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1
A Methodology for the Creation of Geographically Realistic, Synthetic
Optimal Power Flow Models
Thomas J. Overbye TEES Distinguished Research Professor
Electrical and Computer Engineering [email protected]
June 28, 2017
2
Background • Access to data about the actual power grid is
often restricted because of requirements for data confidentiality (e.g., critical energy infrastructure)
• For power system community to engage in research that adheres to the scientific principle of reproducibility of results we need common access to models the mimic the grid complexity
• Work presented here is mostly based an ongoing ARPA-E Grid Data Project – Tom Overbye, Komal Shetye, Adam Birchfield, Ti Xu, Zeyu Mao
(TAMU) – Anna Scaglione, Eran Schweitzer (ASU) – Hao Zhu (UIUC) – Zhifang Wang, Hadi Athari, Seyyed Elyas (VCU) – Ray Zimmerman and Bob Thomas (Cornell)
3
Overview • The overall goal of the project is the creation and
dissemination of synthetic (fictional) models and scenarios associated with the high voltage grid – The models will be of varying size and complexity,
ranging from 200 buses up to 100,000 buses; the models will also include contingencies and extra parameters for transient stability and GMD analysis
– All delivered models with have geographic coordinates – Scenarios will be hourly for a year, SCOPF solved – Validation metrics are also a key consideration
4
Approach • The approach is to make models that look real
and familiar by siting these synthetic models in North America, and serving a population density the mimics that of North America – The transmission grid is, however, totally fictitious
• This approach is predicated on gathering statistics associated with actual grids, and then using those statistics as appropriate – Actual grids have idiosyncratic characteristics that
need to be considered; outlier characteristics can be quite important!
5
Model Complexity Examples • A recent 76,000 bus Eastern Interconnect (EI)
power flow model has 27,622 transformers including 98 phase shifters – Impedance correction tables are used for 351,
including about 2/3 of the phase shifters; tables can change the impedance by more than two times
• The voltage magnitude is controlled at about 19,000 buses (by Gens, LTCs, switched shunts) – 94% regulate their own terminals with about 1100
doing remote regulation. Of this group 572 are regulated by two or more devices, 277 by three or more, 12 by eight or more, and three by 12 devices!
6
Geography is Key! • Actual power grids are geographically consistent
– This is an inherent characteristic that has profound modeling implications
– Examples include line impedance, and constraints such as lakes and mountains
• Traditionally power system planning models did not usually include location
• This is now changing, partially because of growing GMD studies that require geography
7
Current Status • We’ve created 200, 500 and 2000 bus systems,
with a 10,000 bus model almost finished – The 200 bus model has OPF, transient stability GMD
data, contingencies plus 8760 hourly scenarios – The 500 bus has OPF, transient stability and GMD
data – The 2000 bus has OPF data – Additional scenarios and models are being developed
• All models are (or will be) publicly available in a variety of common formats at different locations – https://electricgrids.engr.tamu.edu/
8
Example: 2000 Model • Geographic footprint is part
of Texas (corresponding with ERCOT footprint)
• Four voltage levels: 115 kV, 161 kV, 230 kV, and 500 kV
• Eight areas, appealing onelines
This is a synthetic power system model that does NOT represent the actual grid. It was developed as part of the US ARPA-E Grid Data research project and contains no CEII. To reference the model development approach, use:
For more information, contact [email protected].
A.B. Birchfield, T. Xu, K.M. Gegner, K.S. Shetye, and T.J. Overbye, "Grid Structural Characteristics as Validation Criteria for Synthetic Networks," to appear, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2017.
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Zoomed View of North Texas
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Synthetic Model Design Process The assumed peak load is based on population, scaled by geographic values
Generation is partially derived from public data (e.g., EIA-860)
Substation oriented approach
10
Matching Transmission Systems • We use a number approaches to better mimic
the transmission system including Delaunay Triangulation, minimum spanning trees, and minimum cycle distribution
Below image shows Delaunay triangulation of 42,000 North America substations; statistics only consider single voltage levels; this is computationally fast (order n ln(n))
The minimum spanning tree (MST) is a subset of the Delaunay triangulation
11
Validation is Key! • To-date we’ve developed about 20 metrics that
cover the proportions, size, and structure of actual power grids models, with more coming!
• For example: – Buses/substation, Voltage levels, Load at each bus – Generator commitment, dispatch – Transformer reactance, MVA limit, X/R ratio – Percent of lines on minimum spanning tree and
various neighbors of the Delaunay triangulation • Statistics collected from 3 actual interconnects
and 12 subset cases, from FERC 715 data
12
Validation of the 2000 Bus Model
*Note: this model represents a higher load-bus density than actual by design
13
Validation of the 2000 Bus Model Number of buses in substation Amount of load per bus
Orange/blue/black actual data, red synthetic
14
Validation of the 2000 Bus Model
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Development of Model Scenarios • Goal of project is to develop models and hourly
variation scenarios, SCOPF validated for a year • This is being done initially for the 200 bus model
Assumed Hourly Maximum Wind Generation
Assumed Hourly Load
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200 Bus SCOPF Validation • We are currently combining the 200 bus model,
the load schedules, the wind generation variation and the contingencies to do SCOPF validation on model – Using PowerWorld Simulator Time Step Simulation
The PowerWorld Simulator tool allows us to easily sequentially solve ac SCOPFs for each of the hourly time points
17
Transient Stability Models • Ultimately all models will also include transient
stability models; this is done for the 200 and 500 bus models, with the 2000 bus almost done
• We’re developing models with increasing complexity in model diversity, while using models that run in PowerWorld, PSSE and PSLF
• Validation metrics are also being developed
18
Next Up: Ten Thousand Bus Case • Model has 10K
buses, 4700 substations, 16 areas, six nominal transmission voltages (765, 500, 345, 161, 138 and 115kV); total peak load is 150GW
19
Applications • To be widely used synthetic models need to be
high quality and available in common formats • Researchers will be able to exchange models and
demonstrate techniques on realistic models • Larger models can be used to enhance teaching
– TAMU use of 2000 bus model in undergrad courses – Vendors adopting synthetic models for training
• Utilities and ISOs may want models adopted to their particular footprints and needs – Can be provided to a wider range of potential vendors
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Conclusion • Having access to realistic synthetic models can
be an important driver of innovation • The field of synthetic electric grid models is
rapidly developing – Creating realistic, large-scale synthetic model is
difficult but not impossible – Larger scale models are now starting to be released
• There is still much research still to be done especially in the areas of algorithms to create large models and validation metrics!
21
Thank You! Questions?
A Methodology for the Creation of Geographically Realistic, Synthetic Optimal Power Flow ModelsBackgroundOverviewApproachModel Complexity ExamplesGeography is Key!Current StatusExample: 2000 ModelSynthetic Model Design ProcessMatching Transmission SystemsValidation is Key!Validation of the 2000 Bus ModelValidation of the 2000 Bus ModelValidation of the 2000 Bus ModelDevelopment of Model Scenarios200 Bus SCOPF ValidationTransient Stability ModelsNext Up: Ten Thousand Bus CaseApplicationsConclusionThank You! �Questions?