A Manual of Egyptian Pottery Vol. 1 - Anna Wodzinska

8/13/2019 A Manual of Egyptian Pottery Vol. 1 - Anna Wodzinska

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A Manual of Egyptian Pottery Volume : Fayum ALower Egyptian Culture

Revised First Edition

AERA Field Manual Series

by Anna Wodziska Ancient Egypt Research Associates, Inc.Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Poland

Ancient Egypt Research Associates, Inc.


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Published by Ancient Egypt Research Associates, Inc. Lincoln Street, Suite , Boston,

Ancient Egypt Research Associates ( ) is a (c) ( ), tax-exempt,non-prot organization dedicated to research on Ancient Egypt at theGiza Plateau.

by Ancient Egypt Research AssociatesRevised First Edition.First published in .

Printed in Hollis, New Hampshire, at Puritan Press.Layout and design by Alexandra Witsell.

All rights reserved. No part o this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any orm or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the prior consent o the publisher.

Original:ISBN: 0-9779370-2-X (sofcover binding)ISBN: 0-9779370-4-6 (spiral binding)

Revised First Edition:ISBN: - - - - (sofcover binding)ISBN: - - - - (spiral binding)

SERIES EDITORS

Wilma Wetterstromand

Alexandra Witsell


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Contents List o Abbreviations Used in this Volume v

Pre ace and Acknowledgments vii

Map o Egyptian Find Sites or Pottery Illustrated in this Volume x

. Pottery Production and Processing in the Field

. Post-Excavation Studies

. Ceramic Glossary

. Further Reading: a General Selection on Ceramics

. Clay and Fabric Descriptions Used in Volume

. Egyptian Pottery Fayum

Merimde

Omari

Badari

Naqada

Naqada

Lower Egyptian Culture (Buto-Maadi)

. Further Reading: a Selection for Volume

. Color Plates


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List of Abbreviations Used in this Volume

gyptologische Abhandlungen Archaeology & History in Lebanon

American Research Center in Egypt

Annales du Service des Antiquits de lgypte Archologische Verffentlichungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts,Abt. Kairo

British Archaeological Reports, International Series Bulletin o the American Schools o Oriental Research

Bulletin de liaison du groupe international dtude de la cramique gyptienne BdE Bibliotque dtude, Institut ranais darchologie orientale

Bulletin o the Egyptological Seminar

Bulletin de lInstitut ranais darchologie orientale British School o Archaeology in Egypt (and Egyptian Research Account) Studien zur Altgyptischen Kultur, Beihefe

Cahiers de la cramique gyptienne Centre national de la recherche scientique

Egitto e Vicino Oriente

Fouilles de lInstitut ranais darchologie orientale Gttinger Miszellen

Institut ranais darchologie orientale Journal o the American Research Center in Egypt Journal o Archaeological Science

Journal o Egyptian Archaeology

Journal o Near Eastern Studies, University o Chicago Journal o the Society or the Study o Egyptian Antiquities

Lexikon der gyptologie, Vols. (Wiesbaden) Mnchner gyptologische Studien

Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts, Abt. Kairo Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean Studien zur Archologie und Geschichte Altgyptens

Studien zur Altgyptischen Kultur

Sonderschrifen des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology


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Society or the Study o Egyptian Antiquities Warsaw Egyptological Studies

Zeitschrif r gyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde


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Preface

Ceramics are usually the most abundant arti acts present at Egyptian archaeological sites. ey arofen ound in large quantities and their analysis requires great patience and due attention. Suchanalysis is generally time-consuming and sometimes simply boring. e nal result o ceramic studhowever, can be very rewarding. Ceramics can offer a great deal o use ul in ormation. For examthey can date a site or its phases, and provide evidence or different activities and purposes o a site osmaller units. Ceramics sometimes indicate different routes o product exchange between various sior regions. For these reasons, all excavated pottery should be kept and stored or documentation an

urther analysis be ore the nal publication o a site.Given the importance o ceramics, the subject was chosen to be part o the basic curriculum o

rst Ancient Egypt Research Associates ( ) Field School in spring , organized in conjuncwith the American Research Center in Egypt ( ). e main aim o the Field School, supervisby Mohsen Kamel and Ana Tavares, was to train the official inspectors o the Supreme CouncilAntiquities ( ) in the excavation techniques o eld archaeology, as well as in specialist studies o

terial culture and environmental analysis, such as ceramics, objects, auna, ora, and human osteoloIn response to the success o the rst Field School, Mark Lehner, director o , along with the FSchool teachers and the team, decided to organize an Advanced Field School in specialiin particular areas, such as excavation, illustration, and ceramics. As ceramicist, I taught pottanalysis to these returning students. While I was preparing the course, Dr. Lehner suggested that I wrian Field School Pottery Manual. At rst the manual was to be a concise catalogue o ceram

rom different periods o Egyptian archaeology. Over time, however, the manual expanded to incluadditional in ormation related to material, manu acturing techniques, sur ace treatment, and conteEventually, I compiled a large corpus o Egyptian ceramics rom all periods o Egyptian history, Neolithic to Modern times. I also added brie discussions o certain imported vessels to remind archologists that pottery rom Egyptian sites ofen includes pieces brought in rom other regions, and there ore, not always homogenous.

e nal product, this Manual o Egyptian Pottery , is divided into our volumes:Volume Egyptian Neolithic Fayum , Merimde, Omari, Badari, Naqada , Naqada , and th

Lower Egyptian CultureVolume Naqada , Archaic Period, Old Kingdom, First Intermediate Period, and Middle

KingdomVolume Second Intermediate Period, New Kingdom, ird Intermediate Period, and Late

PeriodVolume Ptolemaic Period, Early and Late Roman Periods, Medieval, and Modern times

Each o the volumes consists o eight sections (the rst ve o which repeat in each volume):Section General in ormation on pottery production in Egypt and methods o pottery

recording in the eldSection Post-excavation procedures leading to the publication o the material

NOTE: Afer the publication o Volumes and , the introductory texts in Volumes and o Manualwere modied ollowing the very kind suggestions o Hans-ke Nordstrm, Pamela Rose, and AliGascoigne. is revised edition o Volume includes these same modications.


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Section A list o terms and abbreviations related to ceramicsSection A selected bibliography concerning technological aspects o Egyptian potterySection Descriptions o the clays mentioned in the textSection e pottery rom all Egyptian periods, organized chronologically:

Each subsection, treating each o the periods, consists o two parts: ) an introduction to thepottery, describing its general trends, and ) a catalogue o the main ceramic types, organizednot according to a detailed chronological order, but, rather, by shape (restricted ollowed byunrestricted vessels).

Each ceramic type is illustrated with a drawing, accompanied by a short description withthe general name o the nd site (e.g., Giza, Abydos). More specic in ormation about theprovenience is provided by the re erence cited or each drawing. e shape, material(according to the original publication and in relation to the Vienna System i possible),sur ace treatment, publication, and other in ormation pertinent to dating are provided.Additional remarks and bibliography are sometimes included. e vessel description is basedonly on the text rom the original publications. I in ormation was not presented in theoriginal text, it is labeled as not stated.

Section A selection o re erences related to the particular ceramics described in the volume.Section Color plates, including a selection o photographs o ceramics rom different

periods. For Volume , in addition to the color photos o the Medieval pottery, there are alsocolor drawings. e Medieval glazed ceramics are usually very color ul. As it is very difficult toillustrate their precise hues, the colors are approximate.

is manual was originally meant to be a quick eld guide or the Egyptian inspectors asthey recovered pottery in the course o their own excavations, especially because many may not haveregular access to libraries. It is essentially an illustrated list o ceramic types rom different periods,meant to show only the most general trends in Egyptian ceramics. Drawings and photographs o pot-tery or the manual were selected to show those general types most characteristic o the different peri-ods. For this purpose a kind o typology o Egyptian ceramics was created based on the ceramic ormthemselves, rather than the typologies presented in the publications on specic sites. However, the de-scriptions here come rom the original publications rom which I drew my types. Most o the language ithat o the re erence cited. As the task o describing a ceramic vessel is highly subjective, each researchmay describe pots in somewhat different ways. Hence the terminology, such as or vessel shape (plate,bowl, ewer, dish, bottle, etc.), is not entirely uni orm or consistent throughout this volume. Nor are all vessels described in the same detail. In addition, the user may not nd in the manual every single vessel

rom each period. Further editions o the book may expand to include more comprehensive typologies.It was not my intention to document shape changes o any given type over time, nor to indicate regional variations within periods, although such spatial differences are observed in the archaeological material.Indeed, the division o ceramic material into historical periods is rather articial, since many typeswere in use longer than a single period. I am ully aware that my pottery manual does not address everyquestion related to Egyptian pottery but I hope it will be a use ul resource or archaeologists working inEgypt. As a specialist in Old Kingdom pottery mysel , I am grate ul or any comments and suggestionconcerning ceramics rom other periods.


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Acknowledgments

Our excavations at Giza are part o the work o Ancient Egypt Research Associates ( ), direby Dr. Mark Lehner. I would like to thank a number o oundations and individuals or thenancial support o the excavations and analysis. Some o these are the Ann and Robert H. LFoundation, the David H. Koch Foundation, the Charles Simonyi Fund or Arts and Sciences, Ted WaFamily Foundation, Peter Norton Family Foundation, Glen Dash Foundation, Marjorie Fisher, Ed anKathy Fries, J. Michael and Marybeth Johnston, Jason G. Jones and Emily E. Trenkner-Jones, Bruce Carolyn Ludwig, David Marguiles, and Ann ompson. I would also like to thank Dr. Zahi Hawass anEgypts Supreme Council o Antiquities, along with all o my Egyptian colleagues. is work wouldhave been possible without the tireless efforts o Dr. Lehner to create and nance an exemplary reseaand education program at Giza, Egypt.

e present manual is a result o cooperation between numerous individuals and institutions. FirsI would like to again thank Dr. Lehner or his idea o creating the manual and publishing it as an publication.

My deepest appreciation goes to Wilma Wetterstrom and Cindy Sebrell who are responsible or thpresent shape o the book. I would like to express my special gratitude to Alexandra Witsell who ppared the book layout. It required a lot o skill, perseverance, and patience, especially in the case omultiple changes and rewritings during the course o the work. ank you, Ali.

Mary Anne Murray, Richard Redding, Janine Bourriau, and Teodozja I. Rzeuska were also alwaready to give me very use ul advice.

I would like to express my particular indebtedness to Dina Faltings or her kind and insight ul view o Volumes and o the manual.

Drawings used in the manual were prepared by Edyta Klimaszewska-Drabot, Mariola Orzechowskand mysel . e collection o color photos was compiled rom photographs provided by the ollowindividuals and projects:

Krzyszto Ciaowicz, Mariusz Jucha: photographs o the pottery rom Tell el Farkha;Harco Willems, Marleen De Meyer, and Ste anie Vereecken in particular: photographs rom the

Dayr al-Barsha Project;Tonny de Wit, Willeke Wendrich: photographs rom the Fayum;Wodzimierz Godlewski: Late Roman and Medieval pottery photographs rom Naqlun monastery

in Fayum;Yukinori Kawae: photographs o the ceramics rom Giza and el Nazla village;Mariola Orzechowska: New Kingdom pottery photos rom Giza;

Teodozja I. Rzeuska, Dietrich Raue: photographs rom Elephantine.

I also would like to thank Sawomir Rzepka or the permission to use the ceramic photos taken mysel at Tell el Retaba. e majority o photographs came rom the Petrie Museum thanks to StephQuirke and Richard Langley. I am deeply grate ul or their help.

And last but not least I would like to express my gratitude to employees o the Institute o Egyptoin Prague, especially Jaromr Krej, or the opportunity to use their Egyptological library. My reseain Prague was nanced by the Department o Egyptian and Nubian Archaeology o the Institute Archaeology (the University o Warsaw, Poland), thanks to its head, Pro . Wodzimierz Godlewskam very grate ul or his trust in my work.


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Map illustrating location of Egyptian sites mentioned in Volume .


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Pottery Production and Processing in the FieldPlease see Ceramic Glossary, pages , or denitions o terms.

Pottery retrieved rom archaeological excavations can be processed in many ways (e.g., Orton, Tyeand Vince , Rice ). Over several years, I have developed a system that works well specic case o the ceramics rom the excavations at the Heit el-Ghurab site at Giza (also knas the Lost City o the Pyramids). e same system, slightly modied, can be used at other sites.

e bags o pottery collected rom the excavation are sent to the lab or processing. All pottery ments rom the site are rst sorted into two groups: ) diagnostic: those rom which the original orthe whole vessel can be deduced (i.e., complete pots, complete proles, parts o rims, parts o baseswell as sherds with decoration and ragments with potmarks; and ) non-diagnostic ragments.

Diagnostic ragments are classied according to the Typology and then recorded on Pottery Forms. For an example o an Pottery Form, which consists o several descriptive egories, see Table (page ). e non-diagnostics are sorted according to two types: pieces that beloto bread-molds, and other non-diagnostic types that are not parts o bread-molds. ese are weighed

separately, their weights are recorded on the Pottery Form, and the sherds are discarded.Pots slated or drawing (rendered at a scale o : ) are segregated and stored separately ( or podrawing techniques, see Becker , Joyce and Dillon ). In addition to drawings, pots are mented with two sets o photos. One captures complete vessels, signicant shapes, pots with decoratiand potmarks. e second shows the clay in the breaks o the pottery wall. e tools used or potterprocessing, drawing, and photography are listed in Table (page ).

All in ormation about pottery rom the site is stored in a digital database. is greatly acilitates data analyses, especially in the case o a very large assemblage. e more data we collect, the more rtions between data we create in the database, and the more relations we have, the better the material described. All the ceramics data rom excavations are stored in the Pottery Database in

ormat presented in Table (page ).

Clay and Fabric (Aston : , Bourriau and Nordstrm )All ceramics are made o clay. Natural Egyptian clays that ormed under different conditions characterized by different compositions. Clays originating rom limestone characterized by calcicarbonate are called marls. Nile clays, also called Nile alluvium or Nile silt, are composed o particarried by Nile waters and usually consist o large amounts o silica. Kaolin clays are ormed o kaoa mineral associated with granite rocks located in the Aswan area. Pliocene clays ormed during tPliocene period and can be ound in the oases, especially in Kharga Oasis. Naturally occurring clays be mixed by the potter seeking a particular combination o clay properties.

e most common Egyptian clays are Nile alluvium and marl. Nile alluvium contains greater amounto silica and can be red at lower temperatures, around to . e sur ace afer ring is usudark red or brown. e break o a pottery wall shows different color layers: red/brown with a black coNile clay used in pottery production ofen contains organic inclusions (small ragments o grass, chadung, ash, etc.), or material introduced to the raw clay by the potter as temper. Marls are red at hightemperatures, between and . e clay shown in the break is very homogenous and dense. color o sur aces is generally beige, pink, or very light yellow. Marl clay is very hard afer ring. Marusually do not contain any organic material.

Nile and marl clay can be urther divided into subgroups according to inclusions, hardness, andensity. e Vienna System (Bourriau and Nordstrm : ) classies the abrics o A


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bodies. Another simple method is to shape the vessel on a core or over a hump. A core can be a cerampot, the shape o which can be duplicated. A hump can be made o wood or stone. In both cases, internal sur ace o the new pot will resemble the external sur ace o the core or hump. Similarly, can be made in a mold. Its external sur ace will resemble the internal sur ace o the mold, whichbe another pot, usually an open orm. Another simple hand-shaping technique is slab/coil shaping. potter orms a coil o clay and lays it down in a spiral ashion in order to build a vessel. e use turning device can help make pots with more regular shapes. However, the most advanced method with a wheel. A potters wheel with a stable central axis makes it possible to create regular orms wrelatively thin walls.

Surface Treatment e sur aces o ancient Egyptian pots were treated in various ways. e most common method consiste

o simple smoothing prior to ring. e potter smoothed pots using hands or special tools, such as modied pottery sherd, a ragment o wood, or a pebble. e smoothed sur ace could also be coated subsequently burnished or polished. Burnishing is a process o rening the sur ace with the use o a tool, commonly a pebble. A burnished sur ace is characterized by the presence o shiny stripes. Polis

requires sof materials such as abric or ur. e resulting sur ace shines without visible borders.When a coat is applied to the sur ace be ore ring it is called a slip, while a wash designates a applied afer ring (Rice : ). In addition, vessels may be glazed, especially in the case o Mpottery.

DecorationWe can distinguish several kinds o decoration: painted (be ore or afer ring), incised (be ore or afering), impressed (be ore ring), stamped (be ore ring), applied (be ore ring), molded (be ore rand cut-out (be ore ring).

e Ancient Egyptian potter, or in many cases an artist, decorated pots with several colors o paine most common colors were generally white, red, black, and, in some cases, yellow and blue. Colo

can help in dating a pot. For example, blue was characteristic o certain ceramic vessels rom the NKingdom.

e sur ace o a pot could be incised or impressed. e thickness o incised lines or dots depends othe tool used. ick irregular marks could be made with ngers. More detailed moti s could be executwith tools made o wood, bone, or reed.

Impressed decorations are made with a variety o different materials. e sur ace o a pot may btraces o abric or string. Stamped decoration is made using stamps in the shape o a palmette, roscross, etc.

Small decorative pieces o clay, the same consistency as that used or the walls, can be applied tosur ace be ore ring. is is simplest orm o application orapplique. However, clay can also be thinnedwith water to achieve the consistencies necessary or different types o decorative techniques. A po vessel can be covered with a type o watered-down clay applied by cutting a small hole in a bag squeezing a small, delicate rope o watery clay in decorative patterns. Again, this is done be ore

is type o decoration is calledbarbotine.e walls o pots made in molds bear relie decoration executed in the mold. e most characteristi

pots with molded decoration belong to the Romanterra sigillata tradition.Some Egyptian pots, especially large stands, have holes in the walls made be ore ring while the

contains enough water to be carved. is is re erred to as the cut-out method.


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Shape Designation (Rice : )All pots can be divided into two groups: Restricted and Unrestricted vessels. e rim diameter o arestricted vessel is smaller than the maximum diameter o its body, whereas that o an unrestricted vessel is greater than, or equal to, the maximum diameter o its body. ese groups can be urtherdivided into ormal groups: Restricted vessels:

Jars (restricted vessel with neck, the height is greater that its maximum diameter) Unrestricted vessels:

Bowls (unrestricted vessel with base) Stands (unrestricted vessel without base and with two rims)

A restricted pot shape can also be described as hole-mouthed, meaning that the jar has a rim thatcurves inward.

A vessel consists o three components: rim, body, and base (gure ).

Figure . Basic vessel parts (partly based on Shepard : , Figure ).


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e shape o the body can be described using terms or geometric shapes: sphere, ellipsoid, ovalocylinder, hyperboloid, and cone (gure ).

Figure . Vessel shape descriptions derived from geometric gure names (based on Rice : , Figure . ).


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e bases o most Egyptian pots are round, but they can also be at, slightly at, or pointed. ereare also ring bases (gure ). e rims can be pointed, round, at, or recurved (gure ).

Figure . Different base shapes.

Rounded base Slightly flat base Pointed base Flat base Ring base

Figure . Terminology for describing rim forms.

RIMORIENTATION

RIM SHAPE

pointedrims

flatrims

roundedrims

recurved

rims

straight rims

flaringrims

narrowingrims

can alsobe called

modeled rims

can alsobe called

unmodeled rims

can also becalled direct

rims

can also be called indirect rims

Rims can be described in a variety o ways by different ceramicists based on rim orientation andshape, much like the shape o bases (gure ). Terms that are used to describe orientation are basedon the directionality o the walls and rim (such asstraight , aring , or narrowing ), withdirect usuallyindicating a vertical stance to the rim and walls, andindirect usually re erring to a aring or narrow-ing stance. However, these are not standard terms accepted by all ceramicists; everyone describes pots

slightly differently. When describing the actual shape o the rim itsel , the terminology re ers to thegeometric shape o the rim or the intention o the potter. For example, geometric shapes can be pointed , at, round , orrecurved. Further, i the potter intended or the rim to be simple, with only a slight pointor at on top, it might be calledunmodeled . I the potter put extra work into nishing the rim by round-ing or recurving, it might be called amodeled rim.


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Figure . Example of a typology of jars. (Since many of the vessels could not be completely reconstructed forlack of bases, complete proles, etc., the typology employs only rims and necks).

TypologyAfer examining a collection o pots, we sort them into types based on a number o shared traits. etraits include a combination o production method, shape, clay, and sur ace treatment. In this way wecreate a typology, or a classication, o all pottery rom the site into types. Figure shows a sample jar typology.


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PO ERY PROCESSING DRAWINGS PHO OSHandbook or any additionalremarks on the described material

Contour gauge, caliper Camera

Hand lens, min. x magnicationused during clay ( abric)description and identication

Long ruler, triangles Photo background orexample, a piece o abric orpaper

Scales or weighing Pencil Photo scaleGlueused during reconstruction obroken pots

Tracing paper, Grid paper

Pen with black water-proo ink ormarking the sherds

Pencil eraser

Munsell color charts Circles or measuring diameter

Table . Basic pottery processing tools.


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Table . General categories of the AERA Pottery Database.

CA EGORY DESCRIP IONNumber of pot Follows the number assigned to every diagnostic ragmentDrawing Drawing prepared, name o drafspersonPhoto Photo taken, photo numberContext Area, grid, square, eature number, eature type, building, etc.Year Year o excavation

ype According to the site typology Variants Variants o typesVessel part R rim, B base, W wall (body sherd), Cpr complete prole, Cpot

complete pot, H handle, O object made o ceramicCount Quantity o sherds/potsPercent Percentage o pot, rim, base preserved

Height PH preserved height, CH complete height, L length, in centimeters(cm)Rim diameter Measured in centimeters (cm)Base diameter Measured in centimeters (cm)Max diameter Maximum diameter o body o a vessel, in centimeters (cm)

clay (fabric) According to the site clay descriptionHardness sof, middle (scratched with ngernail), hard (scratched with

copper wire), very hard (scratched with window glass)Method of production HM handmade, WT wheel-turned, M molded, WM wheel-made

or HM-WT handmade and later turned on a slow wheelBase shaping M molded, SC string cut, K kni e cutBase surface treatment See sur ace treatmentBreak sections Colors o break sectionsBreak porosity Open, medium, denseSurface treatment(outside and inside)

Sm smoothed, P polished , U untreated, C slipped (be ore ring),Wh washed (afer ring)

Slip colors R red, O orange, Pi pink, Br brown, Bl black, W whiteSurface color Using the Munsell color chartsDecoration

(outside and inside)

Painted, incised, applied, molded, etc.

Wall thickness Measured in centimeters (cm)Weight Measured in kilograms (kg)Remarks Usually description o the state o sur ace preservation, traces o ancient

usagePotmarks Marks made on the sur ace: types, made be ore or afer ring, on external

or internal sur aceStorage Location where stored


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production on a massive scale. Differences in the type o serving vessels ound across the site reect dierences in social status. In the workmens barracks (the galleries) simple carinated bowls covered with

white wash were used as serving vessels, while the large houses were equipped with many types o nered-slipped pots. e Heit el-Ghurab pottery came rom a variety o sources. Most o the local ceram-ics probably came rom a centralized pottery workshop nearby, while another set o pots was imported

rom Upper Egypt. Yet another group o ceramics came rom Syro-Palestine.e most important point o the post-excavation work is to publish the ceramics. ey are o limited

use to the scholarly community until the collection is available in print.


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Ceramic Glossary

(see also Bourriau and Nordstrm ; Rice : especially ; Yon )

Clay and Fabric Clay (fabric) Classication: the classication o clay types used or ceramics rom

excavationsBreak: a resh break o the vessel wall made in order to be able to describe the clay

Break porosity: the density o pores in the break, described as open, medium, or dense Clay: the material the pottery is made o , mostly consisting o silica Compacted: a term used by some ceramicists to describe a clay abric in which the inclusions and

matrix are tightly packed, implying that the clay is homogenous in nature due to either itsnatural quality or higher levels o processing and levigation by the potter

Fabric: the physical composition o a clay with inclusions, either naturally occurring and/or addedby the potter

Grog: small pieces o red and crushed ceramic; ofen added to clay Groundmass (or matrix, paste): the ne particles o clay and silt that make up the compositiono the clay

Hardness: the resistance o a material to mechanical de ormation, measured in units o the Mohsscale

Inclusions: organic and non-organic particles present in the clay Levigated clay: clay that has been allowed to sit in water to remove impurities Marl clay: a calcareous clay, also known as a desert clay (ortaa in Arabic) Mohs scale: a hardness scale consisting o a series o increasingly hard minerals rom (talc)

to (diamond); used to speci y the relative hardness o a ceramic Nile clay: an alluvial clay associated with the Nile valley Organic inclusions: organic particles present in the clay, such as straw, chaff, dung, and ash Provenance: the geographical or geological origin o the clay source Qena/Ballas: a marl clay rom the Qena/Ballas region Raw material: a material as it comes rom the original source, be ore preparation Taa : marl clay emper: inclusions added to the clay by the potter to help enhance the unction o the pot. For

example, sand can be added to clay used or cooking pots in order to prevent cracking duringtemperature change, and organic materials such as chaff might be added to make the pot wallsmore porous, allowing water vessels to cool more quickly. Additionally, a temper o grog canadd strength and stability to the walls o the pot.

Uncompacted: a term used by some ceramicists to describe a clay abric in which the inclusionsand matrix are not tightly packed; implies that the clay is not homogenous in nature

Vienna System: a schema or classi ying Egyptian abrics and clays

Manufacture Coil/slab-building: hand-building by the successive addition o slabs or coils o clay Composite contour: most ofen results when a potter applies pressure to the side o the pot wall

during ormation on the wheel, thus altering the prole to create a composite o two basicgeometric shapes

Core/hump: hand-building on a core or over a hump


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Impressed decoration: patterns made with a tool that is impressed in clay, be ore ringIncised decoration: designs executed, be ore or afer ring, with the aid o a sharp tool; sometimes

lled with a pigment Modeling: manipulation and shaping o the vessel wall be ore ring, while the clay is still moist

(can also be done in a mold) Painted decoration: painting applied to the vessel be ore or afer ring Potmarks: marks incised on the vessel (internal or external), be ore or afer ring Sgraffito: a type o Medieval decorative technique in which an incision is cut through the slip

revealing the original color o the clay beneath

Type/Ware Classication ype: a category o ceramics dened by a common set o attributes (combination o technology,

kind o clay, sur ace treatment, and shape o vessel) that distinguishes it rom another classpots

ypology: a system o classication that organizes ceramics into types Ware : a category o ceramics dened by a combination o technology, clay, and sur ace

treatmentDrying and Firing Atmosphere: composition o gases in the air surrounding pottery during ring Drying: the process o evaporating water rom the ormed vessel Firing: trans orming the clay into ceramic material under the inuence o high temperatures Leather-hard: the stage o the drying process during which clay contains enough water to be

carved or joined Oxidation: a ring atmosphere characterized by an abundance o ree oxygen Pottery kilns: an oven or other installation in which pots are red Reduction: a ring atmosphere without the presence o oxygen, ofen with the presence o

colloidal carbon Vitrication: the action or process o becoming glass

Pottery Processing Diagnostic pieces: those rom which the original orm o the whole vessel can be deduced:

complete pots, complete proles, parts o rims, and parts o bases. Sherds with decoration anragments with potmarks are also included.

Non-Diagnostic pieces: those rom which the original orm o the whole vessel cannot bededuced: non-descript body parts and sherds without decoration or potmarks

Pottery Drawing Form: a orm or a drawing o the individual vessels Pottery Form: a orm or recording in ormation about a given ceramic Pottery processing: the process o sorting pottery according to types and abrics

Shape of Vessel Base: the underside o a vessel Body (wall): the part o the vessel between the rim and the base Bottle: a jar with a globular or ovoid body and an elongated narrow neck Bowl: an unrestricted vessel with base Carination: the concave portion o the vessel between the rim and the maximum diameter o

the body


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Complete pot: a vessel preserved in its entirety Complete prole: a prole o a vessel preserved in its entirety Jar: a restricted vessel with a neck and a height greater than its maximum diameter Max diameter: the maximum diameter o the body o a vessel

Neck: the part o the vessel between the shoulder and the rim Plate: an unrestricted vessel with low, short walls and a at base Prole: a vertical cross section through the body o a vessel Restricted vessel: a vessel with a rim diameter smaller than the maximum diameter o its body Rim: the opening o the vessel Sherd: a broken ragment o pottery Shoulder: the upper part o the body Stand: an unrestricted vessel without a base ray: an unrestricted vessel similar to a plate in shape, but ofen larger Unrestricted vessel: a vessel with a rim diameter greater than or equal to the maximum

diameter o its body

Special Analyses Elemental analysis: the identication o the chemical elements in a ceramic; may reecttechnological changes, or dene clay sources or kiln products

Organic residue analysis: the identication o residue in pots; may reect the diet o the peopleusing the pottery

Petrography: the microscopic study and description o rocks or other mineral material on thebasis o optical properties

Seriation: the chronological ordering o a group o arti acts in which the most similar are placedadjacent to each other in the series; used as a relative dating technique

Termal analysis: determining the temperature at which the pot was red

Pottery Drawing Contour gauge: a drawing tool that helps trace the vessel shape Diameter measuring circle: a drawing tool used to determine the rim/base diameter o a broken

pot Prole drawing: a drawing o the vertical cross section o a pot, showing wall thickness and details

o the rim, as well as the conguration o the base


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Bibliography for the IntroductionArnold, D., and J. D. Bourriau. . An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery , . Mainz am

Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Becker, J. . Special Problems in Ceramic Illustration. Ine Students Guide to Archaeological

Illustrating , edited by B. D. Dillon, . Los Angeles: Institute o Archaeology, UniversitCali ornia.

Bourriau, J. D., and H. . Nordstrm. . Ceramic Technology: Clays and Fabrics. In An Introductionto Ancient Egyptian Pottery , edited by D. Arnold and J. D. Bourriau, , . Mainz amRhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Hope, C. . Egyptian Pottery . Shire Egyptology . Aylesbury: Shire.Joyce, O., and B. D. Dillon. . Ceramics. Ine Students Guide to Archaeological Illustrating , edited

by B. D. Dillon, . Los Angeles: Institute o Archaeology, University o Cali ornia.Orton, C., P. Tyers, and A. G. Vince. .Pottery in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Rice, P. M. .Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. Chicago: University o Chicago Press.Shepard, A. O. . Ceramics or Archaeologists. Washington, : Carnegie Institute o Washington.Wodziska, A. . Preliminary Ceramic Report. InProject History, Survey, Ceramics, and the Main

Street and Gallery . Operations, Giza Reports , edited by M. Lehner and W. Wetterstrom, . Boston: Ancient Egypt Research Associates.

Yon, M. .Dictionnaire illustr multilingue de la cramique du Proche Orient Ancien,Collection de laMaison de lOrient Mditerranen , Srie Archologique. Paris: Institut Franais dArchologiedu Proche Orient.


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Further Reading: a General Selection on Ceramics

Adams, W. Y. .Ceramic Industries o Medieval Nubia. Lexington: University Press o Kentucky.. . Times, Types, and Sites: e Interrelationship o Ceramic Chronology and Typology

: .Allen, S. J. . Spinning Bowls: Representation and Reality. In Ancient Egypt, the Aegean and the Near

East: Studies in Honour o Martha Rhoads Bell , edited by J. Phillips, . San Antonio: VanSiclen.

Amiran, R. . Ancient Pottery o the Holy Land: rom its Beginnings in the Neolithic Period to the Endo the Iron Age. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Arkell, A. J. . e Origin o Black-Topped Red Pottery. : .Arnold, D. E. .Ceramic eory and Cultural Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.. .Social Change and the Evolution o Ceramic Production and Distribution in a Maya

Community . Denver: University Press o Colorado.Arnold, D. E., C. Ren rew, and C. Gamble. .Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean

Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Arnold, D. . Wandbild und Scherbenbe und. Zur Tp ertechnik der Alten gypter von Beginn der

pharaonischen Zeit bis zu den Hyksos. : .. . Ge sse, Ge ss ormen, Ge ssdekor. In , .. . Keramik. In , .. a. gyptischen Mergelton (Wstentone) und die Herkunf einer Mergeltonware des

Mittleren Reiches aus der Gegend von Memphis. InStudien zur altgyptischen Keramik, editedby D. Arnold, , . Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

, ed. b.Studien zur altgyptischen Keramik, . Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.. . Tp erei, Tp erwerkstatt, Tp er en, Tp erscheibe. In, .Arnold, D., and J. Bourriau. . An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery, . Mainz am

Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Arnold, D., C. Hope, P. T. Nicholson, and P. Rose. . Techniques and Traditions o Manu acture in

the Pottery o Ancient Egypt. In An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery , edited by D. Arnoldand J. D. Bourriau, , . Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Arnold, P. J., III. .Domestic Ceramic Production and Spatial Organization: A Mexican Case Study inEthnoarchaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Aston, B. G. . Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels. Materials and Forms. . Heidelberg:Heidelberger Orientverlag.

Baba, M., and M. Saito. . Experimental Studies on the Firing Methods o Black-topped Pottery inPredynastic Egypt. In Egypt at its Origins. Studies in Memory o Barbara Adams. Proceedings othe International Con erence Origin o the State. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt, Krakow,

th August st September , edited by S. Hendrickx, R. F. Friedman, K. M. Ciaowicz, and M.Chodnicki, , . Leuven: Peeters.


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Bader, B. .Tell el-Daba : Typologie und Chronologie der Mergel -Ton Keramik,Vienna: Verlagder sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschafen.

. . A Concise Guide to Marl Pottery. gypten und Levante : .Barclay, K. .Scientic Analysis o Archaeological Ceramics: A Handbook o Resources. Ox ord:

Oxbow Books.

Barnett, W. K., and J. W. Hoopes. .e Emergence o Pottery: Technology and Innovation in AncientSocieties. Washington, : Smithsonian Institution.

Bulletin de liaison du groupe international dtude de la cramique gyptienne.Cairo.Becker, J. . Special Problems in Ceramic Illustration. Ine Students Guide to Archaeological

Illustrating , edited by B. D. Dillon, . Los Angeles: Institute o Archaeology, UniversitCali ornia.

Bey, G. J., and C. A. Pool. .Ceramic Production and Distribution: An Integrated Approach. Boulder:Westview Press.

Bikai, P. M. .e Phoenician Pottery o Cyprus. Nicosia: Leventis Foundation.Bishay, A. .Recent Advances in Science and Technology o Materials.Vol. . New York: Plenum Press.Bourriau, J. D. .Umm el-Gaab. Pottery rom the Nile Valley be ore the Arab Conquest. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.. . e Role o Chemical Analysis in the Study o Egyptian Pottery. InProceedings o the

Seventh International Congress o Egyptologists, edited by C. Eyre, , . Leuven:Peeters.

Bourriau, J. D., A. Bellido, N. Bryan, and V. Robinson. . Egyptian Pottery Fabrics: a Comparisobetween Grouping and the Vienna system. InTimelines: Studies in Honour o Man redBietak, edited by E. Czerny, . . Leuven: Peeters.

Bourriau, J. D., and P. T. Nicholson. . Marl Clay Pottery Fabrics o the New Kingdom romMemphis, Saqqara and Amarna. : .


Bourriau, J. D., L. M. V. Smith, and P. T. Nicholson. .New Kingdom Pottery Fabrics: Nile Clay and Mixed Nile/Marl: Clay Fabrics rom Memphis and Amarna. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Bourriau, J. D., P. T. Nicholson, and P. J. Rose. . Pottery. In Ancient Egyptian Materials andTechnology , edited by I. Shaw and P. T. Nicholson, . Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Bronitsky, G. .Pottery Technology: Ideas and Approaches. Boulder: Westview Press.Brovarski, E. . Lexicographical Studies in Egyptian Pottery.: .Butzer, K. . Modern Egyptian Pottery Clays and Predynastic Buff Ware. : .Cahiers de la cramique gyptienne.Cairo.Cyganowski, C. J. K. . An Intersite Comparison o Middle Kingdom Lower Egyptian Marl F

PhD thesis. University o Cambridge.David, A. R. . Science in Egyptology. Manchester: Manchester University Press.


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Davies, P. O. A. L. . Red and Black Egyptian Pottery. : .Dorman, P. .Faces in Clay. Technique, Imagery, and Allusion in a Corpus o Ceramic Sculpture rom

Ancient Egypt. . Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Drenkhahn, R. .Die Handwerke und ihre Ttigkeiten im Alten gypten. . Wiesbaden:

Harrassowitz.

Druc, I. C. . Archaeology and Clays. International Series . Ox ord.Eggebrecht, A. . Keramik. InDas alte gypten, edited by C. Vandersleyen, . Propylen

Kunstgeschichte . Berlin: Propylen Verlag.Esse, D. L. .Subsistence, Trade, and Social Change in Early Bronze Age Palestine. Studies in Ancient

Oriental Civilizations . Chicago: Oriental Institute o the University o Chicago.Fauvet-Berthelot, M., S. Monzon, and H. Bal et. .Lexique et typologie des poteries: pour la

normalisation de la description des poteries.Paris: Editions.Freestone, I., and D. R. M. Gaimster. .Pottery in the Making: Ceramic Traditions. Washington, :

Smithsonian Institution Press.Freestone, I., C. Johns, and T. W. Potter. .Current Research in Ceramics: in-Section Studies: the

British Museum Seminar . London: British Museum.Goddard, S., D. Knight, J. Goddard, S. Hamilton, and S. Rouillard. . Aspects o Illustration:

Prehistoric Pottery, Association o Archaeological Illustrators and Surveyors. Exeter: ExeterUniversity.

Greenberg, R., and N. Porat. . A ird Millennium Levantine Pottery Production Center. Typology,Petrography, and Provenance o the Metallic Ware o Northern Israel and Adjacent Regions.

: .Griffiths, D., and M. Ownby. . Assessing the Occurrence o Egyptian Marl Ceramics in Middle

Bronze Age Sidon. : .Hamroush, H. A. . Pottery Analysis and Problems in the Identication o the Geological Origins o

Ancient Ceramics. : .Hendrickx, S., R. F. Friedman, and F. Loyens. . Experimental Archaeology Concerning Black-

Topped Pottery rom Ancient Egypt and the Sudan. : .Hope, C. . Concerning Egyptian Potters Wheels. : .. a.Egyptian Pottery. Shire Egyptology . Aylesbury: Shire.. b. Experiments in the Manu acture o Ancient Egyptian Pottery. InCeramics rom the

Dakhleh Oasis. Preliminary Studies, edited by W. I. Edwards, C. Hope, and E. R. Segnit, .Burwood, Australia: Victoria College Press.

Jacquet-Gordon, H. . A Tentative Typology o Egyptian Bread Moulds. InStudien zur altgyptischenKeramik, edited by D. Arnold, , . Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Joyce, O., and B. D. Dillon. . Ceramics. Ine Students Guide to Archaeological Illustrating, editedby B. D. Dillon, . Los Angeles: Institute o Archaeology, University o Cali ornia.

Kelley, A. L. .e Pottery o Ancient Egypt: Dynasty to Roman Times.Toronto: Royal OntarioMuseum.


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Kingery, W. D. .Ceramics and Civilization, Vol. , Technology and Style. Columbus, : AmericanCeramic Society.

Khler, E. C. . Archologie und Ethnographie. Eine Fallstudie der prdynastischen und rhzeilichen Tp ereiproduktion von Tell el-Farain-Buto. : .

. . Socio-economic Aspects o Early Pottery Production in the Nile Delta. : .

Leeuw, S. E. van der. .Studies in Technology o Ancient Pottery. Amsterdam: Universiteit vanAmsterdam.

Leeuw, S. E. van der, and A. C. Pritchard. .e Many Dimensions o Pottery: Ceramics in Archaeology and Anthropology, Cingula. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam.

Lucas, A., and J. R. Harris. . Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. th edition. London: EdwardArnold.

Matson, F. R. .Ceramics and Man. New York: Wenner-Gren Foundation or AnthropologicalResearch.

Mazzoni, S. . e Diffusion o the Palestinian Combed Ware. InStudies in the History and Archaeology o Palestine. Proceedings o the First International Symposium on the Palestine Antiquities, edited by S. Sha`ath, . Aleppo: Aleppo University Press.

Merrillees, R. S. .e Cypriote Bronze Age Pottery Found in Egypt, . Lund: Carl Bloms.Millett, M. .Pottery and the Archaeologist . London: Institute o Archaeology.Munsell. . Munsell Soil Color Charts. New Windsor, .Naschinski, A. . Mglichkeiten und Grenzen unktionaler Interpretation an Keramik: Experimente,

Beobachtungen, Analysen. International Series . Ox ord.Nelson, K. .Holocene Settlement o the Egyptian Sahara. Vol. . e Pottery o Nabta Playa. New

York: Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publishers.Nicholson, P. T. . e Firing o Pottery. In An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery, edited by D.

Arnold and J. D. Bourriau, , . Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.Noll, W. . Mineralogy and Technology o the Painted Ceramics o Ancient Egypt. InScientic

Studies in Ancient Ceramics, edited by M. J. Hughes, . British Museum Occasional Pape. London: British Museum.

. . Bemalte Keramik Altgyptens: Material, Rohstoffe und Herstellungstechnik. InStudienzur altgyptischen Keramik, edited by D. Arnold, , . Mainz am Rhein: Philipp vonZabern.

. . Alte Keramiken und ihre Pigmente: Studien zu Material und Technologie. Stuttgart: E.Schweizerbart.

Nordstrm, H. . .Cultural Ecology and Ceramic Technology. Early Nubian Cultures rom the Fifhand the Fourth Millennia . . Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis . Stockholm: Almqvist andWiksell.

. .Neolithic and -Group Sites. e Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia .Stockholm: Scandinavian University Press.

. . Classication o the Wheel-Made Wares. InNew Kingdom Pharaonic Sites: e Pottery. Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia Publications, Vol. : , , edited by R.Holthoer. Lund: Holmes and Meier.


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Whipp, R. .Patterns o Labour: Work and Social Change in the Pottery Industry. London: Routledge.Yon, M. . Manuel de cramique chypriote.Lyon: Institut Courby.. .Dictionnaire illustr multilingue de la cramique du Proche Orient Ancien.Collection de la

Maison de lOrient Mditerranen , Srie Archologique. Paris: Institut Franais dArchologiedu Proche Orient.


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Clay and Fabric Descriptions Used in Volume

The Vienna SystemNILE FABRICS

Material: Groundmass: homogenous neInclusions: abundant ne, ofen medium-sized and occasionally coarse, sand; mica is commonReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate ac

Material: Groundmass: homogenous medium-neInclusions: numerous ne with some medium-sized and coarse sand; mica is common; scattered

ne (< mm) straw particlesReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate dh

Material: Groundmass: homogenous mediumInclusions: abundant ne sand and common medium-sized sand; scattered limestone particles;

noticeable ne to medium straw, with scattered coarse strawReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate ad

Material: Groundmass: coarseInclusions: numerous ne to coarse sand; some medium-sized limestone particles; predominance o

ne to coarse straw; sometimes grogReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate ei

Material: Groundmass: ne to mediumInclusions: abundant limestone particles as in abrics such as , , or -Reference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate ac

Material: Groundmass: medium neInclusions: abundance o ne to coarse sandReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate dh

MARL FABRICS

Material: Groundmass: homogenous neInclusions: relatively abundant ne-medium crushed limestone, some ne sandReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate ac


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Material: Groundmass: neInclusions: ne sand and limestone particlesReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate di

Material:

Groundmass: homogenous neInclusions: ew mineral inclusions; characteristic pores in the clay; a ew accidental organic

inclusionsRemarks: very similar to modern Qena wareReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate ac, gh

Material: Groundmass: medium to coarseInclusions: large quantity o ne to coarse sand; mica particles also present; and some straw

particles

Reference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate d , ijMaterial: Groundmass: homogenous and very denseInclusions: without voids; abundant quantities (around o the paste) o sand added as a tempeReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate ac, gh

Material: Groundmass: ne and denseInclusions: abundant more or less decomposed limestone particles; ne and medium sand added

as a temperReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm :

Material: Groundmass: ne and homogenousInclusions: predominantly ne to coarse limestone particles added as a temper ( o the paste);

ne to coarse sand; mica; dark rock materialReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate ac, e

Material: Groundmass: medium to coarseInclusions: very similar to except or straw particles, here very abundant medium to coarse;

numerous medium to coarse sand; some micaReference: Bourriau and Nordstrm : , Plate d

Material: Groundmass: mediumInclusions: abundant ne to medium sand, some mica and ew red particlesReference: Aston :


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Bibliography for Clay Descriptions, Volume Aston, D. A. .Die Grabungen des Pelizaeus-Museums Hildesheim in Qantir, Pi-Ramesse. Die Kera-

mik des Grabungsplatzes . Teil . Corpus o Fabrics, Wares and Shapes. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Buchez, N. . Le mobilier cramique. In Adama. . conomie et habitat, edited by B. Midant-Reynes, . Cairo: .


Rizkana, I., and J. Seeher. . Maadi . e Pottery o the Predynastic Settlement, . Mainz amRhein: Philipp von Zabern.


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Fayum A, Neolithic

B.C.

SiteNeolithic culture Fayum was identied among material rom the sites o Kom and Kom on north side o Lake Moeris, at the northern rim o the Fayum. Subterranean silos or storing grain w

ound at Upper associated with Kom .

MaterialAll the Fayum ceramics are made o coarse Nile clay and are ull o chaff.

Manufactureis early Egyptian pottery was handmade, using the simplest method o construction, known a

pinching and hollowing.Surface

e sur aces o Fayum pots can be described as ollows: red/black-slipped, unpolished slipped, rouaced brown or red-polished with horizontal smears below the rim, and, rarely, black-polished an

unpolished slipped. ere is no evidence o decoration o any kind.

Typesese early ceramics are characterized by their simple shapes. Caton- ompson (Caton- ompson and

Gardner : ) grouped the Fayum pots into ve categories: small bowls and cups, cooking bowpots, pedestalled cups, cups with knobbed eet, and rectangular dishes with peaked rims.

Shapes o the large vessels are simple ovoids or bag-like. Bowls have straight or slightly aring wAll the pots have very simple rims, in most cases incurved. Bases o the vessels are predominantly but rounded and knob-shaped are also present.

For photos o ceramics representative o this period, see Color Plates and .

BibliographyCaton- ompson, G., and E. W. Gardner. . e Desert Fayum. London: e Royal Anthropological

Institute o Great Britain and Ireland.


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1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: small bowl with slightly aring walls

and attened baseMaterial: rough redManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner

: Plate , Dating: Fayum

Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: deep bowl with slightly aring walls

and attened baseMaterial: rough pinky-gray Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner

: Plate , Dating: Fayum Representative Example: similar to

Color Plate .

Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: deep bowl with aring walls and

at baseMaterial: rough red-brownManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner


Color Plate .

Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: simple bowl with incurved walls

and at baseMaterial: rough mottledManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner



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1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: simple bowl with incurved walls

and at baseMaterial: rough mottledManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner


Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: deep bowl with slightly incurved

walls and at baseMaterial: rough pinky-gray Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner


Color Plate .

Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: deep vessel with rounded shoulder,

slightly recurved rim, and at baseMaterial: rough redManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner


Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: carinated vessel with rounded

shoulder, long neck, slightly recurvedrim, and at base

Material: rough pinky-buff Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner



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Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: hemispherical pot with slightly incurved rim and rounded baseMaterial: rough red-brownManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner :

Plate , Dating: Fayum

1:40 5 10 cm

Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: ovoid-shaped pot with incurved rim and at baseMaterial: rough red-brownManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner :

Plate , Dating: Fayum Representative Example: similar to

Color Plate .

1:40 5 10 cm


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Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: large vessel with straight, slightly incurved walls, and attened baseMaterial: rough red-brownManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner : Plate , Dating: Fayum


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Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: large bag-shaped vessel with incurved walls and rounded baseMaterial: rough redManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner : Plate , Dating: Fayum


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Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: bag-shaped vessel with short neck, simple straight rim, and at baseMaterial: rough mottled redManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner : Plate , Dating: Fayum

1:4

0 5 10 cm


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Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: large vessel with rounded shoulder, simple rim, and at baseMaterial: rough red-brownManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner :

Plate , Dating: Fayum

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: hemispherical bowl with at baseMaterial: rough red-brownManufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner : Plate , Dating: Fayum


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Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: bowl with aring walls and at baseMaterial: rough red-gray Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner


Color Plate . and .

Fayum A

Site: FayumShape: bowl with aring walls and at baseMaterial: rough pinky-buff Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Caton- ompson and Gardner


Color Plate . and .

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm


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Merimde Beni Salame, Neolithic

B.C.

SiteMerimde Beni Salame is located on the western edge o the Delta, close to modern Cairo.

MaterialAll the Merimde pots are made o Nile clay, primarily without inclusions. Later in the period, vesselstempered with organic chaff material.

ManufactureLike the ceramics rom Fayum , the Merimde pottery was handmade by pinching and hollowing. potters also probably started experimenting with slab construction.

SurfaceVessels rom Merimde are poorly red, with a burnished sur ace that has visible traces o a htool. Some pots were also smoothed. Decoration is very rare. Incised decoration with a herringbonpattern applied be ore ring was typical or the early stage o the Merimde culture. In the later staapplications and incised decorations were added to vessels, especially cooking pots.

Typese shapes in most cases are very simple: bowls with incurved rims and straight, relatively thick wal

Large oval trays appear in the later phase o the culture. Restricted vessels were also common, especired burnished jars. Later more restricted vessels can be ound, with round or cylindrical bodies. erwere also large plates. Bases were not only rounded or at, but also ring-shaped. In addition, there are

ew cases known o a base in the shape o a human oot. Clay spoons are also known.For photos o ceramics representative o this period, see Color Plate .

BibliographyArnold, D., C. Hope, P. T. Nicholson, and P. Rose. . Techniques and Traditions o Manu acture i

the Pottery o Ancient Egypt. In An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery , edited by D. Arnoldand J. D. Bourriau, , . Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Eiwanger, J. . Merimde-Benisalme . Die Funde der Urschicht, . Mainz am Rhein: Philipp vonZabern.

. . Merimde-Benisalme . Die Funde der mittleren Merimdekultur, . Mainz am Rhein:Philipp von Zabern.. . Merimde-Benisalme . Die Funde der jngeren Merimdekultur, . Mainz am Rhein:

Philipp von Zabern.


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Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: very small vessel with straight rim

and rounded baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: very small vessel with incurved rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with slightly incurved rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: diagonally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with slightly incurved rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde


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1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: diagonally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: small bowl with aring rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with slightly incurved rim and

at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished inside,

diagonally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with incurved sides and at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: diagonally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde


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1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outside, diagonally burnished insideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: large vessel with slightly incurved sidesMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde


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1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved rim and

rounded baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde


rounded baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: jar with internal ledgeMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde


bent wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde


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1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved rim and bent wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with bent wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde


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1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outside, with incised decoration o herringbone patternReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outside, with incised decoration o herringbone pattern;

diagonally burnished insideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde


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Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: oval bowl with slightly incurved rim

and at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: oval bowl with slightly incurved rim

and at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm


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1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: diagonally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: small ovoid jarMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: jar with slightly recurved rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished inside,

diagonally outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm


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1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: jar with small collarMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: jar with aring rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved rim with a

pierced knob below rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved rim with a

pierced knob below rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde


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1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: small jar with rounded rim and

ovoid body Material: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: small jar with incurved rim and

at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: small pear-shaped jar with

incurved rim and at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outside,

inside diagonally Reference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: jar with long neck and slightly

recurved rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: vertically and diagonally burnished

outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm


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Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with aring wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with aring wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outside,

inside diagonally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with aring rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished inside and

along rim zone, diagonally outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm


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1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with aring wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally and diagonally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: large bowl with at-topped rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm


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1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with aring wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally and diagonally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: medium bowl with aring wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with aring walls with

groove in rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde


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Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with aring walls, slightly incurved rim, and at baseMaterial : Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: inside and outside o rim horizontally burnished, vertically burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with recurved rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved thick rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde


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1:40 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: sieve-like jar with pierced wallsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: large tray (?)Material: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outside,

inside burnished in vertical stripsReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: large tray (?) on our eetMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: pot with two compartmentsMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm


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Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: large bowl with at rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: diagonally burnished outsideReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: large bowl with straight rim and

at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm 1:4

0 5 10 cm

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with straight rim and at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde


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Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: bowl with straight walls and irregular rimMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: large at tray with at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: large bowl with incurved rim and at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm


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Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: large bowl with straight rim and at baseMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: plainReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: stand (?)Material: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: jar with incurved sidesMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: partially horizontally burnished

outside, applications below rimReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm


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Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel with incurved sidesMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished,

applications below rimReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: vessel body partMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnished outside,

applications on body Reference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde

Merimde

Site: MerimdeShape: eetMaterial: Nile clay Manufacture: handmadeSurface: horizontally burnishedReference: Eiwanger : , Plate . .Dating: Merimde Representative Example: similar base in Color Plate .

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm


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Omari, Neolithic

B.C.

SiteWadi Ho , Helwan

MaterialOmari pottery material consists o two types o local marl clay with organic and, sometimes, mininclusionsmostly ne to coarse sand has been identied. e sand does not seem to be deliberateladded to the clay as a temper. In rare cases, the pottery is made o Nile clay that also contained orgainclusions.

ManufactureAll the pottery is handmade, with some traces o simple turning around the rim that could be the resu

o smoothing. It is likely that a coiling technique was used, or that bodies were made o clay stripsgeneral, all the shapes are very irregular. Some bases have a concave inner sur ace that seems to be result o using a sherd or shaping during their manu acture.

SurfaceOmari pots were either smoothed or burnished, and some were well polished. Some bear a red, iron-ricslip. In some cases a straw brush was used on the internal sur ace.

DecorationCeramics rom Omari do not bear any traces o decoration. Some pots have knobs applied just belrims.

Typese shapes o pottery rom the Omari period are rather simple. Jars tend to have globular or rounde

bodies with plain, straight, aring, or incurved rims. Bowls have rather straight or sometimes roundesides. In most cases Omari pots have at bases, but some rounded bases also occur.

BibliographyDebono, F., and B. Mortensen. .El-Omari. A Neolithic Settlement and Other Sites in the Vicinity o

Wadi Ho , Helwan, . Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.


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Omari

Site: OmariShape: jar with rounded body, conical neck,

and straight rimMaterial: clay with medium to coarse straw,

ne sand, and calcite particlesManufacture: handmadeSurface: polished outside, smoothed insideReference: Debono and Mortensen :

Plate : , Type . aDating: Neolithic in Omari

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Omari

Site: OmariShape: jar with aring rim, globular body,

and at baseMaterial: clay with ne to medium straw

and small amounts o ne sandManufacture: handmadeSurface: red/brown-slipped, polished

outside, smoothed insideReference: Debono and Mortensen :

Plate : , Type .Dating: Neolithic in Omari


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1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Omari

Site: OmariShape: jar with high neck, everted rim,

and possibly rounded body Material: clay with medium to coarse straw,

ne sand, and calcite particlesManufacture: handmadeSurface: dark brown, polished outside,

smoothed insideReference: Debono and Mortensen :


Omari

Site: OmariShape: jar with high neck, thickened rim,

and possibly rounded body Material: clay with medium to coarse straw,

ne sand, and calcite particlesManufacture: handmadeSurface: red/brown-slipped, polished overall

except rimReference: Debono and Mortensen :


Omari

Site: OmariShape: jar with plain straight rim and

rounded body Material: clay with medium straw and

some sandManufacture: handmadeSurface: polished outside, smoothed insideRemarks: shape very similar to Merimde jarsReference: Debono and Mortensen :

Plate : , Type aDating: Neolithic in Omari

Omari

Site: OmariShape: jar with plain incurving rim

(hole-mouth jar) with a globular body Material: clay with medium straw and

some sandManufacture: handmadeSurface: light green, smoothedReference: Debono and Mortensen :

Plate : , Type bDating: Neolithic in Omari


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Omari

Site: OmariShape: beaker with plain rim, straight side,

and at baseMaterial: clay with small amount o ne

strawManufacture: handmadeSurface: red-coated (?) outside,

smoothed insideReference: Debono and Mortensen :

Plate : , Type bDating: Neolithic in Omari

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

1:40 5 10 cm

Omari

Site: OmariShape: beaker

Documents

A Manual of Egyptian Pottery Vol. 1 - Anna Wodzinska