Egyptian Pottery in Middle Bronze Age Ashkelon

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/ EGYPTIAN POTTERY IN MIDDLE BRONZE AGE ASHKELONכלי חרס מצריים מתקופת הברונזה התיכונה באשקלוןAuthor(s): Lawrence E. Stager, Ross Joseph Voss, לורנס א' סטייגר and רוס ג'וזף ווסSource:Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies /ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה

Vol. AMNON BEN-TOR VOLUME / (2011 / pp. 119*-126* ספר אמנון תשע"ב(,Published by: Israel Exploration SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23631007 Accessed: 23-04-2016 06:56 UTC

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EGYPTIAN POTTERY IN MIDDLE BRONZE AGE ASHKELON

Lawrence Ε. Stager and Ross Joseph Voss

Harvard University Research Associate, Harvard Semitic Museum

During the second and first millennia bce Ashkelon was a bustling seaport, first of the Canaanites and then of the Philistines. During the Middle Bronze Age we estimate a population of 12,000-15,000 inhabitants living within its ramparts. From Chal colithic times to the Islamic-Crusader period, there were few gaps in the occupation of this major emporium. Only in the Middle Bronze Age I (W.F. Albright's terminology) when, according to the Egyptian "Admonitions of Ipuwer" of the First Intermediate Period, ships did not "sail north to Byblos," do we find the seaport abandoned for several centuries.

All of that changes in the Middle Bronze Age IIA (Albright's terminology) when the sea lanes are open again and the economy of Ashkelon is thriving because of trade. Imported pottery comes from Egypt, Crete, Cyprus, and the northern

Gate 4 Gate 3 Gate 2 Gate 1 י

(Phase 11) (Phase 12) (Phase 13) ^ (Phase 14)

Fig.

Levant (Stager 2002). The focus of this piece, written in honor of Amnon Ben-Tor, highlights the imported pottery manufactured in Egypt. The pottery comes from a well-stratified sequence of city gates, streets, ramparts, and moats, located on the North Slope in Grid 2 (see Fig. 1; for details, Stager, Schloen, Master [eds.] 2008: 216-236; Voss 2002). Although not large, the Egyptian repertoire is the largest found in Canaan during MB 11 (Table 1). It consists of zirs (large water jars), storage jars and ring stands (for supporting the jars), cooking pots, and bowls.

This pottery provides important synchroniza tions between Ashkelon's five phases (Phs. 14-10) of MB II culture and those of Tell el-Dab'a in the

13th Dynasty (G/4, G/l-3, F, and E/3) and in the Second Intermediate Period, also known as the Hyksos Period (E/2-1 and D/3-2) (see Bietak,

119*


120* LAWRENCE Ε. STAGER AND ROSS JOSEPH VOSS

Kopetzky, Stager, and Voss 2008). These synchro nizations have enabled us to correlate with greater precision the interaction and commercial contacts between these two cities over the course of two and

a half centuries.

From two independent sources we have been able to establish dates for the absolute chronology of MB II Ashkelon. Ceramic correlations and syn chronizations with Tell el-Dab'a, ancient Avaris, capital of the Hyksos, have been essential for anchoring the Middle Bronze Age in the low chro nology of the ancient Near East (Bietak, Kopetzky, Stager, and Voss 2008; A. Ben-Tor 2006). The low chronology received independent support at Ash kelon from 45 seal impressions made from Egyp tian scarabs on both local and Egyptian clays, dating to the early 13th Dynasty (Stager, Schloen and Master 2008: 224, Fig. 14.9; Stager 2008; for a preliminary appraisal of the chronological, politi cal, and cultural significance of these sealings, see D. Ben-Tor 2007: 117-119, 188-189). They were found in the ash lining of the earliest moat (Ph. 14, Gate 1).' The local and imported pottery from these contexts compared very favorably with those from Tell el-Dab'a. Along with Kamares Ware from Crete, both Dab'a and Ashkelon yielded Cypriot pottery of Middle White Painted III-IV Cross Line Style. The Egyptian zirs appear for the first time in Palestine in our Phase 14 = Tell el-Dab'a G/4

(see Bietak, Kopetzky, Stager, and Voss 2008, Fig. 2). Workshops in Canaan and elsewhere were pro ducing Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware, exported to Egypt during Dynasty 13. Later, during the Second Inter mediate Period, also known as the Hyksos Period, Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware was being manufactured in Egypt for export to Canaan (Stager 2008: 1578-1579). Transport amphoras, the so-called "Canaanite jars" containing wine and olive oil, were exported to Egypt by the millions in the 13th

Dynasty and later, during the Second Intermediate Period.

On the North Slope the Leon Levy Expedition revealed a sequence of four earthen freestanding ramparts, all built in MB IIA and reused until the end of the MB IIC (Stager, Schloen and Master [eds.] 2008: 215-237). Not including the towers and curtain walls, which once crowned the crest of the ramparts, their height reached 15 m and

their base was more than 70 m thick. A sandstone

(kurkar) causeway, or land bridge, led into the ear best city gate—Gate 1 (Ph. 14)—from the outside. The dry moat was carved out of the sandstone bed rock and lined with ash. It is ca. 8.00 m wide at the

top and tapers to a depth of ca. 7.00 m. Gate 2 (Ph. 13) was ca. 27.00 m long with an

interior passageway of ca. 2.30 m, wide enough to admit wheeled vehicles such as large carts and horse-drawn chariots. Gate 2 is the earliest arched

city gate yet discovered in Canaan, dating shortly after 1800 bce. During its lifetime the high earthen ramparts were renewed three times and covered with three different stone mantles.

Gate 3 (Ph. 12, transitional MB IIA/B) was the largest of the city gates, set above the partially preserved remains of the second story of Gate 2. The towers and side walls of Gate 3 were so mas

sive that a much smaller Footgate (Gate 4, Ph. 11, MB IIB) was carved out of its remains. Gate 4 led down to the Sanctuary of the Silver Calf, an extra mural courtyard building located at the foot of the rampart (Stager 2006). The northern city gate was probably moved to the east.

In Ph. 10 a large mudbrick tower with curtain wall was built near the top of the rampart. Fills buried the Footgate. Phase 10 is dated by pottery of the MB IIC, exemplified by three pieces of Tell el Yahudiyeh Ware, with parallels to Dab'a D/3-D/2. From Cyprus both cities imported White Painted III—IV Wares of the Cross Line and Pendant Line

Style as well as White Painted V Ware. Egyptian pottery was found in stratified con

texts at Ashkelon in four out of five Middle Bronze

Age phases. While the corpus is quite limited in the number of forms present, there was a gradual

increase in both the number and types of Egyptian pottery found. This increase had by the end of the Middle Bronze Age produced a noticeable statisti cal effect on the entire assemblage of Phase 10. In the following description the Egyptian pottery will

be presented starting with Phase 14 and proceeding to the latest Phase 10.

Egyptian Pottery in Phase 14 Fragments of four Egyptian vessels were found in Ph. 14 (MB IIA). The rim of an Egyptian zir (Bader Type 5) comes from the black ash lining (Layer


EGYPTIAN POTTERY IN MIDDLE BRONZE AGE ASHKELON 121*

17), used as a protective shield over the friable sandstone interior of the dry moat (see our footnote 1, above, and Bader 2001: 167-170, figs. 48:d and 49:a). Following the Vienna system of classifica tion, we would put the Ashkelon zir (PI. 1:3) in the Marl C category (see Nordstrom and Bourriau 1993: 168-182 for the Vienna system, and Arnold 1993: 15-40 for classification terminology). It is a thick-walled sherd with a dark gray core between zones of brick red. It was coated with a cream

colored matt slip, which appears to be smeared on in criss-cross fashion. Zirs of Type 5 were found in Dab'a G/4 and G/3; these phases date to the begin ning of the 13th Dynasty.

Also found in the moat was a store jar (Vase) Type 46 (not illustrated; cf. Bader 2001: 128-134, fig. 29:e, p.128) of Marl C-l, a light gray core encased between brick red. The surface is covered

with a buff matt slip. Type 46 is found in Dab'a G/4 and G/3 at the beginning of the 13th Dynasty.

Higher up the slope in the courtyard in front of the outer entrance to Gate 1, two other fragments of Egyptian store jars (Vasen) (PI. 1:1) appeared in Silt Layer 166, the bedding for Street 163, lead ing into Gate 1 of Ph. 14. These sherds are also of Marl C-l, with a gray core sandwiched between brick red. They are thinly coated with a gray matt slip through which the red fabric produces a light pinkish coloration on the surface. These store jars belong to Type 46, from Dab'a G/3, and date to the beginning of the 13th Dynasty (Bader 2001: 128-134, fig. 29:i,j,k,l).

Also in Layer 166 was a ring stand (PI. 1:2) made of Marl C clay. In section it has a gray core between zones of brick red. The interior of the stand has a

thin coating of buff matt slip. It is a good example

I

t

\

10 cm f ך PI. 1



of Type 68 (Bader 2001: 216, fig. 69:d). In Dab'a this form is known in G/4 and G/3. The Ashkelon

stand of Ph. 14 is contemporary and dates to the beginning of the 13th Dynasty (ca. 1770-1740 bce). This is also the date for the cache of Egyptian clay sealings found in the moat (Stager, Schloen, and Master 2008: 224).

Egyptian Pottery in Transition from Phase 13 to Phase 12

No Egyptian pottery was found in Phase 13, but the deep construction fills for Gate 3, Ph. 12, which

buried Gate 2, yielded two sherds from Egyptian vessels, which must have derived from Ph. 13 and attest to the continuity of trade with Egypt.

Massive fills of crushed sandstone, ash, and clay were used to bury Gate 2, its ruins still standing to the second story. Layer 185 (Square 85) of ash and brown silt buried the barrel-vaulted chamber of

Gate 2, which connected the inner and outer arched

entrances to the city gate. An Egyptian zir (PL 1:5) of Marl C fabric was found in Layer 185. It belongs

to the Type 4 or 5 category, with the difference that

the body of the former is more elongated. The rim is tightly folded and has a flat lip. The zir has a dark gray core sandwiched between zones of brick red (Bader 2001: 169-171, fig. 50:b). The exterior surface is covered with a lime scum (Ownby and Griffith 2009). Layer 40 of brown, silty clay (Square 84) filled the inner courtyard of Gate 2. In this deep fill part of an Egyptian store jar Vase (PI. 1:4) was trapped. This Marl C vessel corresponds to Type 46, which in its development displays a straight interior wall with flatter shingles or rills on

the exterior (Bader 2001: 136-138, fig. 34:b) The red fabric is covered with lime scum, with the red

bleeding through, giving the vessel a faint pinkish cast. This type of jar has a long range appearing in Dab'a Gl-3; F as late as D/3, i.e. from the second half of the 13th Dynasty to the Second Interme diate Period. Our example best corresponds with Dab'a F.

The Type 5 zir dates toward the middle of the 13th Dynasty. The Egyptian Vase of Type 46, which appears in Dab'a F, marks the transition from MB IIA to MB IIB. This indicates that Gate 2 (Ph. 13) went out of use ca. 1710 bce.

Egyptian Pottery in Phase 11: Footgate and Sanctuary of the Silver Calf City gate 3 (Ph. 12) was buried and was succeeded by a modest Footgate, which led from the rampart summit down an ever-widening corridor to the terrace on which the courtyard-style House of the Silver Calf was built. In all three of these areas

Egyptian pottery was found on the floors or sur faces. There was a marked increase in the amount

and variety of Egyptian pottery present. On Mudbrick Floor 103 of the Footgate an

assemblage of MB IIB pottery was abandoned and covered by striated lenses of mudbrick debris and wash (Layer 99). The rim of a flat folded Egyptian cooking pot (PI. 1:8) was found in this debris. This form of globular cooking pot (Ashkelon Type CP7)

appears very late in Middle Bronze Age Canaan. CP7 became popular in Ashkelon in Phase 11 but did not replace the more common upright-rim cooking pots (CP6), which first appear in Phase 12. At Dab'a CP7 cooking pots were divided into three classes designated as Form 25, 42, and 46 (Kopetzky 2004: 260, fig. 192). At Ashkelon Forms 42 and 46 are attested. Most of the CP7 cooking pots at Ashkelon are local, with the exception of three from Egypt found in Phase 11 contexts. According to the Vienna system they are classi fled as Fabric I-e-2 and made of Nile E-2 clay; less common is Fabric I-e-1 (Kopetzky, personal communication). The clay usually consists of a gray core with red to violet or thin reddish brown oxidation zones. Mica and sand are always present. By contrast the locally made Ashkelon CP7 pots are uniformly brown in color and lack significant amounts of mica.

Two more Egyptian cooking pots were found in the corridor leading down to the Sanctuary of the Silver Calf: one from the makeup of southern Revetment Wall 97 (PI. 1:8), the other on Street 117 (PI. 1:7).

On Street 90, at the higher end of the corridor leading to the Calf Sanctuary, fragments of three Egyptian zirs (Pl.l:9) were discovered. At the lower end of the corridor, in the ashy makeup of Street 117 a fourth identical zir appeared. All of them are made of Marl C clay and belong to Type 7 series of water jars (Bader 2001; 181, figs. 57:a


EGYPTIAN POTTERY IN MIDDLE BRONZE AGE ASHKELON 123"

and 59:a). In the break of each sherd a gray core is sandwiched between thick zones of brick red, with

gold mica shining throughout the clay. The heavy folded rims are rounded at the lip; the exterior sur face is painted with a very faint gray to buff matt slip, mostly worn away.

The last piece of Egyptian pottery to be dis cussed is a body fragment of a Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware juglet (not illustrated—no. 2), found in the southernmost room of the Sanctuary of the Silver Calf (Square 55, Floor 164). It belongs to a bi-con ical 3 juglet made of Nile silt. This type is present at Dab'a as early as E/2, but continues through D/3. This corresponds to the span of the other Egyp tian pottery types from Ashkelon's Ph. 11. The Egyptian pottery types found in the Phase 11 gate are attested at Tell el-Dab'a in E/2 through D/3. This more or less equates with the Hyksos Period, from ca. 1650 to 1530 bce, putting the life span of Footgate 4 and the Calf Sanctuary at a little more than a century.

Egyptian Pottery in the Phase 10 Rampart At the end of Phase 11 the Footgate was buried along with the corridor and the Calf Sanctuary. Two of four tombs that were placed in front of the Calf Sanctuary were robbed of most of their contents and backfilled just prior to being buried under a massive new rampart, which yielded frag ments of Egyptian pottery, including four zirs, three cooking pots, three bowls, one ring stand, and two jars. In the debris that buried the corridor, an Egyptian zir (PI. 2:10) came to light in Layer 111. It belongs to Type 9, which continues from the end of the 15 th Dynasty to the beginning of the 18th

Dynasty. (Bader 2001:189, fig. 62:c.). Buried in the same debris (Layer 141) was a ring stand (PI. 2:3), an example of Form 27 made of Nile I-b-2 clay (Kopetzky 2004: 247, fig. 213). This form appears in Dab'a E/l and D/2.

In the Phase 10 ramparts two zirs of Marl C fabric were excavated. The first is another Type 9 vessel (Bader 2001: 187, figs. 61:c and d). It has a much thicker rim than the second zir (PI. 2:9), Type 7 (Bader 2001:180, fig. 56:e). Both zirs have a thick black core between thin layers of brick red.

Rampart Fill 91, which covered part of the Calf Sanctuary, produced another Type 7 zir (Bader

2001: 176, fig. 54:f) (PI. 2:11). It shares the rim shape of earlier zirs, but its thin slip allows the red core to bleed through, giving the surface a pink coloration. This last example dates to the middle of the 15th Dynasty.

An Egyptian cooking pot (PI. 2:6) was found in the same layer. It resembles Form 42 (Kopetzky 2004: 261, fig. 195 and 221, fig. 214), with a flat exterior folded rim, a beveled edge, and a buff matt slip/Another cooking pot (PI. 2:7) with out-folded rim but lacking a beveled edge belongs to Form 46 (Kopetzky 2004: 271, fig. 215). The third cook ing pot (PI. 2:8) is also an example of Form 46 and comes from Ash Layer 8, which buried part of the Footgate. This large fragment has its surface coated with a thin buff matt slip, over brick red zones encasing a dark gray core.

All three of Ashkelon's Phase 10 Egyptian cook ing pots have links to Dab'a D/3 and D/2. They are a good reflection of the final phase of exchange between Ashkelon and the Hyksos regime in the eastern delta of Egypt.

In a fill of brown silty clay (Layer 54), which covered part of the Calf Sanctuary, was found a store jar rim (PI. 2:4). The break shows a gray core enclosed by a light brown zone, and it is covered by a thin buff slip. Although it was first identified as Egyptian, Karen Kopetzky informs us that this is actually an imitation of Form 16 of Vasen mit Innenlippe (Kopetzky 2004: 245, fig. 172). The form extends through Dab'a D/3, and D/2.

At the summit of the North Slope in Rampart Fill 6, another Egyptian jar fragment was found (not illustrated). It is a late Type 46, of Marl C fabric. The thick folded rim has a light gray core sandwiched between thick brick red. The surface

of the sherd is covered with a very worn buff matt slip (Bader 2001: 144, fig. 38:a,b). At Dab'a this form appears in D/3.

Phase 10, Rampart Fill 65, which covered part of the Calf Sanctuary, also yielded a large jar with

chamfered rim and an exterior ledge (PI. 2:5). Its buff matt slip covers thin zones of purple to red fabric that encase a gray core. It belongs to Kopetzky's Form 54 (2010:83ff). This type appears in Dab'a E/l, D/3, and D/2.

A bowl rim (PI. 2:1) from Fill 51, also over part of the Calf Sanctuary, has a simple upturned rim



ד,

10 r

10 cm

PI. 2

"xz:

with flat lip. It is brick red with a purple core, and it resembles Bowl Type 16 of Marl C clay (Bader 2001: 58-60, fig. 6:j,k,l).

Finally, an Egyptian red-cross bowl was found in a compact brown silty clay (Layer 140) used to cover the Phase 11 street inside the corridor (PI.

2:2). This open bowl has a straight wall and simple rim. A band of red paint runs around the interior of the bowl's rim and the interior cross divides the

bowl into quadrants. The break shows a solid red material with numerous voids from straw inclu

sions. This is an example of Form 117 of Schalen mit rotem Kreuz (Kopetzky 2004: 263 Figs. 198, 216). An earlier form of this bowl with inturned rim

appears in earlier phases at Dab'a, but the simple

rim appears only in D/3 and D/2. This bowl is a hybrid type, combining an Egyptian form with the Canaanite decoration. Phase 10, which marks the final phase of Middle Bronze Age culture on Ashkelon5s North Slope documents a significant increase in the amount and variety of Egyptian pot

tery present in the rampart which buried Footgate 4. As usual, zirs now of Types 7 and 9 dominate the collection. These are followed by cooking pots (Form 46). For the first time new types of Egyp tian bowls Type 16 and Type 54 (Kopetzky 2010) appear, in addition to a small ring stand (Type 9). All of these vessel forms fall within Dab'a E/l, D/3, and D/2, that is, within the second half of the Second Intermediate Period.


EGYPTIAN POTTERY IN MIDDLE BRONZE AGE ASHKELON 125*

Conclusion

The marked increase in Egyptian pottery traced over the course of Ashkelon's five Middle Bronze

Age phases and its correspondence with the Tell el-Dab'a sequence show an interesting pattern of development. In the first two gates the repertoire of Egyptian forms is limited to water contain ers (zirs), two types of store jars, and a pottery stand for supporting one of the above jar types. By Phase 11 these initial forms are augmented by food preparation containers (Type CP7 cooking pots), an offering stand, and a fragment of a Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware juglet with Nile silt. The pres ence of four zirs shows the continued importance of water storage containers which now appear as a small percentage of the store jar assemblage.

By tracing this modest corpus of Egyptian pottery

one sees a marked progression from storage contain ers in Ph. 14 and Ph.13, to storage and food prepara tion in Ph. 11, and to storage, food preparation, and food serving by the commencement of Phase 10.

The presence of Egyptian pottery in the excel lent stratigraphic sequence of gates and ramparts of Ashkelon provides another vital correlation and synchronization with the sequence and pottery of one of its most powerful neighbors, Tell el-Dab'a, ancient Avaris. The presence of Egyptian sealings and imported pottery from Crete, Cyprus, and the northern Levant at both sites further reinforce

the dates assigned to these two seaports over the course of the Middle Bronze Age.

There is a remarkable correlation between

Egyptian vessel types, whether they be zirs, store jars, cooking pots or bowls. For example, store jars (Type 46) found in Phase 14, the earliest MB IIA phase at Ashkelon, appear in Dab'a G/4 and the beginning of G/3, from the end of the 12th into the

13th dynasties. The low chronology proposed for the Tell el-Dab'a sequence would place the date of the earliest city gate at Ashkelon, ca. 1790-1750, early in the 13th Dynasty. The Egyptian sealings found at Ashkelon in the moat deposit of Gate 1 independently confirm this early 13th Dynasty syn chronization with Dab'a.

The latest Egyptian pottery forms in the Phase 10 rampart of Ashkelon cluster in Dab'a D/3. It is quite clear then that Phase 10 began late in the

Hyksos Period, near the beginning of D/2 ca. 1560 bce. The absence of late MB IIC and LB IA

Canaanite pottery, including Chocolate-on-White Ware, Jericho vases with trumpet bases, and Cypriot imports (such as White Slip I and Proto Base-Ring Ware) in the mantle fills of the Phase 9 rampart is another strong indication that Phase 10

was brought to an end late in the MB IIC, probably ca. 1530 bce and before the hallmarks of LB IA

material culture appeared on the cultural horizon. A similar picture has emerged in the Canaanite necropolis in Grid 50 and in the area of domes tic settlement in Grid 38. In three widely differing areas of Ashkelon there is a palpable lack of typi cal LB IA ceramic forms hinting at a cultural gap in Ashkelon's occupation. This cessation of Ash kelon's cultural sequence has important historical implications which cannot be addressed here. What is clear is that by the beginning of LB IB there is a resumption of occupation with all the requisite types of material culture present.

From Table 1 it is clear that there was a strik

ing increase in the relative proportion of Egyptian pottery in the MB II repertoire at Ashkelon, from a low in Phase 14 (0.180/o by rim fraction calcula tions) to a high in Phase 11 (2.45^0) and in Phase 10 (3.45^0), the Hyksos Period.

Acknowledgements The authors are greatly indebted to Manfred Bietak, who examined all of the pottery included in this article while in Ashkelon. We are equally grateful to Karin Kopetzky, who, along with Man fred Bietak, made extensive comments and revi sions to an earlier draft of this paper. For the most part, we have relied on their indispensable knowl edge of Egyptian ceramics and tried to follow the classification system developed by them and others at Tell el-Dab'a. The authors, of course, bear full responsibility for any errors that might remain and for the views and opinions expressed here, not all of which would be shared by our good friends and colleagues, Manfred and Karin.

We would also like to thank Philip Johnston, Ph.D. candidate in Near Eastern and Mediterra

nean Archaeology at Harvard, for his invaluable assistance in formatting, editing, and illustrating this article. We also much appreciate the help that



he and Joshua Walton, also a Ph.D. candidate in Archaeology at Harvard, gave in compiling the

statistical data for the Egyptian pottery excavated at Ashkelon.

Note

Originally this moat deposit was designated Ph. 14/13, when we thought it was part of the moat fill represent

ing the end phase of Gate 1 and preparation for building

Gate 2 (Ph. 13). Further examination indicates that the

ash was an intentional lining of the sandstone moat and

belongs to its construction in Ph. 14.

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Egyptian Pottery in Middle Bronze Age Ashkelon