An Introduction to Induced Meandering:A Method for Restoring Stability to Incised Stream Channels

by Bill Zeedyk

Third Edition ~ April 2006

A Joint Publication from Earth Works InstituteThe Quivira Coalition and

Zeedyk Ecological Consulting

ContentsI. Induced Meandering: Concepts and TerminologyII. Induced Meandering ProceduresIII. Types and Location of Structures

Figures PageFigure 1. Rosgen Channels 1Figure 2. Typical Channel Cross Section 2Figure 3. Typical River Meander 3Figure 4. Placement of Structures 6Figure 5. Post Vane Cross Section Profile (Pre-Response) 8Figure 6. Post Vane Cross Section Profile (Post-Response) 8Figure 7. Typical Post Vane (Plan View) 9Figure 8. Typical Post Vane (Profile View) 10Figure 9. Typical Baffle (Plan View) 11Figure 10. Typical Baffle (Profile View) 13Figure 11. One Rock Dam (Profile View) 14 Figure 12. One Rock Dam (Plan View) 14 Figure 13. Typical Wicker-Weir (Plan View) 16Figure 14. Typical Wicker-Weir (Profile View) 16

This document describes ripar-ian restoration techniques, such as those used for several demonstration sites in the Galisteo watershed as part of the Galisteo Watershed Restoration Project—phase 2 (GWRP-II). This project is sponsored by the New Mexico Environment Depart-ment with financial support under Clean Water Act Section 319(h) administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The project attempts to amelio-rate surface water quality in New Mexico waters by reducing non-point source pol-lution in Galisteo Creek. AnIntroductiontoInducedMean-dering is an illustrated field guide for use by participants of riparian restoration edu-cational workshops and field tours, along with contractors and volunteers (during installation of structures). It is a general promotion for Bill Zeedyk’s techniques for a broad audience that includes project managers, government officials, and oth-ers. This field guide is not to be used or interpreted as a design manual.

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I. Induced Meandering: Concepts and Terminology

Streamsnaturallymeanderandthemeanderingprocesseventuallyresultsintheevolutionofafloodplainadjacent to the stream channel, exceptwhere valleycharacteristicspreventfloodplainformation.Inalluvialvalleys,floodplainsaredesirablebecausetheydissipatefloodenergiesacrossawidearea,reducefloodpeaksasfloodflowsspreadout,facilitatesedimentretention,and provide habitats for streamside vegetation andwildlife. Streamchannelsimpededbyroads,railroads,livestocktrailing,mining,orotherdisturbancesmaybecome incised if straightened or steepened. Anincreaseinthefrequencyormagnitudeoffloodeventsduetodeterioratingwatershedconditionsinheadwaterareasmay also trigger channel incision. An incisedchannelisonethatnolongerhasaccesstotheadjacentfloodplain. Astreamchannelwillchangeitsdimensionsand pattern in response to any change in floodfrequency, magnitude, or sediment supply. Givensufficienttime,consistentweathercycles,andareturn

Figure 1.

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to watershed equilibrium,incisedchannelswilltendtowiden(duetolateralerosionof their banks), flatten,become more sinuous, anddevelop a meander patterna long wi th f loodpla incharacteristicssimilartothepre-disturbance condition.In other words, disturbedchannels tend to evolvetoward a state of dynamicstability appropriate towatershedgeology,sedimentcharacteristics,theclimate,floodfrequency,andmagnitude. Two methods are available to speed the recovery ofdisturbedchannelstothedynamicallystableformandmeanderpatternandreconnectthechannelwithitsfloodplain.Oneistoexcavateorreconstructameanderingchannelhavingthewidth,depth, slope, sinuosity, and other characteristics appropriateto the watershed and landform. The other is the Induced Meandering Method—lettingtheriverdothework. TheInduced Meandering Methodusesartificialinstreamstructures,manipulationofstreambankvegetation,andthepower

ofrunningwatertoexpeditechannelevolutionandfloodplaindevelopment. Key components of induced meandering arethe proper sizing and spacing of structures and the selectiveintroductionorremovalofstreambankvegetation. Induced MeanderingisrecommendedforthetreatmentofincisedchannelsONLY;specificallyRosgenChannelTypesG,F,andsomeBChannels(Figure1).ThepurposeoftreatmentwouldbetospeedevolutiontowardtheRosgenCorETypeasappropriatetovalleytypeandbedloadcharacteristics. Sinceanincisedchannelentrenchedinvalleyalluviumisnaturallyattemptingtoincreaseitswidthandre-establisha

Figure 2.

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floodplain, it is important to remember thatdoinganythingtostopmeanderingortostabilizethebankwillonlyfrustratechannelevolutiontowardthestableform. Effortstokeepastreamtoostraightwilldelayevolutionofastablechannelwhileeffortstostabilizeerodingbanksofincisedchannelsmaybeself-defeatinginanevolutionarysense,becausethestreamhastocreate,throughlateralerosion,suf-

ficientspaceforamean-deringchanneltoreachitsequilibriummeanderamplitude.Similarly,itwouldbeinappropriatetomodifyadynamicallystable channel by at-temptingtoincreaseitswidth,flatten its slope,orincreaseitssinuositybecausesuchalterationswould interfere withtheabilityofthestreamto accommodate floodflows or transport itsbedload. Low-flow periods

areimportant;theyarenotdowntime,butpermitmaximumgrowthofriparianvegetationwhenpointbarsandsidebanksarestabilized.Thestreamisstillatworksincegrowthofvegetationcreatesplantdiversityandthebiomassnecessarytocaptureandretainsedimentduringsubsequentstormevents.Waterstoredinevolvingpointbars,floodplains,andterracesnourishesthedesirableriparianplantcommunity.

Figure 3.

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Channelresponsetotheinstallationofinstreamstruc-tures,suchasvanes,baffles,andweirs,isvariableforeachstreamreachbecauseofvariabilityinsuchfactorsas:

channelwidth,depth,andslope;resistanceofstreambedandbankstoerosion;sedimentsupply;roughness ofbedmaterials;andthetype,dimensions,spacing,structuralintegrity,

competence,androughnessofinstalledstructures. Wheninstreamstructuresareproperlydesigned,placed,and installed, Induced Meandering is a feasible and effectivemethodformodifyingtheshape,pattern,anddimensionsofincisedchannelsintheSouthwest.Rocksalonecanbeused,buttheuseofwoodenpicketsorstakesinthesestructuresimprovestheir effectiveness to capture sediments and seed stock, andreducemaintenanceneeds.Dependingonchanneldimension,functionalinstreamstructurescanbeeconomicallyconstructedwithhand laborusing freelyavailable localmaterials suchassticksandrocks. Thismethodofchannelreconstruction“let’stheriverdothework”ofre-formingtheshapeoftheriver,itsslope,di-mensions,andfloodplain,althoughtherateofprogresstowardmeetingmanagementgoals isvariablebecauseof thenaturalvariabilityinthetimingandmagnitudeoffloodevents.

Terminology(Refer to Figures 2 and 3.)

W or WBKF=ChannelWidthatbankfullstage.FPA=WidthofFloodProneAreaattwicemaximumdepth

ofbankfullchannelatthalweg.A – A1=One Meander.A – A1alongthechannel=Meander Length.A – A1straightlinedistance=Valley Length.Bankfullisthestageatwhichthechannelbeginstospillonto

itsfloodplainatfloodstage.Floodplainisarelativelyflatareaadjacenttothebankfull

channel.Thalweg isthedeepestpartofthechannel.A Terraceisanabandonedfloodplain.Maximum Depthisthedepthatthethalwegwhentheriver

isflowingatbankfull.Mean Depthistheaveragedepthoftheriveratbankfull.

Asaruleofthumb,meandepthisapproximatelyequalto0.6timesmaximum depth.

Sinuosityistheratioofchannellengthtovalleylength.An Ephemeral stream derives its water exclusively from

precipitation.APerennialstreamderiveswaterfromdirectprecipitation

andfromgroundwater.

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Step 3. Select the Type and Location of Structures. Handmade restoration structures are used to deflectflows to invoke lateral erosionof streambanksor to stabilizechannelslopeandbedelevation.Theyaredescribedonpages7-16.

Step 4. Monitoring Plan and Baseline Data Collection. Scheduled monitoring is absolutely essential to thesuccessful conclusion of an induced meandering project.Monitoringisdonetoassessstructureperformance,determinechannelresponse,andgaugeprogresstowardmeetingplanobjec-tives.Keyparametersinclude,ataminimum,bankfull width,

mean depth, flood prone area width, channel length, and slope.

Step 5. Follow-up Moni-toring and Maintenance. Key pa ramete r sshould be re-measured in adisciplined way and photopoints re-photographed torecord progress. Initially,monitoring shouldbedoneimmediatelyaftereachstormevent.Overthelongterm,

II. Induced Meandering ProceduresStep 1. Select a Reference Reach.

AstablereferencereachisselectedtodeterminepotentialRosgen channel type(Figure1),meander length, bankfull width, width:depth ratio, mean depth, bedload and bank materials, channel slope, meander radius, flood prone area, and sinuosity (Figures2and3).Theseparametersareusedtosetmanagementobjectivesanddesigncriteriaforproperspacingandsizingofstructurestobeinstalledinthetreatedreach.

Step 2. Determine Your Restoration Goals and Management Objectives.

Restorationgoalsshouldincludelandscapeorecosystemparameters, suchashealthofriparian,woodland,orgrass-land areas, or sediment retention andbuild-up in the channel. Managementobjectives should be formulated for thedesiredRosgenchanneltypeandchannelcharacteristicstobeattained.Allgoalsandobjectives should be attainable in aboutfive years after implementing inducedmeanderingwork.

Monitoring channel response to treatment, Rio Galisteo.

(Photo courtesy of Bill Zeedyk.)

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Figure 4.scheduledroutinemonitoringshouldbedoneattheendofthesnowmeltrun-offperiodandattheendofthemonsoonseasontoallowenoughtimetorepairormodifystructurespriortothenextupcomingwetseason. Monitoring will detectneeded repairs or indicate neededmodification,relocation,orremovalofstructuresnotperformingaccord-ingtoplan.Forexample,additionalpickets or rocks may be needed tostrengthenaweirorextendabaffle. With time, the bank op-positeabaffleorvanewillerode.Atthatpointadditionalpostsorpicketsshouldbeaddedtothestructure inorderto“chase”therecedingstream-bank. Similarly, monitoring mayindicate the need to raise or lowertheheightorwidthofawickerweirtoestablishthedesiredchannelslopegradient.

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banks)or14forlooselyconsolidatedbanks(gravellybanks).Ifunsureofthestreambanktype,multiplythebankfullwidthbytheaverage,12. Structuresarespacedappropriatelytothedesiredme-anderlengthandsizedproportionallytothedesiredbankfullwidthofchannelandmeandepthatbankfull.Tocorrectforsinuosity, divide theplanned meander length by thepresentsinuositytodeterminethedistancebetweenstructuresintheexistingchannel.

Vanes and Baffles aredifferenttypesofstructuresusedtodeflectstreamflowtowardtheoppositebank.Asflowsaredeflected,energiesareconcentrated and theconcentrated force isfocused at the baseof the opposite bankcausing it to erode,collapse and recede.As the bank recedes,thechannelwidens,thethalweg deepensandshiftstowardtherecedingbank,bedmaterialsareflushedaway,andapoolformsatthebaseofthebankoppositethestructure(Figures5and6).

Eventually management objectives, such as bankfullwidth,meandepth,meanderlength,channelslopeandsinuositywillbeattained.Atthatpoint,itshouldnolongerbeneces-sarytomodifyormaintainstructuresand,instead,itmaythenbecomeimportanttostabilizeerodingbanksbyplantingwoodytreesandshrubssuchaswillowsandcottonwoods.Stabilizationwillkeeptheevolvingmeanderfrom“scrolling”downstream.

III. Types and Location of Structures Deflectorsareusedtodirectstreamflowleftorright.Typesofdeflectorsinclude:

Vanes(moreresistanttoflow)PicketBafflesBoulderBaffles

Weirsareusedtostabilizebedelevationandchannelslope.Typesinclude:

One-RockDamsWicker-WeirsRockArchDams

Thelocation,design,andsizingofstructuresareimpor-tantfactorstothesuccessoftherestorationeffort(Figure4). TocalculateanewMeander Length,multiplythebank-full widthby10forcohesivestreambanks(wellvegetatedorclay

Deflectors, like vanes and baffles, widen the channel and

induce meandering.

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However,therecedingbankresistserosiontosomedegreedependingonits stabilityandrepels theconcentrated flow. The repelled flow then reboundstowardmid-channel,graduallycrossingoverandimping-ingontheotherbank.Inotherwords,abaffleinstalledontheleftbankwilldeflectflowstowardtherightbankonlytobereboundedagaintowardtheleftbankfartherdownstream. Justasflowvelocityacceleratesoppositethede-flector,itslowsalongthebankadjacenttothestructure.Asthevelocityslows,sedimentsdropoutofsuspensionandapointbarbeginstoformadjacenttothestructure.

Figure 5. Point bar evolving downstream of properly installed post vane with trimmed posts. (Photo courtesy of Bill Zeedyk.)

Figure 6.

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Whenaseriesofstructuresisinstalledatappropriatelyspacedintervals, materials eroded from the concave bank, oppositeonedeflector,willtendtobedepositedadjacenttoorontopofthenextdownstreamdeflector,thusformingaconvexbank.Thesedepositedmaterials are soon stabilizedby encroachingstreambankvegetationandanewfloodplainevolveswherenoneexistedbefore(Figure6). Theeffectivenessofadeflectorwilldependonitssizerelativetothewidthanddepthofthechannel,itscompetencetowithstandtheshearforcesgeneratedbyincreasingflowve-locities,andtherelativestabilityoftherecedingbank.Insomesituations,bankstabilitycanbedecreasedbyremovingprotectivestreambankvegetation. Topromotesedimentdepositionontheevolvingpointbar,theheightsofpostsforbothvanesandbafflesshouldtapergraduallydownwardfromtheplannedbankfullelevationtowardthebedatmid-channel.Tallerstructuresgenerateturbulencewhichtendstoflushawaypointbardepositssothetopsofthedeflectors shouldnotbehigher thanplannedbankfulleleva-tion. Vanes canbe built of rock, boulders, logs, or posts.However,tohavesufficientmasstoresistfloodflows,thesizeofrequiredbouldersandlogswouldbetoolargeandnotpracticalforhand-madestructuresormanuallabor.Thisguideempha-

sizes post vanes,which can be in-stalled by handlabor, although insome situationsmachinery mayexpediteconstruc-tion. A vane isa straight-edgeds t r uc tu re p ro -truding from thestreambank intotheoncomingcur-rent at an anglefrom the stream-bank not exceed-ing 30o. The topedge of the vanedips downward ata 15o angle fromhorizontal, begin-ningatbankfulllevelofthestreambanktostreambedelevationatmid-channel.Itisimportantthatthebaseofthevane,where

Figure 7.

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it isembeddedinthestreambank,notextendaboveplannedbankfulllevel(seeFigures7and8andphotosonpages9and10). Forpostvanes,usestraightsturdywoodenposts6-8inches in diameter and 6-8 feet long for most applications.Postsaredrivenintothestreambed,usingasledgehammer,toadepthof3-5feet,dependingoncohesivenessofbedmaterials.

Openingastartholewithadiggingbaroraugermayfacilitateinstallation.Six-inchpostsshouldbespacedon18inchcenters,leavingaspaceofabout12inchesbetweenposts.Afterallpostshavebeendriventotherightdepth,scribealinefromthebanktomid-channelatabout15ofromhorizontal;thencutofftheexcesswithasaw(seephotosonpages9and10).Optimally,theapexoftheanglebetweenthevaneandthebankcanbefilled

Figure 8.

Trimmed posts, upstream view, Dry Cimarron, Rainbow Ranch, Folsom, NM.

(Photo courtesy of Courtney White.)

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withrockstoolargetoslidebetweentheposts.Innocaseshouldtherocksbepiledhigherthanthevaneedge. Tosizeavaneata30oangletothebank,placeamarkonthebankattheplannedbankfullapexofthemeanderandmeasureouttonotmorethanmid-chan-nel.Thisisthewidthofthevane.Multiplythewidthby2andmeasuredownstreamfromthefirstmark.Thesecondmarkwillbethebaseofthevane.Tobesurethattheangledoesnotexceed30o(dependingonchannelcharacteristics),multiplythewidthby3,andinstallthebaseofthevaneatthatpoint. Whentheoppositebankbeginstorecede inresponsetotreatment, thevanecanbeextendedintothechannelto“chase”theoppositebank.Apointbarwillevolvedownstreamfromthevaneonthesamesideofthechannel.Ifthevaneistootall,turbulencewillpreventformationofapointbar. Baffles aredesignedtowedgestreamflowtowardtheoppositebankandtobe easily overtopped by floodevents. Anefficientbafflehasthe shape of a 30/600 righttriangle (Figure 9). The baseofthetriangleisatrightanglestothestreambankandextendsoutward to or beyond mid-channeldependingonRosgenchannel type (Figure10,page13). In the caseof aGTypechannel, thebaffleshouldnot Picket Baffle on Galisteo Creek.

(Photo courtesy of Earth Works Institute.)

Figure 9.

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occupymorethan40%ofthechannelwidth.ForanFchannel,thebafflecantakeupto70%ofthechannelwidth. Forexample,whenlayingoutabaffle,placeamarkattheplannedbankfullelevationonthebankwherethestructurewillbebuilt. Measureout into the channel the appropriatedistance(40-70%).Thisdistanceisthewidthofthestructure.Doublethewidthandplaceamarkonthestreambankatthedistanceupstreamofthestartingpoint.Thisisthelengthofthestructureparalleltothechannel.Thehypotenuseofthetrianglebecomesthefaceofthewedgewhichdeflectstheoncomingflowtowardtheoppositebank.

Bafflescanbebuiltusingwoodenstakes,or pickets,drivenintothechannelbottom,orrocksmaybeusediftheirmassexceedsexpectedshearstressforcesdevelopingduringfloodpeaks.Generally,picketshavegreatershearstressresistancethanrocksaloneandareeasiertohandleusingmanuallabor. Picketscanbecutfromtreeslikejuniper,Russianolive,andevensaltcedarandshouldbeapproximately40inchesinlengthand2-3inches indiameter. Picketsshouldbedrivenabout 2/3 their length into the channel bottom and spacedfrom12to18inchesapartoncenter(Figure10,page13).Apicketbafflewithawidthof10feetandalengthof20feetwill

A newly installed rock baffle at Hubbell Trading Post, Arizona, June 1997.

Channel response to the rock baffle at Hubbell by October 1999. (Photos courtesy of Bill Zeedyk.)

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requireabout30-50pickets.Whetherbuiltofrockorpickets,theheightofthebaffle’shouldtaperdownfrombankfulltoamid-channelheightofabout1/3bankfull.Itiseasiertocutpicketsattheappropriateheightabovethechannelbedthantodrivethemtoappropriateheight.

Whenchoosingbe-tween rocks or picketsas baffle-making mate-rial, pickets are moreappropriate to clay,sand, or gravel beddedchannels while rocksare more appropriateto cobble or boulder-beddedchannels.Rockbaffles are especiallyappropriate to smaller,steeper ephemeral andintermittentstreamsandarroyos,wheretheprop-erly sized materials areusually readilyavailableand driving pickets isdifficult.

Thetipofabaffleinmid-channelbecomestheapexoftheevolvingmeander.Astheoppositebankrecedes,anad-ditionalrowofpicketscanbeaddedtothebaseofthetriangleandextendingfurtherintothechannelinorderto“chase”therecedingbank(Figure9).

Figure 10.

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Weirsareartificialstructuresinstalledtostabilizethestreambedatdesiredelevationandtoestablishthedesiredchan-nelslope.Whenusedintheinducedmeanderingmethod,aweiristemporaryinnatureandwilleventuallybereplacedbyanevolvingriffleiftheweirisproperlylocatedandsizedrelativetoplannedchanneldimensionsandmeanderpattern. Threetypesofweirsareregularlyusedforhandmadeinduced meandering structures. These are one-rock dams, wicker weirs, and rock arch dams. OtherstructuressuchasRosgen vortex rock weirs and w-weirs,couldbeusedifmachineapplicationsareappropriate,butwillnotbediscussedinthisguide.

Whenimplementinganinducedmeanderingproject,weirs are installedmid-waybetween tips of thedeflectors asmeasuredattheupstreamedgeoftheweir(Figure4).Aweirshouldbeaswideasthebankfullwidthofthechannelandaslongasitiswide.Normally,thetopofaweirshouldnotbetallerthan1/3plannedbankfulldepthoftheplannedchannel. One-rock damsareusedtoraisechannelbedelevationandcontrolormodifyslopegradient.One-rockdamsarebestsuitedtorockychannels,especiallyephemeralorintermittentstreamsandarroyos.Wickerweirsaremoresuitedtogravel,sand,orclaybottomchannels.Aone-rockdamissonamedbecauseitisonlyonerocktall.Thedamshouldbeseveralrowsofrockacrossfromtheupstreamtothedownstreamedge.Thedamshouldnotbetallerthan1/3bankfulldepthoftheplannedchannel(Figure11).Thedamisinstalled,notperpendicular,butata15-30oangletotheexistingchannelinordertorouteflowaroundthetipofthenextdownstreambaffleorvaneinanticipationoftheevolvingchannelmeander(Figure4). Stonesshouldbeselected,sized,andplacedsothatthecompletedstructureendsuprelativelylevelfrombanktobankandflatfromtheupstreamedgetothedownstreamedge.This

Figure 11.

Weirs establish bed elevation and channel slope gradient.

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canbeaccomplishedbyplacing larger rocks inthe deepest part of thechannel, smaller onesto either side. (Figure12.)Donotstackrocksontopofoneanothertoget the needed height.The stacked rocks willbesweptawaybyfloodflows. Placing greatlyoversized rocks in thestructure will generateturbulence that couldundermine it. Rocksshouldbesizedpropor-

tionatelytothe1/3bankfulldepthofthechannel,20-40poundrocksforachannelonefootdeep,60-80poundsforstreamsoneandahalffeetdeep.Floodflowswillpacksmaller-sizedbedloadparticlesbetweentherocks,graduallystrengtheningthestructureovertimeasanewrifflebeginstodevelopatthesite. Maintenanceandrepairshouldfocusonreplacinganyrocksscouredawaybyfloodflowsoronwideningthestructurealongthebanksifflowsarebeginningtogoaroundit.

Wicker Weirs aresmalldamsacrossacreekmadefromwoodenstakesandrocksandaredesignedtocontrolstreambedelevation, channel slope, andpooldepthwhile enabling freepassageofbedload(Figures13and14). Stakescanbemadefromlocalvegetationsuchasju-niper,saltcedar,andRussianolive.Drivingthestakesupside

Figure 12.

One rock dam on a side drainage of Holman Creek, Valle Vidal, Carson National Forest, New Mexico. (Photo courtesy of Tamara Gadzia.)

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Figure 14.

downwillpreventsprouting.Wickerweirscanbereinforcedwiththeuseofwickermaterialswovenbetweenthestakesandareinstalledmidwaybetweenbaffles,andplacedatanangletoanticipatethefuturecoursethatthewaterwillflow(seephotosonfrontcover).

Figure 13.

Workshop volunteers build a wicker-wier on Largo creek, Williams Ranch, Quemado, NM. August 2004. (Photo courtesy of Tamara Gadzia)

ZeedykEcologicalConsultingPO Box 574

Sandia Park, NM 87047505-281-9066

Earth Works Institute1413 Second St. Suite 4

Santa Fe, NM 87505505-982-9806 • 505-982-8557 (fax)

www.earthworksinstitute.org

TheQuiviraCoalition1413 Second St. Suite 1

Santa Fe, NM 87505505-820-2544 • 505-955-8922 (fax)

www.quiviracoalition.org

BureauofLandManagementAlbuquerque Field Office

435 Montano N.E.Albuquerque, NM 87107-4936

505-761-8900 •505-761-8911 (fax)

NewMexicoEnvironmentDepartment

SurfaceWaterQualityBureau-WatershedProtectionSection

1190 South St. Francis DriveSanta Fe, NM 87505

505-827-1041 • 505-827-0160 (fax)

Cover Photos:Front: [left] Galisteo Creek in LowerCanoncito, Cummings property, beforerestoration (May 2001); [middle]Wickerweirs installed on Galisteo Creek (June2001);[righttop]Close-upofwickerweirs;[right]GalisteoCreekafterfirstfloodevent(August2001). (PhotoscourtesyofEarthWorksInstitute.)

Back:BillZeedykandparticipantsduringaworkshoponLargoCreeknearQuemado,NM.(PhotocourtesyofCourtneyWhite.)

ForalistoflocationsofInducedMeanderingprojectsintheSouthwest,pleasevisit:www.earthworksinstitute.org

Forassistancewithdetaileddesignguidelines,contactBillZeedyk,EarthWorksInstitute,orTheQuiviraCoalition.

To Contact Us:

The production of this document was made possible through a grant from the

Environmental Protection Agency and the New Mexico

Environment Dept–SWQB-WPS, with additional contributions from the Rio Puerco Management Committee,

Bill Zeedyk, and The Quivira Coalition.

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