A Nation, at last!Or not?

Italy and the Liberal State

In 1870:

1. Italy is a united Nation

2. Rome is the capital of Italy

3. The Constitution of Italy is the Statuto Albertino, drafted in 1848 by the king of

Piemonte Carlo Alberto

Italy can be defined a Liberal State

WHY?

Italy is a State whose objectives are:

1. defense of liberty and inviolable rights of citizens

2. Constitution that recognizes and grants fundamental rights

3. State’s sovereignty controlled by the three powers

Legislative, Executive and Judicial

The Liberal State is not an absolutist Monarchy,nor a Democracy

WHY?

The Power of the king comes not from divine will (absolutist monarchy), nor from the People

(democracy)

It depends on the NATION

The Liberal State in Italy has many problems:

1. Occupation of Rome

A. In Foreign Politics:

2. Difficult relation with Great European Nations

3. A unique foreign politics

B. Internal politics:

1. Italy is not a State, but it is not a Nation2. Education3. Justice4. Communications5. Public offices

6. Taxation system7. Army

8. The Brigantaggio

9. Economy, a huge difference between North and South

EducationBefore the UnificationWealthy families: Private educationPoor families: No education Case di custodia

ENLIGHTENMENT , second half of the 18th century

Necessity of a public education - the school becomes school system

The role of the Church is fundamental

EducationBefore the Unification

The 19th Century marks another turning point

Social Justice, education as public good, people needs representationBig differences of the school system all over Italy

EducationAfter the Unification

The necessity of a national school system

The LEGGE CASATI, since 1860

Elementary school: 2+2All the expenses were sustained by the Communes

School registry did not existThe Communes had not enough money

Illiteracy rate was at the 80% in 1861!1876: LEGGE COPPINO, school is mandatory for 6 years

Differences between North and South

JusticeBefore the Unification and after: Statuto Albertino

The Judicial Power is given off by the king

All the Judges are elected by the king

The king can give pardon

Before the Unification the Judges could be removed at any moment

After the Unification the Judges were adamant after three years in office

All the trials had to be published in order to be known by everyone

CommunicationsBefore 1861

The first train was inaugurated in the Kingdom of the two Sicilies: 1839, Napoli-Portici, 7 km

In the rest of Italy the first train was Milano-Monza (12 km) in 1840

CommunicationsIn 1861

Italy was in practice a Country with no railways, just 1,900 km

At the end of the 1800’s the total of railways was of 20,000 km

The most of the investments were in the Center and the North

Two main difficulties:1. The morphology of Italy, too many mountains2. The politics, many States with their own transportation systems

Taxation system and economy

Before the Unification

The economy of all the States in the 1800’s was based on the Primary

In the South, the production of iron was prestigious

Direct and indirect taxes, especially on trade

Taxation system and economy

After the Unification

Two systems too different

Industrial revolution, too late

The South was cut out from the new model of development

The political strategy will be disastrous

BrigantaggioA civil war?

Very different opinions

Highway robbery and plunder

The Brigante/brigand usually lives in a gang and lives by pillage and robbery

During the besiege of Gaeta, some briganti operated against the Piedmontese

BrigantaggioThe Chronology

1861-1866

The Causes

1. Misery, social unrest, great disappointment after the Mille experience2. No land to peasant (Garibaldi had promised it)3. The Burbons’ Army had been disbanded, thousands of unemployed4. The war had stopped industry and agriculture in the South5. Hard taxation (Piedmont needed money): 10 new taxes were introduced6. Compulsory military service (40,000 deserted)

Brigantaggio

1863: Pica Legislation

Italy, just born was already divided

This legislation caused more victims than the whole Risorgimento

BrigantaggioThe repression

1861: 20,000 bersaglieri were sent to the South

The year after, they were more than 50,000, one year after: more than 100,000

8.964 executed,10.604 wounded,6.112 prisoners,64 priests killed,22 friars killed,

60 boys killed (under 16),50 women killed,13.529 arrested,

918 burned houses,6 villages razed to the ground,

3.000 families searched,12 churches pillaged,

1.428 communes considered conniving

Sept, 1860-Aug 1861