Environment, VIC

Mark Fenotti, Department of Innovation, Industry Science and Research

Matt Adams, Landgate, WA

Neil Bennett, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, NSW

Stuart Phinn, University of Queensland

Nick Goldie, Geoscience Australia

17


6. Appendix B: Seventh NRSTRG and distributors meeting, Canberra, Friday 19 February 2010, delegates:

Australian Government delegates:

Lucy Randall Bureau of Rural Sciences

Alexander Held CSIRO

Gary Palmer Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation

Shanti Reddy Department of Climate Change

Michele Clement Department of Innovation, Industry Science and Research

Mark Fenotti Department of Innovation, Industry Science and Research

Simon Oliver Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts

Renee Bartolo Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts

Adam Lewis (Chair) Geoscience Australia

Stuart Barr Geoscience Australia

Wenjun Wu Geoscience Australia

Medhavy Thankappan Geoscience Australia

David Hudson Geoscience Australia

Luke Piotrowicz Geoscience Australia

Mike Pasfield Geoscience Australia

Luci Knight Geoscience Australia

Leo Lymburner Geoscience Australia

Sandra Browne Geoscience Australia

Rosalyn Pereira Geoscience Australia

Jurisdictional delegates:

James Cameron Department for Environment and Heritage, SA

Christian Witte Department of Environment and Resource Management, QLD

Tim Danaher Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, NSW

Neil Bennett Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, NSW

John White Department of Sustainability and Environment, VIC

David Abernethy Land and Property Management Authority, NSW

Matt Adams Landgate, WA

Ken Dawbin Landgate, WA

Private sector delegates:

Max Bye Geoimage

Rob Lees Spot Image

Other delegates:

Gypsy Bhalla Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute

Stuart Phinn University of Queensland

18


7. Appendix C: References and readingAthena Global, Forging a National Remote Sensing Strategy, Geoscience Australia, 2006

Athena Global, National Remote Sensing Data Requirements – Gaps and Opportunities for ACRES, Athena Global, 2006

Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, An Australian Strategic Plan for Earth Observation from Space, Australian Academy of Science 2009

Australian Academy of Technological Sciences, A Space Policy for Australia, AATS, 1985

Australian Space Council, Five-year Plan Working Group Reports, Australian Space Office, 1994

Chapman G., Space A Priority for Australia, Australian Senate, 2005

CEOS, Earth Observation Handbook, ESA, May 2010, http://www.eohandbook.com/

Commonwealth Interdepartmental Committee on Spatial Data Access and Pricing, Spatial Data Access and Pricing, AUSLIG, 2001

Corporate GIS Consultants, GIS/Spatial Survey Contributor’s Report 2006/07, Corporate GIS Consultants Australia Pty Ltd, 2007

CRC for Spatial Information, The Value of Spatial Information, ACIL Tasman, 2008

Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Remote Sensing Business Analysis, DEWHA, 2008

Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, An Integrated National Space Program, DITAC 1992

Edgecombe S., Review of the Role and Position of the Australian Centre for Remote Sensing, Geoscience Australia, 2004

Geoscience Australia, Market Trends for National Mapping Division Products 2003, Product Management Group (GA), 2004

Geoscience Australia, Results of Survey on Spatial Enablement of Australian Government, Office of Spatial Data Management, 2007

Jacobs Australia, Inventory of Commercial Satellite Users Within Government, Geoscience Australia, A 2008

Lewis A., Reddy S., The Status of Public Good Remote Sensing in Australia, Geoscience Australia, 2006

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Survey and Analysis of the Asian Remote Sensing Market Aerial and Spaceborne, Global Marketing Insights, Inc, 2007

Phinn, S.R., Held, A. Danaher, T. and Roelfsema, C.M. 2008. Australia’s Environmental Monitoring Information Needs for a Multi-spectral, Moderate Spatial Resolution Imaging Satellite Program. Proceedings of 14th AustralAsian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference, Darwin, September 2008.

Senate Standing Committee on Economics, Lost in Space: Setting a new direction for Australia’s space science and industry sector, The Senate, 2008 [and Government Response 2009]

Sinclair Knight Merz, Understanding Australia’s Domestic Space Capabilities, DIISR 2010

Space IGS, A UK Space Innovations and Growth Strategy 2010 to 2030, Space IGS 2010

Spatial Data Policy Executive, Annual Report, Office of Spatial Data Management, 2006

Spatial Information Industry Action Agenda, Positioning for Growth, Department of Industry, Science and Resources, 2001

Thackway, R., Examples of Key User-needs, BRS, 2010

19


8. Appendix D: Australian Federal and State programs dependent on Earth ObservationTotal program scale refers to the total cost of the program; this includes areas of the programs which do not involve EOS. Program scale has been separated into the following classes:

Program scale

Less than $100,000

$100,000 - $1,000,000

$1,000,000 - $10,000,000

$10,000,000 - $100,000,000

$100,000,000 - $1 billion

Greater than $1 billion

Levels of EO dependency are defined as:

EO dependency Description

Low TheprogramutilisesEOdataasasupplementarytoolonly.

MediumThe program utilises EO data and the opportunity cost of alternative data sources would increasethetotalscaleoftheprogramsignificantly.

High TheprogramutilisesEOdataandthereisnoeconomicorpracticalalternative.

20


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g ID

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g fo

r re

gio

nal

an

d n

atio

nal

sca

le

wat

er b

ud

gets

. The

sci

ence

is n

ow s

uffic

ient

to a

llow

ope

ratio

nal

mon

itori

ngo

fET

ona

dai

lyb

asis

from

sat

ellit

es.

$1,0

00,0

00 -

$1

0,00

0,00

0H

igh

24


Pro

g ID

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pe

Lead

p

ort

foli

oA

gen

cy/s

Pro

gram

/Pro

du

ct

Nam

eD

escr

ipti

on

To

tal

pro

gram

sc

ale

EO

dep

end

ency

21Fe

dera

lD

IAC

A

CB

PSB

orde

r Pr

otec

tion

The

Au

stra

lian

Cu

sto

ms

and

Bo

rder

Pro

tect

ion

Ser

vice

em

ploy

s sa

telli

te te

chno

logy

for

com

mun

icat

ions

, sur

veill

ance

an

dm

arin

ere

scue

.Whe

rec

lient

age

ncie

sdo

not

hav

eth

eir

own

sate

llite

tech

nolo

gy c

apab

ilitie

s, tr

ansm

issi

on o

f dat

a an

d pi

ctur

es

from

sur

veill

ance

air

craf

t can

be

faci

litat

ed v

ia th

e C

usto

ms

Nat

iona

lSur

veill

ance

Cen

tre

inC

anbe

rra.

$1,0

00,0

00 -

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0,00

0,00

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igh

22Fe

dera

lD

IISR

CSI

RO

, TER

N,

DEW

HA

Aus

Cov

er T

ERN

The

Terr

estr

ial E

cosy

stem

s R

esea

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Net

wo

rk (

TER

N)

will

p

rovi

de

a n

etw

ork

for

terr

estr

ial e

cosy

stem

res

earc

h to

co

ordi

nate

nat

iona

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erva

tiona

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orm

atio

n an

d en

cour

age

rese

arch

col

labo

ratio

n an

d co

oper

atio

n na

tiona

lly, t

o fa

cilit

ate

impr

oved

acc

ess,

incl

udin

g by

ele

ctro

nic

mea

ns, f

or r

esea

rche

rs

to q

ualit

y as

sure

d ob

serv

atio

nal d

ata;

and

to id

entif

y fu

ture

ne

eds

for

rese

arch

and

str

engt

hen

the

capa

bilit

y of

the

terr

estr

ial

ecos

yste

mc

omm

unity

acr

oss

Aus

tral

ia.

$1,0

00,0

00 -

$1

0,00

0,00

0H

igh

23Fe

dera

lD

IISR

CSI

RO

, GR

DC

Bio

mas

s M

onito

ring

Mea

sure

men

t o

f b

iom

ass

can

be

mad

e o

ver

a ra

nge

of

scal

es

fro

m p

oin

t so

urc

e to

reg

ion

al le

vel.

Sat

ellit

e pl

atfo

rms

are

effe

ctiv

e fo

r la

rge–

scal

e ap

prai

sal o

f lan

dsca

pe s

yste

ms,

and

as

sess

men

t of s

patia

l and

tem

pora

l var

iatio

n of

veg

etat

ion

acro

ss

abr

oad

area

.Sat

ellit

e–de

rived

info

rmat

ion

for

estim

atin

gcr

op

prod

uctio

nha

sbe

enw

elle

stab

lishe

d.S

enso

rso

nLa

ndsa

tand

SP

OT

prov

ide

high

er r

esol

utio

n in

form

atio

n m

akin

g th

em w

ell

suite

d to

ass

essi

ng th

e im

pact

of h

uman

act

ivity

on

agri

cultu

ral

prod

uctio

nfr

omp

addo

ckto

reg

iona

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le.R

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ese

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gca

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whe

re a

gric

ultu

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ctiv

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cau

sing

a s

hift

in p

rodu

ctio

n po

tent

iald

ueto

cha

ngin

gso

ilqu

ality

.

$100

,000

-

$1,0

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igh

24Fe

dera

lD

IISR

CSI

RO

, BoM

, D

EWH

A, D

IISR

Cen

tre

for

Wea

ther

and

C

limat

e R

esea

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(CA

WC

R)

CAW

CR

is a

par

tner

ship

bet

wee

n C

SIR

O a

nd

th

e B

ure

au o

f M

eteo

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tis

resp

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for

the

Aus

tral

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Com

mun

ity

Clim

ate

and

Eart

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stem

Sim

ulat

or (A

CC

ESS)

, and

a n

umbe

r of

at

mos

pher

e,w

eath

era

ndc

limat

esc

ienc

epr

ogra

ms.

$1,0

00,0

00 -

$1

0,00

0,00

0H

igh

25Fe

dera

lD

IISR

CSI

RO

, Sta

te

geol

ogic

al

surv

eys,

GA

Inte

rnat

iona

l Hyp

ersp

ectr

al

Imag

ing

Sate

llite

Pro

gram

s

Co

vere

d u

nd

er in

tern

atio

nal

agr

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ents

su

ch a

s th

ose

wit

h

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pan

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d G

FZ (

Ger

man

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SIR

O a

nd c

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bora

ting

Aus

tral

ian/

Stat

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vern

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ents

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usi

ng A

ustr

alia

fo

r (1

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ablis

hing

sou

ther

n he

mis

pher

e vi

cari

ous

calib

ratio

n ca

pabi

lity;

(2) p

ublic

geo

scie

nce

info

rmat

ion

prod

ucts

and

rel

ated

(in

ter)

natio

nals

tand

ards

.>90

%o

fcur

rent

fund

ing

isp

rovi

ded

by

inte

rnat

iona

lpar

tner

s(e

.g.E

RSD

AC

).

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00 -

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0,00

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igh

25


Pro

g ID

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pe

Lead

p

ort

foli

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gen

cy/s

Pro

gram

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du

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Nam

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ipti

on

To

tal

pro

gram

sc

ale

EO

dep

end

ency

26Fe

dera

lD

IISR

AIM

SLo

ng T

erm

Mon

itori

ng

Prog

ram

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P)

LTM

P h

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een

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rvey

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of

reef

s in

th

e G

reat

B

arri

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eef

ann

ual

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199

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his

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uous

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f com

mun

ities

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cha

larg

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ale.

$1,0

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0,00

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0M

ediu

m

27Fe

dera

lD

IISR

CSI

RO

, IM

OS,

A

IMS,

DEW

HA

Oce

an C

olou

r M

onito

ring

Larg

e ar

ea m

on

itori

ng

of

mar

ine

reso

urc

es th

roug

h oc

ean

colo

ur a

nd te

mpe

ratu

re c

an b

e an

effe

ctiv

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ay o

f def

inin

g zo

nes

of o

cean

and

coa

stal

reg

ions

, and

taki

ng m

easu

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rela

ting

to

habi

tats

tatu

san

dch

ange

sov

erti

me.

The

tech

nolo

gym

aya

lso

be

used

for

cora

l ble

achi

ng p

redi

ctio

n an

d m

onito

ring

$100

,000

-

$1,0

00,0

00H

igh

28Fe

dera

lD

IISR

CSI

RO

, Lan

dgat

e (W

A).

AG

RIC

(W

A)

Past

ures

from

Spa

ce

Past

ure

s fr

om

Sp

ace

is a

far

m m

anag

emen

t to

ol.

Sat

ellit

es o

rbit

the

eart

htw

ice

ada

yco

llect

ing

the

infr

ared

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pons

eof

pas

ture

s.

The

data

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en u

sed

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stim

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the

rate

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astu

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row

th d

urin

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egr

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ason

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rmer

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padd

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usin

gm

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yers

suc

has

roa

dan

dto

wn

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es.

Wee

kly

data

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lso

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dabl

e fo

r us

e in

est

imat

ing

past

ure

grow

th r

ates

of p

addo

cks

whi

ch c

an h

elp

calc

ulat

e fe

ed a

nd

lives

tock

qua

ntiti

esto

kee

pon

the

farm

.

$1,0

00,0

00 -

$1

0,00

0,00

0H

igh

29Fe

dera

lD

IISR

CSI

RO

, GSW

A,

GSQ

, AuS

cope

, U

WA

, Cur

tin

Uni

vers

ity,

Indu

stry

, GA

WA

Cen

tre

ofE

xcel

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e(C

oE) f

or 3

D M

iner

al

Map

ping

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MM

)

Led

by

CSI

RO

, th

e fi

ve y

ear

C3D

MM

Co

E is

su

pp

ort

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y th

e W

A g

ove

rnm

ent

(pro

vide

s $1

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ever

y $3

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trib

uted

by

othe

rs

toth

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UW

A,g

over

nmen

tdep

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ents

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ustr

yan

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SIR

O.

The

mai

n ai

m o

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essi

ble

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appi

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ew

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rem

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drill

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tech

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king

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tral

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ener

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stem

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AST

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30Fe

dera

lD

RET

GA

Coa

stal

Mon

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The

Co

asta

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earc

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Man

agem

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pro

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pro

vid

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info

rmat

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an

d a

dvi

ce to

sup

port

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ctiv

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anag

emen

t of

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tral

ian

estu

arie

san

dco

asta

lwat

erw

ays.

Inp

artic

ular

,new

en

viro

nmen

tal d

ata

are

acqu

ired

and

com

pile

d to

est

ablis

h a

natio

nal o

verv

iew

of c

oast

al w

ater

qua

lity

and

deve

lop

agre

ed

met

hods

and

indi

cato

rs fo

r th

e as

sess

men

t of w

ater

qua

lity

and

ecos

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min

tegr

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$100

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m

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Pro

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Lead

p

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Pro

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on

To

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pro

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sc

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dep

end

ency

31Fe

dera

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RET

GA

, DFA

TLo

SaM

BA

The

LoSa

MBA

pro

ject

def

ines

Au

stra

lia’s

nat

ion

al m

arit

ime

bo

un

dar

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adv

ises

on

the

defin

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of a

dmin

istr

ativ

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unda

ries

, and

adv

ises

on

geos

cien

tific

asp

ects

of t

he L

aw o

f the

Se

a.T

hep

roje

cta

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inis

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enha

ncem

ent

of w

eb-b

ased

info

rmat

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syst

ems,

in p

artic

ular

the

Aus

tral

ian

Mar

ine

Spat

ial I

nfor

mat

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Syst

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MSI

S); p

rovi

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of s

peci

fic

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oc a

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e in

clud

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isio

n of

map

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ritte

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unda

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desc

ript

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dig

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reg

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auth

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su

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Offi

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f Tra

nspo

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ecur

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n th

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finiti

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ecur

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Por

ts; a

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Isla

nd C

ount

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roug

hSO

PAC

on

mar

itim

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unda

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sues

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32Fe

dera

lD

RET

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SN

atio

nal L

and

Cov

er

Map

ping

Lan

d-c

ove

r m

app

ing

at G

eosc

ien

ce A

ust

ralia

pro

vid

es

a n

atio

nal

dyn

amic

map

pin

g sy

stem

pla

cing

cur

rent

land

co

ver

stat

usa

ndc

hang

esin

ah

isto

rica

lcon

text

ata

nat

iona

l,re

gion

al a

nd lo

cal s

cale

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to s

uppo

rt a

nd fa

cilit

ate

a na

tiona

l st

anda

rd b

asel

ine

for

chan

ge d

etec

tion

and

envi

ronm

enta

l re

port

ing,

em

erge

ncy

man

agem

ent a

nd a

id in

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

e M

anag

emen

tdec

isio

ns.

$100

,000

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igh

33Fe

dera

lD

RET

GA

, Sta

tes

Nat

iona

l Top

ogra

phic

M

appi

ng

Nat

ion

al b

road

-sca

le o

per

atio

nal

map

pin

g b

ased

on

sat

ellit

e im

ages

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ture

d at

leas

t ann

ually

ove

r la

rge

area

s (c

ontin

enta

l sc

ale)

.Im

ager

yis

use

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det

ectc

hang

ein

topo

grap

hic

feat

ures

,an

d to

cre

ate

up to

dat

e to

pogr

aphi

c m

aps

$1,0

00,0

00 -

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0,00

0,00

0M

ediu

m

34Fe

dera

lD

RET

GA

Petr

oleu

m A

crea

ge a

nd

Rel

ease

Dev

elo

pm

ent

of

too

ls a

nd

tech

niq

ues

for

the

det

ecti

on

of

nat

ura

l hyd

roca

rbo

n s

eep

age,

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ging

from

the

asse

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ent o

f re

mot

e se

nsin

g ap

plic

atio

ns to

the

geoc

hem

ical

ana

lysi

s of

sea

be

dsa

mpl

es.

$10,

000,

000

- $1

00,0

00,0

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w

35Fe

dera

lD

RET

GA

, CSI

RO

Pre-

com

petit

ive

Min

eral

Pr

ospe

ctin

g R

esea

rch

Geo

scie

nti

fic

surv

eys

of

Au

stra

lia’s

min

eral

pro

vin

ces

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iden

tify

area

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new

min

eral

pot

entia

ltha

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be

ofe

xplo

ratio

nin

tere

st.G

eosc

ienc

eA

ustr

alia

mar

kets

thes

eop

port

uniti

es

dom

estic

ally

and

inte

rnat

iona

lly.

$1,0

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0,00

0,00

0Lo

w

27


Pro

g ID

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pe

Lead

p

ort

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gen

cy/s

Pro

gram

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du

ct

Nam

eD

escr

ipti

on

To

tal

pro

gram

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ale

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dep

end

ency

36Fe

dera

lD

RET

GA

Sent

inel

Hot

spot

s

Sen

tin

el is

a n

atio

nal

bu

shfi

re m

on

itori

ng

syst

em, w

hich

allo

ws

user

s to

iden

tify

fire

loca

tions

whe

re th

ere

is a

pot

entia

l ris

k to

co

mm

uniti

esa

ndp

rope

rty.S

entin

elo

btai

nsd

ata

from

sat

ellit

es

whi

ch o

rbit

the

Earth

col

lect

ing

data

in a

pat

h 23

30 k

m w

ide,

at

leas

tonc

ea

day.

The

dat

ais

rec

eive

dby

Geo

scie

nce

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tralia

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ata

Acq

uisi

tion

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lity

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lice

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ions

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tract

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as

mal

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tra

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tod

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aps

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Elec

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pin g

Sate

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lect

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unda

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and

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tchm

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man

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$100

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39Ju

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40Ju

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41Ju

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Dep

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ent o

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anni

ng &

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hire

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de

mon

stra

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plat

form

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p

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gram

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du

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escr

ipti

on

To

tal

pro

gram

sc

ale

EO

dep

end

ency

42Ju

risd

ictio

nN

SWD

ECC

WEl

evat

ion

and

vege

tatio

n st

ruct

ural

map

ping

Wet

lan

d a

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wat

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anag

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crea

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as in

a v

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incl

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g ve

geta

tion

map

ping

& fi

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odel

ling

$100

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43Ju

risd

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SWD

ECC

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Le

ss th

an $

100,

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Hig

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45Ju

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Inla

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$100

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47Ju

risd

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SWD

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arin

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onito

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R

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Less

than

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48Ju

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SWO

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nsiv

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used

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$1,0

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49Ju

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50Ju

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51Ju

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54Ju

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$100

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56Ju

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Documents

A National Space Policy · A NATIONAL SPACE POLICY: VIEWS FROM THE EARTH OBSERVATION COMMUNITY 2. Background Australia is a major user of, and beneficiary from, space-based Earth