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A keynote presentation at the University of Durham, Jan 2013
Allison LittlejohnDirector, Caledonian AcademyChair of Learning Technology www.gcu.ac.uk/academy
Collaborators:Dr Isobel falconer, Dr Anoush Margaryan, Dr Colin Milligan,, Lou McGill, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK
The learning ecology: why the promise of an economy of scale has not been achieved
Key challenge: continual learning
“The most profound impact of the Internet… is its ability to support and expand the various aspects of social learning”.
“Attention has moved from access to information towards access to other people”.
John Seeley Brown (2008), Minds on Fire
Grand challenge
Scenario 4
Our times are characterized by immaterial labour...
...labour that is not restricted to material production but penetrates also the political, the social, the cultural, and ultimately life itself.
‘Multitude’, Hardt and Negri, 2004
Grand challenge
Key challenge: continual learning
Trends in work patterns From... To...
Large organisations Smaller units of production
Single site base Multi-site working as the norm
Permanent employment ConsultancySilos of knowledge Open knowledgeIn-house idea generation Crowdsourcing ideasLocal/ national focus Global / networked reach
Scenario 4
Telepresence
Multi-site micro expertise
Networked innovation
Crowdsourcing
Multi site data analysis
Grand challenge
Key challenge: continual learning
GC: Every graduate from the UK HE sector has the ability, confidence and mindset to plan and implement his/her own learning pathway to achieve his/her learning goals.
Grand challenge
Scenario 4
E-learning research and development tends to Focus on... Largely ignoring...
Online versions of current learning design where teachersmap out learning pathways
Learners decide their learning pathways
Bounded, structured environments
Open, unstructured environments as the ‘norm’
Content as the central object of activity
People learn together via objects of activity
Trends within the education sector
Wider societal trends and the impact on education
Stepanyan, K, Littlejohn, A & Margaryan, A (2012) Sustainable eLearning, Journal of Educational Technology and Society
Key challenge: continual learning
Grand challenge
1. How do learners learn in open, unstructured, networked environments?
2. How can learners be prepared for learning in such environments?
3. What learning approaches prevail?
4. Do inter-relationships change in open, unstructured environments?
Question 1
How do people learn in open, unstructured, networked environments?
Context: Shell global knowledge sharing networks
Period: Sept 08-Apr 09 Method/instruments: Mixed method: Questionnaire (Cross and Parker, 2004) & semi-structured interviews (critical incident)
Sample: survey: n=462 (E46%; N27%; M27%); interviews: n=29 (E41%, N31%, 28%M)
How do learners learn in unstructured env?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
How do learners learn in unstructured env?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Connect
How do learners learn in unstructured env?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Connect
Consume
How do learners learn in unstructured env?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Connect
ConsumeCreate
How do learners learn in unstructured env?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Connect
ConsumeCreate
Contribute
How do learners learn in unstructured env?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Connect
ConsumeCreate
Contribute
How do learners learn in unstructured env?
Connect
ConsumeCreate
Contribute
Charting occurs wheneach learner mapshis/ her learningpathway throughplanning, implementing& reflecting on learning goals
CHARTING
How do learners learn in unstructured env?
Connect
ConsumeCreate
Contribute
Charting occurs wheneach learner mapshis/ her learningpathway throughplanning, implementing& reflecting on learning goals
Builds individual &collective knowledge
CHARTING
How do learners learn in unstructured env?
Scenario 4
Question 2
How do these knowledge actions relate to approaches to learning?
Scenario 4
Acquisition Participatoryof knowledge
Sfard, 1998
What learning approaches are used?
Scenario 4
Knowledge creation
Acquisition Participatoryof knowledge
Sfard, 1998; Paavola, Lipponen, and Hakkarainen, 2004
What learning approaches are used?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Connect
ConsumeCreate
Contribute
What learning approaches are used?
Acquisition
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Connect
ConsumeCreate
Contribute
What learning approaches are used?
Acquisition
• vidcast lectures• OERs• Open Courseware• x-type MOOC
Scenario 4
What learning approaches are used?
Scenario 4
What learning approaches are used?
Scenario 4
Typically sequenced tasks with vidcast lectures, computer marked tests.
Little or no interaction with the thousands of other learners
Acquisition
What learning approaches are used?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Consume
ConnectCreate
Contribute
Participatory
What learning approaches are used?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Consume
ConnectCreate
Contribute
Participatory
What learning approaches are used?
• online tutorials• blendedlearning• cMOOC
Scenario 4
What learning approaches are used?
Scenario 4
What learning approaches are used?
Scenario 4
Typically structure provided by instructor.
Learners provide peer support & create/ contribute content
Participatory
What learning approaches are used?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Connect
ConsumeCreate
Contribute
Knowledge creationThird type affordedby networkedtechnologies
What learning approaches are used?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Connect
ConsumeCreate
Contribute
Knowledge creationThird type affordedby networkedtechnologies
What learning approaches are used?
researchdegrees
professional or workplace learning
Scenario 4
Social objects as knowledge is created/shared collectivelySee Knorr-Cetina, K (2001), Edwards, A (2011) and Paavola, S., & Hakkarainen, K. (2005). The knowledge creation metaphor: An emergent epistemological approach to learning. Science and Education, 14(6), 535-557
Digital networks used to connect while sensemakingSiemens, G. (2005) Connectivism: Learning as Network-Creationhttp://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/networks.htm
Shared goals as a focus for knowledge creationLittlejohn, A., Milligan, C and Margaryan, A (2012) Charting Collective Knowledge, Journal of Workplace Learning
Connecting the individual & collective
Goals as the Social Object
Connecting the individual & collective
You Your goal
Dynamic Knowledge, e.g. wikis
Shared resources (e.g. delicious)
Formal Learning
Recommended Resources
Collaborative Spaces
Knowledge Networks
Libraries of Cases / Examples
of Practice
Smart Information
You Your goal
Your Knowledge
Dynamic Knowledge, e.g. wikis
Shared resources (e.g. delicious)
Formal Learning
Recommended Resources
Collaborative Spaces
Knowledge Networks
Libraries of Cases / Examples
of Practice
Smart Information
You Your goal
Your Knowledge
External contacts
You
People with similar skills
Peers with similar goals
Tutor
Team
Anyone
Dynamic Knowledge, e.g. wikis
Shared resources (e.g. delicious)
Formal Learning
Recommended Resources
Collaborative Spaces
Knowledge Networks
Libraries of Cases / Examples
of Practice
Smart Information
You Your goal
Your Knowledge
External contacts
You
People with similar skills
Peers with similar goals
Tutor
Team
AnyoneGROUP
Dynamic Knowledge, e.g. wikis
Shared resources (e.g. delicious)
Formal Learning
Recommended Resources
Collaborative Spaces
Knowledge Networks
Libraries of Cases / Examples
of Practice
Smart Information
You Your goal
Your Knowledge
External contacts
You
People with similar skills
Peers with similar goals
Tutor
Team
AnyoneNETWORKGROUP
Dynamic Knowledge, e.g. wikis
Shared resources (e.g. delicious)
Formal Learning
Recommended Resources
Collaborative Spaces
Knowledge Networks
Libraries of Cases / Examples
of Practice
Smart Information
You Your goal
Your Knowledge
External contacts
You
People with similar skills
Peers with similar goals
Tutor
Team
AnyoneNETWORKGROUP
COLLECTIVE
Dynamic Knowledge, e.g. wikis
Shared resources (e.g. delicious)
Formal Learning
Recommended Resources
Collaborative Spaces
Knowledge Networks
Libraries of Cases / Examples
of Practice
Smart Information
You Your goal
Your Knowledge
External contacts
You
People with similar skills
Peers with similar goals
Team
Anyone
CONSUME
CONNECT
Tutor
Dynamic Knowledge, e.g. wikis
Shared resources (e.g. delicious)
Formal Learning
Recommended Resources
Collaborative Spaces
Knowledge Networks
Libraries of Cases / Examples
of Practice
Smart Information
You Your goal
Your Knowledge
External contacts
You
People with similar skills
Peers with similar goals
Team
Anyone
CONSUME
CONNECT
CREATE
Tutor
Dynamic Knowledge, e.g. wikis
Shared resources (e.g. delicious)
Formal Learning
Recommended Resources
Collaborative Spaces
Knowledge Networks
Libraries of Cases / Examples
of Practice
Smart Information
You Your goal
Your Knowledge
External contacts
You
People with similar skills
Peers with similar goals
Team
Anyone
CONSUME
CONNECT
CREATE
CONNECT
CONTRIBUTE
Tutor
Dynamic Knowledge, e.g. wikis
Shared resources (e.g. delicious)
Formal Learning
Recommended Resources
Collaborative Spaces
Knowledge Networks
Libraries of Cases / Examples
of Practice
Smart Information
Your Knowledge
External contacts
You
People with similar skills
Peers with similar goals
Team
Anyone
CONSUME
CONNECT
CREATE
CONNECT
CONTRIBUTE
You and Your Peers
Your goals
Tutor
Scenario 4
The knowledge-creation approach to learning highlights those kinds of activities where people collaboratively develop new artefacts and products while learningHakkarainen, Palonen, Paavola, & Lehtinen, 2004.
What learning approaches are used?
Scenario 4
The knowledge-creation approach to learning highlights those kinds of activities where people collaboratively develop new artefacts and products while learningHakkarainen, Palonen, Paavola, & Lehtinen, 2004.
‘... A kind of individual and collective learning that goes beyond information given and advances knowledge and understanding’
Paavola and Hakkarainen, 2005
What learning approaches are used?
Q Should networked knowledge creation be a mainstream approach to learning in universities?
If yes – How can we implement it into mainstream practice?
If yes – How can we prepare learners for this form of learning?
If no – What are the consequences of not mainstreaming this approach to learning?
Pause for thought
Charting tools use goals as a social object for sharing, discovery and cooperation
Charting Tools
‘... learners (rather than some instructor) are in charge of their learning, by setting their learning goals, by monitoring their learning progress, and by choosing the time and place of learning.
This type of informal learning might be framed as a form of self-regulated learning which requires a specific learning competence.’
Schulz and Robnagel, 2010
Key challenge: continual learning
How can learners be prepared?
Scenario 4
SRL MOOC Study Hypothesis
People who exhibit a high degree of Self-Regulation in theirlearning will use qualitatively different strategies to plan,monitor and reflect on their learning than individuals whoexhibit a low degree of Self-Regulation in their learning
How can learners be prepared?
Scenario 4
Plan
Implement
Reflect
How can learners be prepared?
Zimmerman, B. J. (2005). Attaining self-regulation: a social cognitive perspective. In Boekaerts, M., Zeidner, M., and Pintrich, P.R (eds) Handbook of self-regulation, pp13-39. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Scenario 4
Plan• task analysis• goal setting
Implement
Reflect
How can learners be prepared?
Zimmerman, B. J. (2005). Attaining self-regulation: a social cognitive perspective. In Boekaerts, M., Zeidner, M., and Pintrich, P.R (eds) Handbook of self-regulation, pp13-39. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Scenario 4
Plan• task analysis• goal setting
Implement
• self-instruction• help-seeking• self-monitoring• etc
Reflect
How can learners be prepared?
Zimmerman, B. J. (2005). Attaining self-regulation: a social cognitive perspective. In Boekaerts, M., Zeidner, M., and Pintrich, P.R (eds) Handbook of self-regulation, pp13-39. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Scenario 4
Plan• task analysis• goal setting
Implement
• self-instruction• help-seeking• self-monitoring• etc
Reflect
•self-judgement•self-evaluation
How can learners be prepared?
Zimmerman, B. J. (2005). Attaining self-regulation: a social cognitive perspective. In Boekaerts, M., Zeidner, M., and Pintrich, P.R (eds) Handbook of self-regulation, pp13-39. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Scenario 4
Plan• task analysis• goal setting
Learners with high SRL scores set clear goals & can adapt these goals as learning pathways change.
Those with low SRL set vague (or no) goals.
Implement
• self-instruction• help-seeking• self-monitoring• etc
Learners with high SRL scores & clear goals can adapt these goals as learning pathways change.
Reflect
•self-judgement•self-evaluation
Learners with high SRL scores reflect on and adapt goals.
How can learners be prepared?
Zimmerman, B. J. (2005). Attaining self-regulation: a social cognitive perspective. In Boekaerts, M., Zeidner, M., and Pintrich, P.R (eds) Handbook of self-regulation, pp13-39. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Scenario 4
Plan• task analysis• goal setting
Connect Consume Create Contribute
Implement
• self-instruction• help-seeking• self-monitoring• etc
Reflect
•self-judgement•self-evaluation
How can learners be prepared?
Zimmerman, B. J. (2005). Attaining self-regulation: a social cognitive perspective. In Boekaerts, M., Zeidner, M., and Pintrich, P.R (eds) Handbook of self-regulation, pp13-39. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Scenario 4
Plan• task analysis• goal setting
Connect
charting tools
Consume Create Contribute
charting tools
Implement
• self-instruction• help-seeking• self-monitoring• etc
facebooksearch toolsbookmarkstwitter
deliciousdiigo
scoop.itblog
twitterscoop.itblog
Reflect
•self-judgement•self-evaluation
blog blog
Zimmerman, B. J. (2005). Attaining self-regulation: a social cognitive perspective. In Boekaerts, M., Zeidner, M., and Pintrich, P.R (eds) Handbook of self-regulation, pp13-39. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
How can learners be prepared?
Scenario 4
Question 4
Are we evidencing the changing inter-relationships Seeley Brown predicted?
COLLECTIVEKNOWLEDGE
Do relationships change?
HEFCE Impact study around awareness of UKOER programme and SCORE work
• Two questionnaires
• Semi structured interviews (n=10)
• Lifecourse perspective
Scenario 4
people
immediateenvironment
extendedenvironment
Do relationships change?
Scenario 4
Openness… is now a part of the world we’re living in(R1)
A lot of the things with OERs are about philosophy, it’s about culture, it’s about why are we actually wanting to do this? (R6)
Openness now is part of the team culture in learning technology (R7)
[I see a] ground swell of change in attitude towards ideas about openness (R4)
Do relationships change?
Scenario 4
amongst academics;
between academics and students;
between academics and organisations;
academics and students with knowledge resources
Do relationships change?
Scenario 4
Why the promise of an economy of scale has not been achieved?
Universities tend to journey to familiar destinations, building on what they are already doing. By following familiar paths institutions are bringing about change, though the change tends not to be transformational.
HEFCE Impact study Final Report (2013)
Make do or spend?
Scenario 4
Teachers mapping out learning pathways
Learners deciding their learning pathways
Bounded, structured environments
Open, unstructured environments
Content as the central object of activity
People learning together around objects of activity
With focus on trends within the education sector
Considering societal trends and the impact on education
Make do… or spend resources on….
Key challenge: continual learning
Unlearning
Transformational change requires everyone involved in the processes to unlearn their current beliefs, values and assumptions
Dede, C. (2007) Transforming Education for the 21st Century: New Pedagogies that Help All Students Attain Sophisticated Learning
Outcomes, NCSU Friday Institute (February 2007) http://thenetwork.typepad.com/files/dede_21stc-skills_semi-final.pdf
Make do… or spend resources on….
The learning ecology: why the promise of an economy of scale has not been achievedA keynote presentation at the University of Durham, Jan 2013
Allison LittlejohnDirector, Caledonian AcademyChair of Learning Technology www.gcu.ac.uk/academy
Collaborators:Dr Isobel falconer, Dr Anoush Margaryan, Dr Colin Milligan,, Lou McGill, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK