A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MARINE …

A GUIDE, FRAMEWORKAND EXAMPLE:DESIGNING MARINEPROTECTED AREAS ANDMARINE PROTECTEDAREA NETWORKS TOBENEFIT PEOPLE ANDNATURE IN INDONESIA

Healthy populations of fisheries species at Cape Kri, Dampier StraitMPA. Image: © Awaludinnoer, TNC.

Ministry of Marine Affairs and FisheriesDirectorate General for Marine Spatial ManagementDirectorate for Marine Conservation and BiodiversityRepublic of Indonesia2020

A GUIDE, FRAMEWORKAND EXAMPLE:DESIGNING MARINEPROTECTED AREAS ANDMARINE PROTECTEDAREA NETWORKS TOBENEFIT PEOPLE ANDNATURE IN INDONESIA

This publication was jointly produced by the USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced(SEA) Project and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia.

USAID SEA Project OfficeSona Topas Tower, Floor 16, Jl. Jendral Sudirman Kav.26, Jakarta 12920, Indonesia

Chief of Party: Alan White, PhD ([email protected])Deputy Chief of Party: Tiene Gunawan, PhD ([email protected])

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Directorate for Marine Conservationand BiodiversityGedung Mina Bahari 3 Lt 10, Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur No. 16 - Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia

Citation: Green, A.L., Fajariyanto, Y., Lionata, H., Ramadyan, F., Tighe, S., White, A.,Gunawan, T., Rudyanto, and Minarputi, N. 2020. A Guide, Framework and Example:Designing Marine Protected Areas and Marine Protected Area Networks to Benefit People andNature in Indonesia. Report prepared by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) for the USAIDSustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project, 90 pp.

Contributors: TNC Indonesia Oceans Program Alison Green, Yusuf Fajariyanto, HildaLionata, Fachry Ramadyan. USAID SEA Stacey Tighe, Alan White, Tiene Gunawan,Rudyanto, Noorafebrianie Minarputri. KKHL Andi Rusandi, Firdaus Agung, Ihsan Ramli.

Editing and Layout: Melva Aritonang and Asuncion Sia

Printed in: Jakarta, Indonesia

Intellectual property rights: In accordance with ADS, Chapter 318, ownership of thispublication is vested in USAID SEA on behalf of USAID Indonesia. USAID SEA reserves allrights thereto until the project concludes. These rights include reproduction anddissemination of the materials contained herein to government counterparts and/orworking partners for wider distribution and promotional purposes.

Disclaimer: This publication is made possible by the generous support of the AmericanPeople through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ProjectNo. AID-497-C-16-00008 with the close collaboration of the Government of Indonesia.The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of USAID SEA Project and do notnecessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

Front cover photo: Coastal communities benefit from well-designed and managedMPAs through improved fishing near protected areas in Indonesia. Image: © TommySchultz.

Back cover photo: Healthy, high biodiversity coral reef in Misool MPA, Raja AmpatIslands. Image: © Awaludinnoer, TNC.

A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MARINEPROTECTED AREAS AND MARINE PROTECTED AREA NETWORKSTO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA

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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES..............................................................................5

FOREWORD..............................................................................................................6

PREFACE.....................................................................................................................8

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................................................................................10

CHAPTER 1. MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia............................................15

Background...........................................................................................................15

Definitions.............................................................................................................16

Status.....................................................................................................................16

Legal Framework..................................................................................................18

CHAPTER 2. A Framework for Designing MPAs and MPA Networksin Indonesia................................................................................................................20

Step 1. Define Goals and Objectives...................................................................21

Step 2. Define Design Criteria to Achieve Goals and Objectives......................23

Step 3. Compile Data Needed to Apply Design Criteria...................................28

Step 4. Design the MPA or MPA Network.........................................................29

Step 5. Use Performance Indicators to Evaluate and Refine the Design...........30

Steps 6. Review MPA or MPA Network Design for Adaptive Management....30

CHAPTER 3. Using the Framework to Design MPAs and MPA Networksin Indonesia................................................................................................................31

Designing MPAs and MPA Networks at Regional, Provincial and LocalScales.....................................................................................................................31

An Example: Designing an MPA Network for Fisheries ManagementArea 715 and the Six Associated Provinces........................................................32

Introduction.................................................................................................. 32Methods.........................................................................................................33Results............................................................................................................35Discussion......................................................................................................37

CONTENTS

A GUIDE, FRAMEWORK AND EXAMPLE: DESIGNING MPAs & MPANETWORKS TO BENEFIT PEOPLE AND NATURE IN INDONESIA

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ANNEX 1: Rationale for Biophysical, Socioeconomic and Cultural Criteria forDesigning MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia..................................................39

ANNEX 2: Information and Data Needed for MPA and MPA Network Design inIndonesia....................................................................................................................54

ANNEX 3: Evaluation Tool for MPA and MPA Network Design in Indonesia....63

ANNEX 4: List of Existing and Proposed MPAs and AOIs in FMA 715................83

REFERENCES............................................................................................................86

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FiguresFigure 1. Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia........................................................17

Figure 2. A logical framework for designing MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia, showing how the six steps in the scientific process align withthose in the three-step management process of Initiation, Establishment,and Management...............................................................................................20

Figure 3. MPA Network design for FMA 715 and six associated provinces,consisting of the existing and proposed MPAs in the provincial Marine SpatialPlans and Areas of Interest for establishing new MPAs.................................. 36

TablesTable 1. Biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural goals for MPAs and MPA

Networks in Indonesia, and some examples of SMART objectives foreach goal................................................................................................................21

Table 2. Biophysical criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia................................................................................................................24

Table 3. Socioeconomic and cultural criteria for designing MPAs and MPANetworks in Indonesia..........................................................................................27

Table 4. Scientific rationale (and explanatory notes) for the biophysical criteriafor designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.........................................39

Table 5. Rationale (and explanatory notes) for the socioeconomic and culturalcriteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia............................50

Table 6. Information and spatial data needed to apply biophysical criteria fordesigning MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia...............................................54

Table 7. Information and spatial data needed to apply socioeconomic andcultural criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia...............59

Table 8. Evaluation tool for the biophysical criteria for designing MPAs andMPA Networks in Indonesia.................................................................................67

Table 9. Evaluation tool for the socioeconomic and cultural criteria fordesigning MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia...............................................77

LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES


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As an archipelagic country, Indonesia is blessed with high marine and coastalbiodiversity. Our country has 16% of the world’s coral reefs, more than 2,000marine fish species, and abundant and diverse mangrove and seagrassspecies. These resources generate significant economic benefits for ourpeople, particularly our coastal communities. To ensure their sustainability,the Government of Indonesia has set aside large areas of marine and coastalwaters for protection in accordance with our international and regionalcommitments. These include our commitment under the Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD) and the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs,Fisheries and Food Security (CTI-CFF) to conserve 10% of our marine andcoastal waters as marine protected areas (MPAs). As a demonstration of thiscommitment, we have officially targeted to allocate 10% of Indonesian marineand coastal waters to MPAs by 2030.

As of end-2019, Indonesia has established 23.14 million hectares as MPAscovering 7.12% of our total marine area, but many of these MPAs are noteffectively managed because of a lack of funding and human resources. Aspart of our strategy for addressing this challenge, we have adopted anapproach that involves designing and establishing MPA Networks. Thisapproach will allow our MPA planners and managers, along with otherconservation practitioners, to share with each other data, information andknowledge related to their MPA programs, as well as to leverage funding andhuman resources. To support this approach, the Ministry of Marine Affairsand Fisheries (MMAF), through the Directorate for Marine Conservation andBiodiversity of the Directorate General for Marine Spatial Management,issued Ministerial Regulation No. 13/2014 on Establishing and Managing MPANetworks. This regulation will be accompanied by Technical Guidelines(Petunjuk Teknis or Juknis) to assist our personnel in the design andmanagement of MPAs, so as to ensure that it is properly implemented andthat we can achieve our national targets for MPA and MPA Networkexpansion and effective management.

FOREWORD

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This document, A Guide, Framework and Example: Designing Marine ProtectedAreas and Marine Protected Area Networks to Benefit People and Nature inIndonesia, is intended to serve as a supplement to support the TechnicalGuidelines of Ministerial Regulation No. 13/2014 on Establishing and ManagingMPA Networks (MMAF, in prep). We expect that it will enhanceunderstanding of MPA and MPA Network design and management amongMPA planners and managers, as well as supporting government agencypersonnel responsible for MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.

This document provides a practical example to guide readers through alogical set of steps toward the design and establishment of MPAs and MPANetworks. It also includes an integrated set of biophysical criteria to helppractitioners design Networks of MPAs to achieve fisheries sustainability,biodiversity conservation and ecosystem resilience in the face of climatechange.

This document is tailored specifically to the Indonesian marine environment,providing a succinct and user-friendly synthesis of the best available scientificinformation for practitioners who may not have access to, or the time toreview, the increasing amount of research literature on this topic. It will serveas an excellent reference for our ongoing work in Indonesia on MPANetwork design.

As a final note, we express our highest appreciation to USAID SEA and itspartners for their valuable contribution in developing this document. Weencourage all MPA planners and practitioners to make good use of it as areference in improving our Indonesian MPA and MPA Network design andimplementation.

Andi RusandiDirector for Marine Conservation and BiodiversityDirectorate General for Marine Spatial ManagementMinistry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries


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The Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, with technicalassistance from The Nature Conservancy (TNC) through the USAIDSustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project (USAID SEA), has developed aclear logical guide and framework for field practitioners to use to designMPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia. The guide and framework weredeveloped through a process that involved:

▪ Reviewing the guidance in the existing Ministerial Regulations(Peraturan Menteri or PERMEN) and updating and refining thisguidance based on the latest science and best practices in Indonesiaand worldwide (e.g., Savu Sea Marine National Park and Raja AmpatIslands MPA: TNC/SEA 2018a).

▪ Adapting and refining this guidance with input from 243representatives from 69 national, provincial or local levelgovernments, non-governmental organizations and universityscientists at 12 national and provincial workshops (e.g., seeTNC/SEA 2018a,b,c; and Acknowledgments).

This document, A Guide, Framework and Example: Designing Marine ProtectedAreas and Marine Protected Area Networks to Benefit People and Nature inIndonesia, is the result of that process. It provides overall context for MPAand MPA Network design for Indonesia, and guides managers through asimple, easy-to-use scientific process for designing MPAs and MPA Networksthat takes the unique biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural considerationsof Indonesia into account. It provides a logical framework (goals, objectivesand design criteria) for designing new MPAs and MPA Networks and a tool(with performance indicators) for evaluating the design of existing MPAs orMPA Networks. It serves as supplementary information to support theTechnical Guidelines of Ministerial Regulation No. 13/2014 on Establishing andManaging MPA Networks (MMAF, in prep.).

The audience for this detailed Guide, Framework and Example includes seniorMMAF technical staff, staff in the Ministry of Forestry and Environment(marine units), universities, non-governmental organizations and others

PREFACE

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interested to learn more about how to plan for effective marine conservationthrough MPAs and their networks.

Recognizing the need for concerted action at the regional scale for marineconservation and resource management, Indonesia, along with five othercountries that form the biogeographic core of the Coral Triangle, endorsedin 2009 a 10-year (2010-2020) Regional Plan of Action (RPOA) that defines theestablishment and effective management of MPAs as one primary goal. Thereis one target under this goal: A region-wide Coral Triangle MPA System(CTMPAS) in place and fully functional. A first step toward achieving this targetis to scale up the initiatives of each national MPA Network program. ThisGuide, Framework and Example for Indonesia is in line with the CTMPAS andwill assist Indonesia to move toward improved MPA Network design andcontribute directly to the system of MPAs for CTI-CFF.

We in USAID SEA are proud of our contribution to the improvement ofMPAs in Indonesia. We hope that this Guide, Framework and Example willserve to build more and better MPA Networks in the country to achievefisheries management and biodiversity conservation and enhance theresilience of our coastal resources amid climate change and local humanpressures. We thank all those who contributed to this work and lookforward to seeing the results in action.

Alan WhiteChief of PartyUSAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project


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This document was produced as part of USAID SEA support to theGovernment of Indonesia’s effort to improve the governance of fisheriesand marine resources and conserve biological diversity. The authors thankAndi Rusandi, MMAF Director for Marine Conservation and Biodiversity,and Firdaus Agung, Deputy Director for Convention and ConservationNetwork, for leading this process, and USAID for supporting the project.

In 2018 and 2019, USAID SEA through TNC facilitated a series of 12workshops at the national and provincial levels to develop the frameworkprovided in this document for designing MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia. We thank the 234 participants from 69 institutions whocontributed their data and knowledge to these workshops, including expertsand partners from government agencies (district, provincial, and national),universities, NGOs, and local communities. Workshop participants andother substantive contributors to this process included representatives of:

▪ Directorate General for Marine Spatial Management-MMAF(DGPRL-KKP)

▪ Directorate General for Capture Fisheries-MMAF (DJPT-KKP)▪ Directorate General for Surveillance for Marine and Fisheries

Resources-MMAF (PSDKP-KKP)▪ Marine and Fisheries Research and Human Resources

Development Agency-MMAF (BRSDM-KKP)▪ Bureau for Legal and Organization-MMAF (BHO-KKP)▪ Directorate for Marine Conservation and Biodiversity-MMAF

(KKHL-KKP)▪ Directorate for Coastal and Small Islands Utilization-MMAF

(DP4K-KKP)▪ Directorate for Fishing Port-MMAF (DPP-KKP)▪ Directorate for Marine Services-MMAF (Jaskel-KKP)▪ Center for Fisheries Research-MMAF (Pusriskan-KKP)▪ Center for Marine Research (Pusriskel-KKP)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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▪ Coastal and Marine Resources Management Sorong Agency (LokaPSPL Sorong)

▪ Social and Economic Research Center-MMAF (BBRSE KKP)▪ Center for Marine and Fisheries Training and Extension-MMAF

(Puslatluh-KKP)▪ National Agency of Marine Protected Areas of Kupang (BKKPN

Kupang)▪ National Agency of Marine Protected Areas of Kupang - Raja

Ampat Unit (BKKPN Kupang Satker Raja Ampat)▪ Natural Resources Conservation Agency of West Papua

(BBKSDA Papua Barat)▪ US Department of the Interior International Technical Assistance

Program (DOI-ITAP)▪ German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ, or Deutsche

Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit)▪ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of West Papua

Province (DKP Papua Barat)▪ Regional Technical Management Unit of Raja Ampat (UPTD Raja

Ampat)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Province

(DKP Maluku)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Island

Cluster II (DKP Maluku GP II)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Island

Cluster III (DKP Maluku GP III)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Island

Cluster IV (DKP Maluku GP IV)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Island

Cluster VI (DKP Maluku GP VI)▪ Department of Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Island

Cluster VII (DKP Maluku GP VII)▪ Department of Tourism of Maluku Province (Dispar Maluku)▪ Regional Development, Planning, Research, and Construction of

Bintuni District (BP4D)▪ Regional Development Planning Agency of Fakfak District

(BAPPEDA Fakfak)


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▪ Regional Development Planning Agency of South Sorong District(BAPPEDA Sorong Selatan)

▪ Regional Development Planning Agency of Bintuni District(BAPPEDA Bintuni)

▪ Regional Development Planning Agency of Maluku Province(BAPPEDA Maluku)

▪ Provincial Marine and Fisheries Affairs of North Maluku Province(DKP Maluku Utara)

▪ Provincial Marine and Fisheries Affairs of Maluku Province (DKPMaluku)

▪ Provincial Marine and Fisheries Affairs of West Papua Province(DKP Papua Barat)

▪ District Fisheries Office of Bintuni (DKP Bintuni)▪ District Fisheries Office of Fakfak (DKP Fakfak)▪ District Fisheries Office of South Sorong (DKP Sorong Selatan)▪ District Fisheries Office of Raja Ampat (DKP Raja Ampat)▪ District Fisheries Office of Central Maluku (DKP Maluku Tengah)▪ District Fisheries Office of West Ceram (DKP Seram Barat)▪ District Fisheries Office of Morotai (DKP Morotai)▪ District Fisheries Office of Central Halmahera (DKP Halmahera

Tengah)▪ District Fisheries Office of East Halmahera (DKP Halmahera

Timur)▪ District Fisheries Office of North Halmahera (DKP Halmahera

Utara)▪ District Fisheries Office of South Halmahera (DKP Halmahera

Selatan)▪ District Fisheries Office of West Halmahera (DKP Halmahera

Barat)▪ District Fisheries Office of Sula (DKP Sula)▪ District Fisheries Office of Taliabu (DKP Taliabu)▪ District Fisheries Office of Ternate (DKP Ternate)▪ District Fisheries Office of Tidore (DKP Tidore)▪ District Fisheries Office of Tidore Islands (DKP Tidore Kepulauan)▪ Marine and Fisheries Resources Study Center of Bogor Institute of

Agriculture (PKSPL IPB)▪ Saint Lucia National Trust▪ Academy Fisheries of Sorong

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▪ University of Darussalam▪ University of Leeds▪ University of Muhammadiyah of Ternate▪ University of Khairun (UNKHAIR)▪ Christian University of Papua (UKIP)▪ University of Papua (UNIPA)▪ University of Pattimura (UNPATTI)▪ Community Development Participation Institution of Maluku

(LPPM Maluku)▪ Lamina▪ Nazareth Foundation – West Papua▪ Papua Turtle Foundation (YPP) – West Papua▪ Conservation International (CI)▪ Coral Triangle Center (CTC)▪ Rare▪ Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS Indonesia)▪ World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF Indonesia)▪ The Nature Conservancy (TNC Indonesia)

We also thank others who may have contributed to developing theinformation contained in this document through informal discussions or othermeans.

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BackgroundIndonesia comprises some of the world’s most diverse tropical marineecosystems, which are a global priority for conservation (Allen & Erdmann2012, Veron et al. 2015). These rich marine resources provide food securityand livelihoods for coastal communities (ADB 2014). Unfortunately, many ofthese critically important resources and the ecosystem services they providehave been lost or seriously degraded, or are threatened by a combination oflocal anthropogenic threats (e.g., destructive or overfishing, mass tourism,coastal development and land-based runoff) and global changes in climate andocean chemistry (Burke et al. 2012, ADB 2014).

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), particularly no-take zones (NTZs), can bepowerful tools to address local threats and enhance fisheries productivity,protect biodiversity, and increase resilience to changes in climate and oceanchemistry (Green et al. 2014, Roberts et al. 2017). They can also enhancefood security and sustainable livelihoods for communities and otherstakeholders.

MPA Networks can deliver additional benefits by acting as mutuallyreplenishing networks to facilitate recovery after disturbances (see review inGreen et al. 2020), allow crucial spatial links needed to support ecosystemconnectivity, and reduce socioeconomic impacts but still consider

CHAPTER 1MPAs AND MPA NETWORKSIN INDONESIA


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conservation and fisheries benefits. Additionally, MPA Networks also preventeffort duplication on resource management, which in the end contributes tomore cost-effective management (WCPA-IUCN, 2008).

MPAs and MPA Networks play an important role in conservation andmanagement in Indonesia. However, they can only achieve their objectives ifthey are well designed and effectively managed (Green et al. 2014, Gill et al.2017, Giakoumi et al. 2018).

DefinitionsIn Indonesia, MPAs are defined as marine areas that are protected andmanaged by a zoning system to manage fish resources and the environment in asustainable manner (Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries [MMAF]Regulation No. 13/2014 and No. 30/2010).

An MPA Network, on the other hand, is defined as a management cooperationof two or more MPAs in a synergistic manner that have biophysical linkages(MMAF Regulation No. 13/2014).

StatusThe Government of Indonesia is committed to establish 20 million hectares(ha) of effectively managed MPAs by 2020, and 30 million ha by 2030. Todate, there are 177 existing national and local government MPAs (and noMPA Networks) established in Indonesia (Figure 1), covering an area of22,786,183 ha (MMAF 2018). These MPAs are managed at the national levelby MMAF (5,578,816 ha) and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry(4,612,869 ha), as well as locally by Provincial Governments (12,594,497 ha).MMAF is now identifying and establishing new MPAs to achieve their targetof 30 million ha in MPAs by 2030, and is interested in reviewing the design ofexisting MPAs.

Coastal communities have also established Locally Managed Marine Areas(LMMAs)1 in many locations for conservation, fisheries management and

1 LMMAs are areas of nearshore waters and associated coastal and marine resources thatare largely or wholly managed at a local level by the coastal communities, land-owninggroups, partner organizations, and/or collaborative government representatives who resideor are based in the immediate area (http://lmmanetwork.org).

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environmental education. LMMAs are often used to enhance traditionalconservation methods, particularly in eastern Indonesia (e.g., sasi), wherethey are used to regulate the use of specific natural resources, including giantclams, trochus, sea cucumbers and lobsters, by closing access to areas at acertain time or place (ADB 2014). At present, local communities haveestablished 51 LMMAs in three eastern provinces: 29 in West Papua (PadaidoIslands), 17 in Papua (Tanah Merah Bay) and 7 in Maluku (3 in the BandaIslands and 4 in the Kei Islands)2.

Unfortunately, many of Indonesia’s MPAs are not yet managed effectively.For example, Burke et al. (2012) found that less than 2% of 175 MPAs inIndonesia containing coral reefs were fully effective at managing fishingpressure, 24% were partially effective, 34% were not effective, and theeffectiveness of the rest was unknown.

Factors inhibiting effective management of MPAs in Indonesia may include ahigh population of low-income people who depend on marine resources fortheir food and livelihoods, the lack of adequate community engagement andeducation in MPA establishment and management (leading to a lack ofcommunity support and compliance), and inadequate institutional capacity,technical capacity and governance mechanisms (Lowry et al. 2009, Green etal. 2011, White et al 2014).

To respond to these challenges, the national government developedtechnical guidelines for evaluating and improving management effectivenessof MPAs (e.g., E-KKP3K: DCAFS 2013). Further scientific advice is alsorequired to ensure that MPAs are well designed to achieve their goals andobjectives (Green et al. 2014).

Legal FrameworkIn Indonesia, MPAs can be established by national and provincialgovernments under either fisheries legislation (Law 31/2004, amended byLaw 45/2009) or coastal- and small-island management legislation (Law27/2007, amended by Law 1/2014). These laws allow for multiple useswithin MPAs through the application of zoning and management plans. MPAscan include zones with a variety of regulations and restrictions regardingaccess and activities (e.g., for fisheries or tourism). No-take zones (NTZs)

2 See http://lmmanetwork.org/who-we-are/country-networks/indonesia/

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are usually core (no-go areas) or limited utilization zones (e.g., tourismsubzones), where no extractive activities are allowed.

Currently, there are several Ministerial Regulations (Peraturan Menteri orPERMEN) that provide general guidance for establishing MPAs and MPANetworks in Indonesia including, but not limited to:

▪ PERMEN KP No. 17/MEN/2008 on Coastal and Small IslandMPAs;

▪ PERMEN KP No.02/2009 on MPA Establishment;▪ PERMEN KP No. 30/2010 on MPA Zoning and Management

Planning; and▪ PERMEN KP No.13/2014 on MPA Networks.

Each PERMEN provides information to guide the design and establishment ofMPAs and/or MPA Networks, mostly focusing on management aspects. Inaddition, the document Technical Guidelines (Petunjuk Teknis or Juknis) ofMinisterial Regulation No. 13/2014 on Establishing and Managing MPANetworks is in preparation.

These documents should be supplemented with additional information thatdescribes a clear and easy-to-follow technical process for how to designMPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia. This document, A Guide, Frameworkand Example: Designing Marine Protected Areas and Marine Protected AreaNetworks to Benefit People and Nature in Indonesia, was developed specificallyto provide such information to supplement the Juknis. It offers a simple guide,framework and a practical example for practitioners to use to design MPAsand MPA Networks in Indonesia.

This document contains three chapters. Chapter 1 provides the contextregarding MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia. Chapter 2 contains astep-by-step framework (goals, design criteria, data requirements andperformance indicators) for designing MPAs and MPA Networks. Finally,Chapter 3 provides a case study for designing an MPA Network in Indonesia.

A logical framework for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia isprovided in Figure 2. The framework includes six steps in the scientificprocess that should take place in coordination with the MPA managementprocess, where Steps 1-5 should take place during the Initiation Phase, andStep 6 should take place during the Management Phase (after the MPA orMPA Network has been established).

CHAPTER 2A FRAMEWORK FORDESIGNING MPAs AND MPANETWORKS IN INDONESIA

Figure 2. A logical framework for designing MPAs andMPA Networks in Indonesia, showing how the sixsteps in the scientific process align with those in thethree-step management process of Initiation,Establishment, and Management.

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The following provides an overview of each step in this process, and providesgoals, objectives, design criteria and performance indicators for designingMPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.

Step 1. Define Goals and ObjectivesMPA goals and objectives should be clearly defined and compatible with oneanother, which helps facilitate broader acceptance of MPAs by a range ofstakeholders who may have different objectives with respect to theirinterests (Giakoumi et al. 2018).

Therefore, the first step in designing MPAs or MPA Networks is to clearlyidentify the goals and objectives, where:

▪ Goals are what you want to achieve by establishing the MPA orMPA Network; and

▪ Objectives are specific plans of action or milestones needed toachieve your goals. Objectives should be SMART (Specific,Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound).

Table 1 provides a summary of the goals, and some examples of SMARTobjectives for each goal, for MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia thataddress biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural considerations. Managersand key stakeholders should consider each of these goals, and then adapt andrefine them to develop goals that suit their local context, where one MPAmay have multiple goals, e.g., to protect biodiversity and enhance fisheriesresources (biophysical goals), and to support sustainable communitylivelihoods and promote active community participation and support in MPAor MPA Network management (socioeconomic and cultural goals).

Biophysical Goals Examples of (SMART) Objectives

Protect critical ecosystems,habitats, biodiversity,species, and abioticresources.

▪ Within 5 years of the MPA being established,at least 20% of critical habitats have beenprotected in NTZs.

▪ Five years after the MPA is established,biodiversity and the status of biotic resourceshave been maintained relative to the 2019baseline data.

Table 1. Biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural goals for MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia, and some examples of SMART objectives for each goal.

(Continued on next page)


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Biophysical Goals Examples of (SMART) Objectives

Maintain, enhance or restoreproductivity and biomass ofcoastal fisheries.

▪ Five years after the MPA is established, at least4 targeted grouper and snapper species(demersal fishes) have spawning potentialratios (SPRs) maintained at a level of 30% orabove for healthy stocks and increased toabove 20% for depleted stocks.

▪ Five years after the MPA is established, at least4 species of small pelagic fishes have SPRsmaintained at a level of 30% or above forhealthy stocks and increased to above 20% fordepleted stocks.

Rehabilitate ecosystems,habitats and populations offocal and protectedspecies.

For Coral Reefs: Five years after the MPA isestablished, mean coral cover in the MPA is stableor has increased by 5% relative to the 2019baseline data.3

Adapt to and mitigatechanges in climate andocean chemistry.

▪ Two years after the MPA is established, coralreefs that are likely to be more resilient toclimate change have been identified within theMPA.

▪ Five years after the MPA is established, at least50% of resilient coral reefs are protected inNTZs.

▪ Five years after the MPA is established, atleast 75% of resilient reefs within the MPAthat are in close proximity to (and beingimpacted by) high levels of land-basedimpacts have a detailed land-based spatialplan that minimizes direct runoff (e.g., fromsedimentation etc.) onto these reefs.

Socioeconomic andCultural Goals Examples of (SMART) Objectives

Facilitate minimal or noconflicting use of marineresources and fisheries.

▪ Three years after the MPA has beenestablished, the number of cases ofconflicting use between resource users hasdecreased by 50%.

Table 1 (Continued from previous page)

_____________3 It is important to note, though, that some factors may influence coral cover that are outsidethe control of MPAs i.e., coral bleaching

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Socioeconomic andCultural Goals Examples of (SMART) Objectives

Support sustainablecommunity livelihoodsbased on (biotic andabiotic) marine resources.

▪ Three years after the MPA has beenestablished, 20 home industries processingfish products in the MPA have beencertified as sustainable.

Promote active communityparticipation and support inMPA or MPA Networkmanagement (includingadat, by acknowledginglocal wisdom in planningand implementation).

▪ Three years after the MPA has beenestablished, 50% of local wisdom isacknowledged and institutionalized in theMPA through formal recognition.

▪ Two years after the MPA has beenestablished, adat institutions haverepresentatives in the collaborativemanagement body of the MPA.

Step 2. Define Design Criteria to Achieve Goalsand Objectives

The second step is to develop design criteria. These are guidelines thatprovide specific advice on how to design MPAs and MPA Networks toachieve their goals and objectives (Green et al. 2013).

There are two types of criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia:

▪ Biophysical design criteria aimed at achieving ecological objectives bytaking key biological and physical processes into account (Table 2);and

▪ Socioeconomic and cultural design criteria aimed at maximizingbenefits and minimizing costs to local communities and sustainableindustries (Table 3).

Managers and key stakeholders should adapt and refine these design criteriato address the goals and objectives of their MPA or MPA Network (see Step1), and to consider their local biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural context.

The scientific rationale for each of the biophysical criteria for designing MPAsand MPA Networks in Indonesia is provided in Annex 1 (Table 4), which is a


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summary from the document Biophysical Criteria for Designing MarineProtected Areas and Marine Protected Area Networks to Benefit People andNature in Indonesia (Green et al. 2020). The rationale for the socioeconomicand cultural design criteria is also provided in Annex 1 (Table 5), based oninput from workshop participants (see Acknowledgments).

Consideration Biophysical Design Criteria

Represent Habitats Protect at least 20% of each major habitat inNTZs (e.g., each type of coral reef,mangrove forest, estuary or seagrassbed).

Replicate Habitats (Spread theRisk)

Protect at least three examples of each majorhabitat in NTZs; and

Spread them out to reduce the chances theywill all be affected by the samedisturbance (such as major storms, masscoral bleaching events and crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks).

Protect Critical, Special andUnique Areas

Protect critical areas in the life history offocal fisheries species in NTZs (e.g.,spawning and nursery areas).

Protect critical areas or habitats forcharismatic, endangered, threatened orprotected species (e.g., breeding, feedingor resting areas, or migratory corridors).

Protect special and unique naturalphenomena in NTZs, including areas withvery high biodiversity, high endemism,unique marine communities or highproductivity (e.g., unique pelagic habitatslike areas of upwelling, fronts, and eddies).

Table 2. Biophysical criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia.Please note that many of these criteria are designed to consider the ecology of focalspecies, including: key fisheries species (fish and invertebrates); endangered,threatened and protected species and/or migratory marine biota (sea turtles, marinebirds, cetaceans, dugong and crocodiles); large charismatic marine fauna (sharks,manta rays, whale sharks and Mola mola); species important for maintainingecosystem function, such as habitat-forming species (e.g., corals) or species importantfor reef resilience (e.g., herbivores).

25

Consideration Biophysical Design CriteriaProtect areas that are important at the

national, international or global scale forconservation or management of focalspecies (e.g., World Heritage Areas,RAMSAR Sites, critical habitats forglobally endangered species, or criticalareas for maintaining connectivity offisheries species across nationalboundaries).

Incorporate Connectivity:Abiotic Factors

Consider variations in oceanography(currents, tides, temperature, salinity,acidity, etc.), substrate and bathymetrythat affect the spread of biological andnon-biological material.

Incorporate Connectivity:Biotic Factors

Movement of Adults andJuveniles

Ensure NTZs are large enough to sustainadults and juveniles of focal fisheriesspecies within their boundaries.

Ensure NTZs are large enough to contain allhabitats used by focal species throughouttheir life history (e.g., for home ranges,nursery grounds and spawning areas); or

Establish networks of NTZs close enough toallow for movements of focal speciesamong protected habitats (e.g., throughontogenetic habitat shifts and spawningmigrations).

Include whole ecological units (such as reefsor seamounts) in NTZs. If not, chooselarger rather than smaller areas.

Use compact shapes (e.g., squares) forNTZs, except when protecting naturallyelongated habitats.

Larval Dispersal Establish:▪ NTZs large enough to be self-sustaining

for focal species; or▪ Networks of NTZs close enough to be

connected by larval dispersal.

Protect spatially isolated areas in NTZs.



26

Consideration Biophysical Design CriteriaProtect larval sources in permanent or

seasonal NTZs or by using fisheriesclosures during spawning times.

Locate more NTZs upstream relative tofished areas if there is a strong, consistent,unidirectional current.

Allow Time for Recovery Establish NTZs for the long term (>20 to 40years), preferably permanently.

Use short-term (<5 years) or periodicallyharvested NTZs in addition to, rather thaninstead of, long-term or permanent NTZs.

Protect Healthy Areas and AvoidLocal Threats

Protect areas where habitats and populationsof focal species are in good condition withlow levels of local threats (e.g., fromoverfishing, destructive fishing, coastaldevelopment, mass tourism, land-basedrunoff of sediments and nutrients, marinepollution, and shipping, mining, oil and gasindustries).

Avoid areas where habitats and populationsof focal species are in poor condition due tolocal threats. If this is not possible:▪ Reduce threats;▪ Facilitate natural recovery (e.g., by

protecting larval sources and species likeherbivores that play important functionalroles in ecosystem resilience); and

▪ Consider the costs and benefits ofrehabilitating habitats and species (e.g., byrestoring structures, transplanting corals,or facilitating population recovery of focalspecies by restocking or using temporaryclosures).

Adapt to Changes in Climateand Ocean Chemistry

Protect sites that are likely to be moreresilient to global environmental change(refugia) in NTZs.

Protect ecologically important sites that aresensitive to changes in climate and oceanchemistry.


27

Consideration Biophysical Design CriteriaIncrease protection of species that play

important functional roles in ecosystemresilience (e.g., herbivores).

Consider how changes in climate and oceanchemistry will affect the life history offocal species.

Address uncertainty by:▪ Spreading the risk (see above); and▪ Increasing protection of habitats, critical

areas and species most vulnerable tochanges in climate and ocean chemistry.

Table 3. Socioeconomic and cultural criteria for designing MPAs and MPA Networks inIndonesia. Please note that many of these criteria refer to stakeholders, which includelocal, adat and traditional communities, governments, non-governmental organizations,civil society organizations, scientific institutions and industries (e.g., fisheries andtourism)

Consideration Socioeconomic and Cultural Design Criteria

Involve Stakeholders inEstablishing MPAs and MPANetworks.

(MPA establishment includesdeveloping zoning andmanagement plans.)

Involve all stakeholders in each step of theprocess of establishing MPAs and MPANetworks.

Prioritize establishing MPAs in areassupported by stakeholders.

Consider opportunities for collaborativemanagement among all stakeholders andimplement as appropriate.

Provide capacity building for stakeholders tohelp them engage more effectively inestablishing MPAs and MPA Networks.

Ensure Stakeholder Compliancewithin MPAs.

Involve local community in compliance andenforcement, e.g., through joint patrolsamong government institutions andcommunities, and POKMASWAS(community surveillance groups).

Support MPA management actions thatmaintain or increase ecosystem goods andservices for local communities.



28

Consideration Socioeconomic and Cultural Design Criteria

Support Multiple,Environmentally Friendly Uses inMPAs.

Allow for multiple environmentally friendlyuses in MPAs (including sustainable fishing,tourism, aquaculture, education andresearch).

Support Community Welfare(Livelihoods and Food Supplies).

Support environmentally friendly livelihoodsof local communities, including community-based environmentally friendly fisheries, andaquaculture and marine resource-basedtourism based on an area’s uniqueness(biotic and abiotic resources).

Protect marine heritage sites (e.g., shipwrecksand airplane wrecks) that have important,archeological-historical value, and managethem for their potential to supportcommunity-based tourism.

Ensure Fair and Equal Accessand Use.

Ensure local communities have fair and equalaccess to, and utilization of, marine andfisheries resources.

Maintain or improve access to resources andmarkets to support community economiesthat comply with MPA management plans.

Support Local Wisdom andPractices.

Protect adat, local wisdom, traditional law,and culture that support conservation andsustainable resource management, whichare still acknowledged and applied by theexisting adat community or institution.

Protect areas that have important traditionalcultural value for local people/adat,including mystical (pamali) areas andimportant sites for traditional medicine.

Step 3. Compile Data Needed to Apply DesignCriteriaThe third step is to compile the information and spatial data required to applythe biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural criteria to design the MPA or


29

MPA Network to achieve its goals and objectives. The data required mayvary depending on the specific goals, objectives and design criteria defined forthe MPA or MPA Network in Step 1 and Step 2. Some general advice isprovided in Annex 2.

Step 4. Design the MPA or MPA NetworkThe next step is to design the MPA or MPA Network. This may requirezoning an individual MPA (e.g., Savu Sea Marine Park: BKKPNK 2013) ordesigning a network of multiple MPAs (e.g., the Lesser Sunda Ecoregion MPANetwork: Wilson et al. 2011).

There are several ways to design MPAs or MPA Networks:· Ideally, the design criteria (defined in Step 2) and the best available

information and spatial data (compiled in Step 3) can be used todesign MPAs or MPA Networks using systematic conservationplanning tools like Marxan (Ball et al. 2009).

· Alternatively, MPAs or MPA Networks can be designed manuallyusing the best available information and participatory expertmapping (e.g., see TNC/SEA 2019a,b,c).

Both approaches allow managers to identify Areas of Interest for establishingnew MPAs (e.g., see Wilson et al. 2011, TNC/SEA 2019a,b,c) or zones,including core zones, NTZs or other types of utilization zones (e.g., seeGrantham et al. 2013), to design the MPA or MPA Network to achieve itsgoals and objectives (see Step 1). Either way, before the proposed zoning orMPA initiation process can start, the results should first be validated in thefield to ensure that the Areas of Interest or zones will provide the expectedbenefits for the MPA or MPA Network.

There are many excellent systematic conservation planning tools available.These tools each have their own training manual or website (e.g.,http://marxan.net/), so information regarding how to use them will not beprovided here. Training in using Marxan or participatory expert mapping todesign MPAs or MPA Networks is also provided in the Training Manual forDesigning Marine Protected Areas and Marine Protected Area Networks inIndonesia (TNC/CTC/SEA 2019).


30

Step 5. Use Performance Indicators to Evaluateand Refine the DesignOnce the MPA or MPA Network has been designed, you can use theEvaluation Tool for Marine Protected Area and Marine Protected Area NetworkDesign in Indonesia (Annex 3) to evaluate and refine the design. This is a simpletool that uses performance indicators for the biophysical, socioeconomic andcultural design criteria (see Step 2) to help managers evaluate and refine thedesign to ensure that the MPA or MPA Network will achieve its goals andobjectives.

Step 6. Review MPA or MPA Network Design forAdaptive ManagementWhen the management plan (including the zoning plan) for the MPA or MPANetwork is reviewed as required every five years, the Evaluation Tool forMarine Protected Area and Marine Protected Area Network Design in Indonesia(Annex 3) can be used again to refine the zoning plan for adaptive management.

31

CHAPTER 3USING THE FRAMEWORK TODESIGN MPAs AND MPANETWORKS IN INDONESIADesigning MPAs and MPA Networks at Regional,Provincial and Local ScalesThe framework for designing MPAs and MPA Networks provided in thisdocument can be used at multiple scales in Indonesia. For example, throughUSAID SEA, it has been used in eastern Indonesia to:

● Design a network of MPAs for Fisheries Management Area 715 (FMA715) and the associated six provinces using the systematic conservationplanning tool Marxan (Fajariyanto et al. 2020: see example below).

● Design networks of MPAs for each of three provinces (West Papua,North Maluku and Maluku) using participatory expert mapping (e.g., seeTNC/SEA 2018b,c, 2019a,b,c); and

● Develop, review and refine zoning plans for 14 individual MPAs in threeprovinces (TNC/SEA 2018d, 2019b,c):

▪ Seribu Satu Sungai Teo Enebekia (South Sorong) and Berau Bay andNusalasi Bay-Van den Bosch (Fakfak) in West Papua.

▪ Rao Island-Dehegila Cape (Morotai), Mare Island, Sula Islands,Guraici Islands, Makian Island-Moti Island, and Widi Island Clusterin North Maluku.

▪ Serutbar (Sawai), Koon Island, Ay Island-Rhun Island, and Buanoand Lease Islands in Maluku.


32

Here we provide an example of how the framework for designing MPAs andMPA Networks provided in this document was used to design an MPAnetwork for FMA 715 and six associated provinces (from Fajariyanto et al.2020).

An Example: Designing an MPA Network forFisheries Management Area 715 and the SixAssociated Provinces

IntroductionFMA 715 is located in eastern Indonesia, where it intersects the waters of sixprovinces (West Papua, Maluku, North Maluku, North Sulawesi, CentralSulawesi and Gorontalo). Each of these provinces has a Marine Spatial Planthat includes both existing and proposed MPAs.

FMA 715 was selected as the focus of USAID SEA because it comprises oneof the richest fisheries areas in Indonesia, some of the highest marinebiodiversity on Earth, and critical habitats for charismatic, rare, threatenedand protected species (e.g., sea turtles, cetaceans, manta rays, whale sharks).These rich marine resources provide important economic and social benefitsfor coastal communities.

Unfortunately, many of these critically important resources and theecosystem services they provide have been lost, seriously degraded or arethreatened by a combination of local anthropogenic threats and globalchanges in climate and ocean chemistry. For example, FMA 715 has ninetypes of commercial fisheries, seven of which are overexploited.

MPAs can be powerful tools for managing marine resources to protectbiodiversity, enhance fisheries, adapt to changes in climate and oceanchemistry, and support sustainable community livelihoods and traditionalcultures, but only if they are well designed and effectively managed.

Recently, Fajariyanto et al. (2020) designed an MPA Network for FMA 715and the six associated provinces, where the aim was to design the MPANetwork to:

▪ Support fisheries management and biodiversity protection in FMA715;

33

▪ Refine the MPA Networks and Marine Spatial Plans for each of thesix provinces that intersect with FMA 715; and

▪ Inform the design of a national network of MPAs.

The authors used the guidance and framework provided in this document(see Figure 2) to design the MPA Network, as described below.

MethodsDefining Goals and Design CriteriaFirst, they clearly identified the MPA Network goals, and the design criteriarequired to achieve these goals. To do this, they used the biophysical,socioeconomic and cultural goals and design criteria provided in thisdocument (see Tables 1, 2 and 3 above), and adapted and refined them forthe biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of the study area.

Thus, the MPA Network was designed to:

▪ Increase protection of biodiversity by increasing the level ofprotection of shallow-water habitats, deepwater habitats, andcritical, special and unique areas, particularly important deepwaterfeatures (e.g., seamounts and canyons), which are currentlyunderrepresented in existing and proposed MPAs in Indonesia.

▪ Maintain or enhance fisheries by increasing the protection of stocksof fisheries species in MPAs, which will lead to the export of adults,juveniles and larvae to support fisheries in adjacent waters.

▪ Minimize impacts on commercial and subsistence fisheries byavoiding placing MPAs in areas with high fishing intensity (as muchas possible) and maintaining access to fisheries ports.

▪ Support community livelihoods by improving management ofmarine resources (habitats and populations of fisheries species),and allowing access to important areas for fishing and tourism (e.g.,dive sites).

▪ Acknowledge and support adat by protecting local wisdom andimportant traditional areas in MPAs.

This required clearly identifying the conservation features to protect, andthe threats and other uses to consider, where:

▪ Conservation features to protect included: shallow-water habitats(<200m: coral reefs, mangroves forests and seagrass beds);


34

deepwater habitats (>200m: seamounts, canyons etc.); and critical,special and unique areas, including fish spawning areas (spags),turtle nesting beaches, coelacanth distribution and walking sharkdistribution areas, dive sites, shipwrecks, seaworm fishing areas,important traditional areas (e.g., mystical areas) and local wisdomareas (e.g., sasi).

▪ Local threats to conservation features included overfishing anddestructive fishing practices, poaching, waste, mangrove logging,sedimentation, mining, etc.

▪ Areas allocated for other uses in Marine Spatial Plans where MPAscannot be established included military areas, transportation andfishing ports, oil and gas mining areas, underwater cable pipe lanes,sea mine areas (unexploded ordnance) and reclamation areas.

Compiling DataNext, they compiled the best available spatial data and other informationrequired to apply the design criteria (see Annex 2) to design the network.They compiled 170 spatial data layers, which included data for:

▪ MPA status (e.g., existing national and provincial MPAs, orproposed MPAs allocated in Provincial Marine Spatial Plans, andAreas of Interest identified as potential new MPAs);

▪ Conservation features;▪ Threats; and▪ Other uses.

Each data layer was processed and verified, e.g., by validating the accuracyof the data by comparing it with other spatial and non-spatial informationfor the same area.

Designing the MPA NetworkTo design the MPA Network for FMA 715 and the six associated provinces,they defined the planning area by taking into account: the need to supportfisheries management throughout FMA 715; the Marine Spatial Plans in eachof the provinces; and the biophysical, socioeconomic and culturalcharacteristics of the study area. Thus, the planning area spanned 1,823 kmfrom east to west, and encompassed an area of 1.6 million km2 (161.3million ha, which is 49.5% of Indonesia’s marine waters), including:

▪ All of the national and provincial waters within FMA 715;

35

▪ All of the provincial waters of the six provinces that intersect withFMA 715; and

▪ All of the national waters between the six provinces.

They then conducted a marine gap analysis to maximize protection of theconservation features within the planning area while avoiding threats andminimizing impacts on fisheries and other uses. To do this, they started withthe existing and proposed MPAs in the provincial Marine Spatial Plans foreach province, then identified Areas of Interest to fill gaps in the MPANetwork using:

▪ The MPA Network goals and design criteria (see above);▪ The 170 spatial data layers for conservation features, threats and

other uses (see above);▪ The results of participatory expert mapping in the provinces (e.g.,

TNC/SEA 2018b,c, 2019a,b,c);▪ The systematic conservation planning tool Marxan; and▪ Input and review by hundreds of MPA practitioners and scientists

from national, provincial and local governments, national andprovincial universities, and NGOs.

ResultsAn MPA Network for FMA 715 and the Six Associated ProvincesThe result was the first MPA Network design for FMA 715 and theassociated six provinces (Figure 3) that includes:

▪ All 122 of the existing and proposed MPAs already allocated in theprovincial Marine Spatial Plans (comprising 10.1 million ha); and

▪ 44 Areas of Interest (comprising 5.3 million ha) for establishing newor expanded MPAs in the six provinces. These Areas of Interestwere selected to increase protection of conservation features notcurrently protected in existing and proposed MPAs, particularlydeepwater habitats (e.g., seamounts and canyons), and critical,special and unique areas (e.g., coelacanth and walking sharkdistribution areas, local wisdom areas, etc.). If these Areas ofInterest are established as new MPAs, they will increase the totalarea of existing and proposed MPAs in FMA 715 and the sixprovinces from 10.1 million to 15.4 million ha. However, beforethey are established, they need to be validated (ground-truthed toensure that they will provide the expected benefits for the MPANetwork), and proposals for new MPAs will need to be discussedappropriately with local stakeholders.

Figu

re 3

. MPA

Net

wor

k de

sign

for F

MA

715

and

six a

ssoc

iate

d pr

ovin

ces,

con

sistin

g of

exi

stin

g an

d pr

opos

ed M

PAs

in th

e Pr

ovin

cial

Mar

ine

Spat

ial P

lans

and

Are

as o

f Int

eres

t for

est

ablis

hing

new

MPA

s. T

he s

ites

are

num

bere

d on

the

map

and

key

ed to

the

list i

n An

nex

4.

37

An Evaluation of the DesignThe MPA Network design was evaluated using a post hoc analysis in Marxanand the evaluation tool in Annex 3. The results showed that the MPANetwork is relatively well designed to address the biophysical andsocioeconomic goals and design criteria, particularly regarding:

▪ Representing and replicating shallow-water habitats; protectingcritical areas for fisheries, charismatic, endangered, threatened orprotected species; incorporating connectivity; and protectinghealthy areas and avoiding local threats; and

▪ Supporting multiple environmentally friendly uses and livelihoods;ensuring local communities have access to resources and markets;and protecting marine heritage sites, local wisdom areas and areasthat have important traditional cultural value for local communities.

However:▪ Some conservation features (e.g., seamounts, canyons, spags,

wrecks, local wisdom or important traditional areas) could not beincluded in Areas of Interest because they are located in areasallocated for other uses in the Marine Spatial Plans or where thereare high levels of use (e.g., marine traffic and fishing pressure).

▪ Some design criteria could not be applied throughout the entireplanning area because they did not have the spatial data required(i.e., regarding areas with environmentally friendly uses or wherestakeholders support establishing MPAs). However, these criteriawere considered when identifying Areas of Interest usingparticipatory mapping in three of the provinces (West Papua,Maluku and North Maluku). These aspects will need to be discussedin more detail with local stakeholders when considering Areas ofInterest for new or expanded MPAs or zoning MPAs in eachprovince.

▪ Some design criteria could not be applied at all, because they didnot have the information required (particularly regarding changes inclimate and ocean chemistry).

DiscussionRefining the DesignThis the first iteration of an MPA Network design for FMA 715 and the sixassociated provinces, and one of the most detailed systematic conservation


38

planning processes undertaken at such a large scale in Indonesia to date.However, there are some limitations to the design due to the limited timeand resources available for the data analysis, which could be improved in thefuture if more time and resources become available. For example, thedesign could be improved by developing new or refining existing spatial datalayers, refining the Marxan analysis, and addressing research priorities(particularly regarding understanding more about larval dispersal and theeffects of changes in climate and ocean chemistry on habitats and species).

Implementing the DesignIf the MPA Network design is implemented and managed effectively, it willcontribute to achieving the goals of the MPA Network, including protectingbiodiversity and supporting fisheries, livelihoods and the traditional cultureof coastal communities. Therefore, the MPA Network design should be:

▪ Integrated within the management plan for FMA 715 to helpprotect biodiversity and improve fisheries management in this area;

▪ Used to develop or refine MPA Networks in each of the sixprovinces, and integrated within their Marine Spatial Plans whenthey come up for review.

▪ Used to identify priority areas for MMAF to achieve their goal ofestablishing 10 million ha of new MPAs in Indonesia by 2030.

Lessons LearnedLessons learned included:

▪ How to integrate MPA Network design at multiple scales inIndonesia using the guidelines and framework for MPA Networkdesign provided in this document.

▪ How to design MPA Networks by combining both a bottom-upapproach using participatory mapping at local and provincial scaleswith a top-down approach using systematic conservation planningat a regional scale (for FMA 715 and the six provinces).

▪ There is a lot of overlap between some high priority areas forprotection in MPAs (e.g., seamounts) and areas already allocatedfor other uses in Marine Spatial Plans and/or where there are highlevels of threat. For this reason, many conservation features cannotbe protected within MPAs at present. This issue needs to beaddressed in the future. Meanwhile, MPAs should be integratedwith other approaches to manage these other uses and threats.

39

AN

NEX

1

Her

e w

e pr

ovid

e a

ratio

nale

(and

exp

lana

tory

not

es) f

or th

e bi

ophy

sica

l, so

cioe

cono

mic

and

cul

tura

l crit

eria

for

desi

gnin

g M

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks in

Indo

nesi

a.●

Tab

le 4

pro

vide

s a

sum

mar

y of

the

sci

entif

ic r

atio

nale

for

the

bio

phys

ical

crit

eria

bas

ed o

n th

e be

st a

vaila

ble

scie

nce

spec

ifica

lly a

dapt

ed a

nd r

efin

ed f

or t

he u

niqu

e bi

ophy

sica

l env

ironm

ent

in I

ndon

esia

, w

hich

is p

rovi

ded

in t

he d

ocum

ent

Biop

hysic

al C

riter

ia:

Des

igni

ng M

arin

e Pr

otec

ted

Area

s an

d M

arin

e Pr

otec

ted

Area

Net

wor

ks t

o Be

nefit

Peo

ple

and

Nat

ure

inIn

done

siaby

Gre

en e

t al.

(202

0).

●T

able

5 p

rovi

des

the

ratio

nale

for

the

soci

oeco

nom

ic a

nd c

ultu

ral d

esig

n cr

iteria

bas

ed o

n in

put

from

the

243

part

icip

ants

from

69

inst

itutio

ns w

ho c

ontr

ibut

ed t

o de

velo

ping

the

fra

mew

ork

prov

ided

in

this

doc

umen

t (s

eeAc

know

ledg

men

ts),

incl

udin

g ex

pert

s an

d pa

rtne

rs fr

om g

over

nmen

t ag

enci

es (

dist

rict,

prov

inci

al, a

nd n

atio

nal),

uni

vers

ities

, non

-gov

ernm

enta

lor

gani

zatio

ns, a

nd lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es.

RA

TIO

NA

LE F

OR

BIO

PHY

SIC

AL,

SO

CIO

ECO

NO

MIC

AN

D C

ULT

UR

AL

CR

ITER

IAFO

R D

ESIG

NIN

G M

PAs

AN

D M

PA N

ETW

OR

KS

IN IN

DO

NES

IA

Con

side

ratio

nBi

ophy

sica

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aSc

ient

ific

Rat

iona

le a

nd E

xpla

nato

ry N

otes

Repr

esen

t Hab

itats

Prot

ect a

t lea

st 2

0% o

f eac

hm

ajor

hab

itat i

n N

TZs.

▪D

iffer

ent s

peci

es u

se d

iffer

ent h

abita

ts, s

o ex

ampl

es o

f eac

hm

ajor

hab

itat (

e.g.

, eac

h ty

pe o

f cor

al r

eef,

man

grov

e fo

rest

and

seag

rass

bed

)sh

ould

be

prot

ecte

d in

NT

Zs.

Tabl

e 4.

Sci

entif

ic ra

tiona

le (a

nd e

xpla

nato

ry n

otes

) for

the

biop

hysic

al c

riter

ia fo

r des

igni

ng M

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks in

Indo

nesia

.Pl

ease

not

e th

at m

any

of th

ese

crite

ria a

re d

esig

ned

to c

onsid

er th

e ec

olog

y of

foca

l spe

cies

, inc

ludi

ng, k

ey fi

sher

ies

spec

ies

(fish

and

inve

rteb

rate

s); e

ndan

gere

d, th

reat

ened

and

pro

tect

ed s

peci

es a

nd/o

r mig

rato

ry m

arin

e bi

ota

(sea

turt

les,

mar

ine

bird

s, c

etac

eans

,du

gong

and

cro

codi

les)

; lar

ge c

haris

mat

ic m

arin

e fa

una

(sha

rks,

man

ta ra

ys, w

hale

sha

rks

and

Mol

a m

ola)

; spe

cies

impo

rtan

t for

mai

ntai

ning

eco

syst

em fu

nctio

n, s

uch

as h

abita

t-for

min

g sp

ecie

s (e

.g.,

cora

ls) o

r spe

cies

impo

rtan

t for

reef

resil

ienc

e (e

.g.,

herb

ivore

s).

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)


40

Con

side

ratio

nBi

ophy

sica

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aSc

ient

ific

Rat

iona

le a

nd E

xpla

nato

ry N

otes

▪Pe

rcen

t hab

itat r

epre

sent

atio

n w

ill v

ary

depe

ndin

g on

sev

eral

fact

ors,

incl

udin

g fis

hing

pre

ssur

e an

d if

ther

e is

effe

ctiv

efis

herie

s m

anag

emen

t in

plac

e ou

tsid

e N

TZ

s. In

hea

vily

fish

edar

eas

whe

re th

ere

is n

o ef

fect

ive

fishe

ries

man

agem

ent,

atle

ast3

0% o

f eac

h m

ajor

hab

itat s

houl

d be

rep

rese

nted

with

inN

TZ

s to

sus

tain

pop

ulat

ions

of f

ocal

fish

erie

s sp

ecie

s. W

here

fishi

ng p

ress

ure

is lo

w, o

r th

ere

is e

ffect

ive

fishe

ries

man

agem

ent o

utsi

de N

TZ

s, lo

wer

leve

ls o

f pro

tect

ion

inN

TZ

s (2

0%)

is n

eede

d.▪

Perc

ent h

abita

t rep

rese

ntat

ion

shou

ld a

lso

cons

ider

the

vuln

erab

ility

, div

ersi

ty o

r ra

rity

of e

ach

habi

tat,

and

the

ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ces

it pr

ovid

es.

Repl

icate

Hab

itats

(Spr

ead

the

Risk

)Pr

otec

t at l

east

thre

e ex

ampl

es o

fea

ch m

ajor

hab

itat i

n N

TZs;

and

Spre

ad th

em o

ut to

redu

ce th

ech

ance

s th

ey w

ill a

ll be

affe

cted

by th

e sa

me

dist

urba

nce.

▪La

rge-

scal

e di

stur

banc

es (

i.e.,

maj

or s

torm

s, c

oral

ble

achi

ngan

d cr

own-

of-t

horn

s st

arfis

h ou

tbre

aks)

can

cau

se s

erio

usim

pact

s to

maj

or h

abita

ts, a

nd it

is d

iffic

ult t

o pr

edic

t whi

char

eas

are

mos

t lik

ely

to b

e af

fect

ed.

▪T

here

fore

, it i

s im

port

ant t

o pr

otec

t at l

east

thre

e ex

ampl

es o

fea

ch m

ajor

hab

itat i

n w

idel

y se

para

ted

NT

Zs

to r

educ

e th

ech

ance

that

they

will

all

be im

pact

ed b

y th

e sa

me

dist

urba

nce

(so

dam

aged

are

as m

ay b

e re

plen

ishe

d by

una

ffect

ed a

reas

).▪

Spre

adin

g th

e ris

k al

so in

crea

ses

the

chan

ces

that

var

iatio

ns in

com

mun

ities

and

spe

cies

with

in m

ajor

hab

itats

are

repr

esen

ted

in N

TZ

s.

Tab

le 4

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

41

Prot

ect C

ritica

l, Sp

ecia

lan

d U

niqu

e Ar

eas

Prot

ect c

ritic

al a

reas

in th

e lif

ehi

stor

y of

foca

l fish

erie

s sp

ecie

sin

NTZ

s.

Prot

ect c

ritic

al a

reas

or h

abita

tsfo

r cha

rism

atic

, end

ange

red,

thre

aten

ed o

r pro

tect

ed s

peci

es.

Prot

ect s

peci

al a

nd u

niqu

ena

tura

l phe

nom

ena

in N

TZs.

Prot

ect a

reas

that

are

impo

rtan

tat

the

natio

nal,

inte

rnat

iona

l or

glob

al s

cale

for c

onse

rvat

ion

orm

anag

emen

t of f

ocal

spe

cies

.

▪So

me

foca

l spe

cies

(e.

g., f

ishe

ries,

cha

rism

atic

, end

ange

red,

thre

aten

ed a

nd p

rote

cted

spe

cies

) co

ncen

trat

e in

are

as th

atar

e cr

itica

lly im

port

ant f

or th

eir

popu

latio

n m

aint

enan

ce (

e.g.

,sp

awni

ng, n

estin

g, b

reed

ing,

cal

ving

or

nurs

ery

area

s) o

rha

bita

ts th

ey u

se a

s m

igra

tory

cor

ridor

s, r

estin

g, fe

edin

g or

clea

ning

are

as.

▪W

hile

they

use

thes

e ar

eas,

thes

e sp

ecie

s ar

e pa

rtic

ular

lyvu

lner

able

to d

istu

rban

ce o

r ov

erex

ploi

tatio

n. T

here

fore

, the

sear

eas

shou

ld b

e pr

otec

ted

in p

erm

anen

t or

seas

onal

NT

Zs,

inco

mbi

natio

n w

ith o

ther

man

agem

ent a

ppro

ache

s (e

.g.,

fishi

ngse

ason

or

gear

res

tric

tions

or

tour

ism

cod

es o

f pra

ctic

e).

▪So

me

area

s m

ay a

lso

have

spe

cial

and

uni

que

natu

ral f

eatu

res

that

sho

uld

be in

clud

ed in

NT

Zs

to e

nsur

e th

at a

ll ex

ampl

es o

fbi

odiv

ersi

ty a

nd e

cosy

stem

pro

cess

es a

re p

rote

cted

. Thi

s m

ayin

clud

e ar

eas

with

ver

y hi

gh b

iodi

vers

ity, h

igh

leve

ls o

fen

dem

ism

, uni

que

mar

ine

com

mun

ities

(e.

g., m

arin

e la

kes)

or

high

pro

duct

ivity

(e.

g., u

niqu

e pe

lagi

c ha

bita

ts, s

uch

as a

reas

of

upw

ellin

g, fr

onts

or

eddi

es).

▪So

me

of th

ese

criti

cal,

spec

ial a

nd u

niqu

e ar

eas

may

be

impo

rtan

t to

prot

ect b

iodi

vers

ity o

r m

anag

e fis

herie

s at

the

natio

nal,

inte

rnat

iona

l or

glob

al s

cale

(e.

g., W

orld

Her

itage

Are

as, R

AM

SAR

Site

s, c

ritic

al h

abita

ts fo

r gl

obal

ly e

ndan

gere

dsp

ecie

s, o

r cr

itica

l are

as fo

r m

aint

aini

ng c

onne

ctiv

ity o

f fis

herie

ssp

ecie

s ac

ross

nat

iona

l bou

ndar

ies)

.

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)


42

Con

side

ratio

nBi

ophy

sica

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aSc

ient

ific

Rat

iona

le a

nd E

xpla

nato

ry N

otes

Inco

rpor

ate

Conn

ectiv

ity:

Abio

tic F

acto

rsCo

nsid

er v

aria

tions

inoc

eano

grap

hy, s

ubst

rate

and

bath

ymet

ry th

at a

ffect

the

spre

adof

bio

logi

cal a

nd n

on-b

iolo

gica

lm

ater

ial.

▪A

biot

ic fa

ctor

s in

clud

ing

subs

trat

e, b

athy

met

ry a

ndoc

eano

grap

hy (

phys

ical

and

bio

logi

cal p

rope

rtie

s of

the

ocea

n,in

clud

ing

curr

ents

, tid

es, t

empe

ratu

re, s

alin

ity a

nd a

cidi

ty)

affe

ct th

e sp

read

of b

iolo

gica

l and

non

-bio

logi

cal m

ater

ial i

n th

ese

a. T

hese

fact

ors

play

impo

rtan

t rol

es in

det

erm

inin

g th

edi

strib

utio

n an

d ab

unda

nce

of s

peci

es, a

nd th

e st

ruct

ure

ofbi

olog

ical

com

mun

ities

.▪

Whe

re th

ere

is li

ttle

or

no b

iolo

gica

l inf

orm

atio

n, u

niqu

eco

mbi

natio

ns o

f the

se a

biot

ic fa

ctor

s ca

n be

use

d as

sur

roga

tes

for

mar

ine

biod

iver

sity

in M

PA N

etw

ork

desi

gn (

toRe

pres

ent

Hab

itats

).▪

Oce

an c

urre

nts

can

also

pla

y an

impo

rtan

t rol

e in

influ

enci

ngla

rval

dis

pers

al, a

nd s

houl

d be

con

side

red

whe

n de

term

inin

gth

e lo

catio

n, s

ize

and

spac

ing

of N

TZ

s (s

eeCo

nsid

er L

arva

lD

isper

sal).

Inco

rpor

ate

Conn

ectiv

ity:

Biot

ic Fa

ctor

s

Mov

emen

t of A

dults

and

Juve

nile

s

Ensu

re N

TZs

are

larg

e en

ough

tosu

stai

n ad

ults

and

juve

nile

s of

foca

l fish

erie

s sp

ecie

s w

ithin

thei

rbo

unda

ries.

▪N

TZ

s ne

ed to

be

larg

e en

ough

to a

llow

for

the

mai

nten

ance

of s

paw

ning

sto

ck b

y al

low

ing

indi

vidu

als

to g

row

to m

atur

ity,

incr

ease

in b

iom

ass

and

repr

oduc

tive

pote

ntia

l, an

d co

ntrib

ute

mor

e to

sto

ck r

ecru

itmen

t and

reg

ener

atio

n in

NT

Zs

and

fishe

d ar

eas.

▪D

iffer

ent s

peci

es m

ove

diffe

rent

dis

tanc

es a

s ad

ults

and

juve

nile

s (e

.g.,

for

hom

e ra

nges

, ont

ogen

etic

hab

itat s

hifts

and

spaw

ning

mig

ratio

ns).

▪N

TZ

s sh

ould

be

mor

e th

an tw

ice

the

size

of t

he h

ome

rang

eof

adu

lts a

nd ju

veni

les

of fo

cal s

peci

es fo

r pr

otec

tion,

so

NT

Zs

of d

iffer

ent s

izes

will

be

requ

ired

depe

ndin

g on

whi

ch s

peci

es

Tab

le 4

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

43

requ

ire p

rote

ctio

n, h

ow fa

r th

ey m

ove,

and

if o

ther

effe

ctiv

epr

otec

tion

is in

pla

ce o

utsi

de N

TZ

s. L

arge

r N

TZ

s w

ill p

rote

ctm

ore

spec

ies.

▪R

ecom

men

datio

ns r

egar

ding

the

min

imum

siz

e of

NT

Zs

mus

tbe

app

lied

to th

e sp

ecifi

c ha

bita

ts th

at fo

cal s

peci

es u

se, r

athe

rth

an th

e ov

eral

l siz

e of

the

NT

Zs

(whi

ch m

ay in

clud

e ot

her

habi

tats

).▪

Spec

ies

who

se m

ovem

ent p

atte

rns

are

larg

er th

an th

e si

ze o

fN

TZ

s w

ill o

nly

be a

fford

ed p

artia

l pro

tect

ion,

so

NT

Zs

mus

tbe

inte

grat

ed w

ith o

ther

fish

erie

s m

anag

emen

t too

ls to

man

age

wid

e-ra

ngin

g sp

ecie

s.

Ensu

re N

TZs

are

larg

e en

ough

toco

ntai

n al

l hab

itats

use

d by

foca

lsp

ecie

s th

roug

hout

thei

r life

hist

ory;

or

Esta

blish

net

wor

ks o

f NTZ

s cl

ose

enou

gh to

allo

w fo

r mov

emen

ts o

ffo

cal s

peci

es a

mon

g pr

otec

ted

habi

tats

.

▪So

me

spec

ies

use

diffe

rent

hab

itats

thro

ugho

ut th

eir

lives

(e.

g.,

for

hom

e ra

nges

, nur

sery

and

spa

wni

ng a

reas

).▪

All

habi

tats

use

d by

juve

nile

s an

d ad

ults

of f

ocal

spe

cies

sho

uld

be p

rote

cted

with

in in

divi

dual

NT

Zs.

▪W

here

mov

emen

t pat

tern

s am

ong

habi

tats

(e.

g., o

ntog

enet

icha

bita

t shi

fts o

r sp

awni

ng m

igra

tions

) co

ver

dist

ance

s to

ogr

eat t

o be

incl

uded

in in

divi

dual

NT

Zs,

diff

eren

t hab

itats

use

dby

foca

l spe

cies

sho

uld

be p

rote

cted

in m

ultip

le N

TZ

s,pr

ovid

ed th

at th

ese

NT

Zs

are

loca

ted

to a

llow

for

mov

emen

tsof

foca

l spe

cies

am

ong

prot

ecte

d ha

bita

ts.

Incl

ude

who

le e

colo

gica

l uni

ts(s

uch

as re

efs

or s

eam

ount

s) in

NTZ

s. If

not

, cho

ose

larg

er ra

ther

than

sm

alle

r are

as.

▪In

clud

ing

who

le e

colo

gica

l uni

tsin

NT

Zs

help

s m

aint

ain

the

inte

grity

of t

he N

TZ

s, b

ecau

se m

any

spec

ies

are

likel

y to

sta

yw

ithin

thei

r pr

efer

red

habi

tatt

ype.

▪W

here

who

le e

colo

gica

l uni

ts c

anno

t be

incl

uded

, lar

ger

rath

er th

an s

mal

ler

NT

Zs

shou

ld b

e us

ed to

acc

omm

odat

em

ovem

ent p

atte

rns

of m

ore

spec

ies

(see

abo

ve).

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)


44

Con

side

ratio

nBi

ophy

sica

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aSc

ient

ific

Rat

iona

le a

nd E

xpla

nato

ry N

otes

Use

com

pact

sha

pes

(suc

h as

squa

res)

for N

TZs,

exc

ept w

hen

prot

ectin

g na

tura

lly e

long

ated

habi

tats

.

▪C

ompa

ct s

hape

s m

inim

ize

edge

effe

cts

and

limit

spill

over

of

adul

ts a

nd ju

veni

les

mor

e th

an o

ther

sha

pes

(suc

h as

long

thin

rect

angl

es).

Thi

s he

lps

mai

ntai

n th

e ec

olog

ical

inte

grity

of t

heN

TZ

s.▪

The

refo

re, c

ompa

ct s

hape

s sh

ould

be

used

for

NT

Zs,

exc

ept

whe

n pr

otec

ting

natu

rally

elo

ngat

ed h

abita

ts (

e.g.

, lon

g na

rrow

coas

tal,

or fr

ingi

ng, r

eefs

).

Inco

rpor

ate

Conn

ectiv

ity:

Biot

ic Fa

ctor

s

Larv

al D

isper

sal

Esta

blish

:▪

NTZ

s la

rge

enou

gh to

be

self-

sust

aini

ng fo

r foc

al s

peci

es; o

r▪

Net

wor

ks o

f NTZ

s cl

ose

enou

gh to

be

conn

ecte

d by

larv

al d

isper

sal.

▪La

rval

dis

pers

al p

lays

an

impo

rtan

t rol

e in

ens

urin

g th

at m

arin

epo

pula

tions

per

sist

thro

ugh

time.

▪N

TZ

s sh

ould

be

desi

gned

to e

nsur

e th

at p

opul

atio

ns o

f foc

alsp

ecie

s pe

rsis

t with

in N

TZ

s, a

nd to

max

imiz

e la

rval

dis

pers

alto

sup

port

fish

erie

s ou

tsid

e N

TZ

s.▪

Whe

re fi

shin

g pr

essu

re is

hig

h an

d fis

herie

s ar

e no

t wel

lm

anag

ed, i

t is

impo

rtan

t to

take

larv

al d

ispe

rsal

into

acc

ount

whe

n de

sign

ing

NT

Zs,

bec

ause

mos

t bre

edin

g ad

ults

are

like

lyto

be

with

in w

ell-d

esig

ned

and

man

aged

NT

Zs.

Thi

s m

ay b

ele

ss im

port

ant i

n ar

eas

whe

re th

ere

is le

ss fi

shin

g pr

essu

re o

rfis

herie

s ar

e w

ell m

anag

ed, a

nd w

here

a s

ubst

antia

l pro

port

ion

of la

rvae

may

com

e fr

om fi

shed

are

as.

▪In

hea

vily

fish

ed a

reas

, pop

ulat

ion

pers

iste

nce

of fo

cal s

peci

esw

ithin

NT

Zs

will

dep

end

on r

ecru

itmen

t to

loca

l pop

ulat

ions

thro

ugh

eith

er s

elf-p

ersi

sten

ce, w

here

pop

ulat

ions

in in

divi

dual

NT

Zs

are

larg

e en

ough

to b

e se

lf-su

stai

ning

thro

ugh

larv

alre

tent

ion

(thi

s is

mor

e lik

ely

whe

re N

TZ

s ar

e la

rge)

; or

netw

ork

pers

iste

nce,

whe

re p

opul

atio

ns o

f foc

al s

peci

es a

re

Tab

le 4

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

45

sust

aine

d w

ithin

a n

etw

ork

of N

TZ

s th

at c

over

s an

ade

quat

efr

actio

n of

the

habi

tat (

see

Repr

esen

t Hab

itats

).▪

In h

eavi

ly fi

shed

are

as, l

arva

l dis

pers

al p

atte

rns

of fo

cal s

peci

essh

ould

be

used

to in

form

the

size

, spa

cing

and

loca

tion

ofN

TZ

s.

Prot

ect s

patia

lly is

olat

ed a

reas

inN

TZs

(e.g

., re

mot

e at

olls)

.▪

Spat

ially

isol

ated

are

as s

uch

as r

emot

e at

olls

are

larg

ely

self-

repl

enis

hing

and

may

hav

e hi

gh c

onse

rvat

ion

valu

e w

here

they

harb

or e

ndem

ic s

peci

es a

nd/o

r un

ique

ass

embl

ages

or

popu

latio

ns.

▪Lo

w c

onne

ctiv

ity w

ith o

ther

are

as m

akes

thes

e as

sem

blag

es,

spec

ies

and

popu

latio

ns le

ss r

esili

ent t

o di

stur

banc

e.▪

Prot

ectin

g th

em in

NT

Zs

may

be

nece

ssar

y to

ens

ure

thei

rpe

rsis

tenc

e.

Prot

ect l

arva

l sou

rces

inpe

rman

ent o

r sea

sona

l NTZ

s or

by u

sing

fishe

ries

clos

ures

dur

ing

spaw

ning

tim

es.

▪A

com

mon

rec

omm

enda

tion

is to

pro

tect

larv

al ‘s

ourc

e’po

pula

tions

that

can

con

sist

ently

pro

vide

larv

ae to

oth

erpo

pula

tions

.▪

In p

ract

ice,

iden

tifyi

ng s

ourc

e po

pula

tions

is d

iffic

ult a

ndty

pica

lly r

elie

s on

fine

-sca

le o

cean

ogra

phic

mod

elin

g or

empi

rical

mea

sure

men

ts o

f lar

val d

ispe

rsal

.▪

Larv

al s

ourc

es c

an a

lso

vary

ove

r tim

e, s

o th

at a

loca

tion

may

act a

s a

sour

ce in

one

yea

r, b

ut n

ot in

ano

ther

.▪

Whe

re c

onsi

sten

t and

impo

rtan

t lar

val s

ourc

es fo

r fo

cal

spec

ies

are

know

n (i.

e., f

ish

spaw

ning

are

as),

they

sho

uld

bepr

otec

ted

in p

erm

anen

t or

seas

onal

NT

Zs,

or

by fi

sher

ies

clos

ures

dur

ing

spaw

ning

tim

es (

see

Prot

ect C

ritic

al, S

peci

alan

d U

niqu

e A

reas

).(C

ontin

ued

on n

ext p

age)


46

Con

side

ratio

nBi

ophy

sica

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aSc

ient

ific

Rat

iona

le a

nd E

xpla

nato

ry N

otes

Loca

te m

ore

NTZ

s up

stre

amre

lativ

e to

fish

ed a

reas

if th

ere

is a

stro

ng, c

onsis

tent

, uni

dire

ctio

nal

curr

ent.

▪O

cean

cur

rent

s ar

e lik

ely

to in

fluen

ce la

rval

dis

pers

al p

atte

rns

to s

ome

degr

ee.

▪ In

the

abse

nce

of d

etai

led

larv

al d

ispe

rsal

stu

dies

for

foca

lsp

ecie

s, m

ore

NT

Zs

shou

ld b

e lo

cate

d up

stre

am r

elat

ive

tofis

hed

area

s if

ther

e is

a s

tron

g, c

onsi

sten

t, un

idire

ctio

nal

curr

ent.

▪H

owev

er, i

n so

me

area

s, o

cean

cur

rent

s ch

ange

dire

ctio

n in

diffe

rent

sea

sons

, and

foca

l spe

cies

spa

wn

at d

iffer

ent t

imes

.T

here

fore

, mor

e N

TZ

s sh

ould

be

loca

ted

upst

ream

of t

hedi

rect

ion

of th

e pr

edom

inan

t cur

rent

dur

ing

the

spaw

ning

seas

on o

f foc

al s

peci

es.

Allo

w T

ime

for

Reco

very

Esta

blish

NTZ

s fo

r the

long

term

(mor

e th

an 2

0 up

to 4

0 ye

ars)

,pr

efer

ably

per

man

ently

.

▪Po

pula

tions

of f

ocal

spe

cies

rec

over

at d

iffer

ent r

ates

in N

TZ

sde

pend

ing

on th

eir

life

hist

ory

char

acte

ristic

s an

d ot

her

fact

ors

(e.g

., ha

bita

t qua

lity

and

the

size

of t

he r

emai

ning

pop

ulat

ion)

.▪

Rec

over

y of

pop

ulat

ions

of a

ll fo

cal f

ishe

ries

spec

ies

may

take

deca

des

(ove

r 20

up

to 4

0 ye

ars)

. The

refo

re, l

ong-

term

prot

ectio

n in

NT

Zs

is r

equi

red

for

all s

peci

es to

gro

w to

mat

urity

, inc

reas

e in

bio

mas

s an

d co

ntrib

ute

mor

e ro

bust

egg

san

d la

rvae

to r

eple

nish

pop

ulat

ions

in N

TZ

s, e

nhan

ce a

djac

ent

fishe

ries,

and

mai

ntai

n ec

osys

tem

hea

lth a

nd r

esili

ence

.▪

Perm

anen

t pro

tect

ion

and

stric

t enf

orce

men

t of N

TZ

s w

illen

sure

that

thes

e be

nefit

s ar

e m

aint

aine

d in

the

long

term

.

Tab

le 4

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

47

Use

sho

rt-te

rm (l

ess

than

5 y

ears

)or

per

iodi

cally

har

vest

ed N

TZs

inad

ditio

n to

, rat

her t

han

inst

ead

of,

long

-term

or p

erm

anen

t NTZ

s.

▪Sh

ort-

term

(<

5 ye

ars)

or

perio

dica

lly h

arve

sted

NT

Zs

only

prov

ide

shor

t-te

rm b

enef

its fo

r so

me

spec

ies.

The

se b

enef

itsar

e qu

ickl

y lo

st o

nce

thes

e ar

eas

are

reop

ened

to fi

shin

g un

less

the

NT

Zs

are

man

aged

ver

y ca

refu

lly (

whi

ch is

sel

dom

the

case

). F

or th

is r

easo

n, s

hort

-ter

m o

r pe

riodi

cally

har

vest

edN

TZ

s ha

ve li

mite

d be

nefit

s fo

r co

nser

ving

bio

dive

rsity

,en

hanc

ing

fishe

ries

or b

uild

ing

ecos

yste

m r

esili

ence

.▪

The

refo

re, s

hort

-ter

m (

<5

year

s) o

r pe

riodi

cally

har

vest

edN

TZ

s sh

ould

be

used

in a

dditi

on to

, rat

her

than

inst

ead

of,

long

-ter

m o

r pe

rman

ent N

TZ

s. W

here

per

iodi

c cl

osur

es a

reus

ed, t

he ti

min

g an

d in

tens

ity o

f har

vest

ing

mus

t be

care

fully

cont

rolle

d.▪

The

exc

eptio

n is

sea

sona

l clo

sure

s th

at c

an b

e us

ed to

pro

tect

criti

cal a

reas

at c

ritic

al ti

mes

(e.

g., s

paw

ning

or

nurs

ery

area

s),

whi

ch c

an b

e ve

ry im

port

ant t

o pr

otec

t or

rest

ore

popu

latio

nsof

foca

l fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s (s

eePr

otec

t Crit

ical

, Spe

cial

and

Uni

que

Area

s).

Prot

ect H

ealth

y Ar

eas

and

Avoi

d Lo

cal T

hrea

tsPr

otec

t are

as w

here

hab

itats

and

popu

latio

ns o

f foc

al s

peci

es a

re in

good

con

ditio

n w

ith lo

w le

vels

ofth

reat

.

Avoi

d ar

eas

whe

re h

abita

ts a

ndpo

pula

tions

of f

ocal

spe

cies

are

inpo

or c

ondi

tion

due

to lo

cal

thre

ats.

If th

is is

not p

ossib

le:

▪Re

duce

thre

ats;

▪M

arin

e ec

osys

tem

s ha

ve b

een

degr

aded

by

loca

l thr

eats

inm

any

loca

tions

, inc

ludi

ng b

y un

sust

aina

ble

fishi

ng o

r to

uris

mac

tiviti

es, d

estr

uctiv

e fis

hing

pra

ctic

es, c

oast

al d

evel

opm

ent,

land

-bas

ed r

unof

f and

pol

lutio

n.▪

The

se th

reat

s de

crea

se e

cosy

stem

hea

lth, p

rodu

ctiv

ity a

ndre

silie

nce

to c

limat

e ch

ange

, adv

erse

ly a

ffect

man

y sp

ecie

s, a

ndse

vere

ly u

nder

min

e th

e lo

ng-t

erm

sus

tain

abili

ty o

f mar

ine

reso

urce

s an

d th

e ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

s th

ey p

rovi

de.

▪T

here

fore

, it i

s im

port

ant t

o m

inim

ize

or a

void

thes

e th

reat

s in

NT

Zs

and

prio

ritiz

e ar

eas

for

prot

ectio

n th

at a

re m

ore

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)


48

Con

side

ratio

nBi

ophy

sica

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aSc

ient

ific

Rat

iona

le a

nd E

xpla

nato

ry N

otes

▪Fa

cilit

ate

natu

ral r

ecov

ery;

and

▪Co

nsid

er th

e co

sts

and

bene

fits

of re

habi

litat

ing

habi

tats

and

spec

ies

likel

y to

con

trib

ute

to e

cosy

stem

hea

lth, f

ishe

ries

prod

uctiv

ity,

and

resi

lienc

e to

clim

ate

chan

ge. I

t is

also

impo

rtan

t to

cons

ider

the

cum

ulat

ive

effe

cts

of m

ultip

le th

reat

s, a

ndw

heth

er th

ese

“thr

eats

” ar

e na

tura

l or

exac

erba

ted

by h

uman

activ

ities

(e.

g., s

edim

enta

tion)

.▪

Whe

re N

TZ

s m

ust b

e lo

cate

d in

are

as w

here

hab

itats

and

popu

latio

ns o

f foc

al s

peci

es a

re in

poo

r co

nditi

on d

ue to

loca

lth

reat

s, it

is im

port

ant t

o re

duce

thes

e th

reat

s as

muc

h as

poss

ible

; fac

ilita

te n

atur

al r

ecov

ery,

suc

h as

by

prot

ectin

gla

rval

sou

rces

and

spe

cies

that

pla

y im

port

ant f

unct

iona

l rol

esin

eco

syst

em r

esili

ence

(e.

g., h

erbi

vore

s);a

nd c

onsi

der

the

cost

s an

d be

nefit

s of

reh

abili

tatin

g ha

bita

ts a

nd s

peci

es.

Adap

t to

Chan

ges

inCl

imat

e an

d O

cean

Chem

istry

Prot

ect s

ites

that

are

like

ly to

be

mor

e re

silie

nt to

glo

bal

envir

onm

enta

l cha

nge

(ref

ugia

) in

NTZ

s.

▪C

hang

es in

clim

ate

(e.g

., ris

ing

sea

tem

pera

ture

s) a

nd o

cean

chem

istr

y re

pres

ent a

ser

ious

and

incr

easi

ng th

reat

to m

ajor

habi

tats

(e.

g., c

oral

ree

fs, m

angr

ove

fore

sts

and

seag

rass

bed

s)an

d fo

cal s

peci

es.

▪Ef

fect

s of

thes

e ch

ange

s w

ill v

ary

in s

pace

and

tim

e, a

nd s

ome

area

s w

ill h

ave

habi

tats

and

spe

cies

mor

e lik

ely

to b

e re

silie

ntto

cha

nges

in c

limat

e an

d oc

ean

chem

istr

y (r

efug

ia),

whe

rere

silie

nce

com

pris

es tw

o ke

y co

mpo

nent

s: r

esis

tanc

e (t

heab

ility

of a

n ec

olog

ical

com

mun

ity to

res

ist o

r su

rviv

e a

dist

urba

nce)

and

rec

over

y (t

he r

ate

a co

mm

unity

take

s to

retu

rn to

its

orig

inal

con

ditio

n).

▪W

here

ref

ugia

can

be

iden

tifie

d, th

ey s

houl

d be

prio

ritiz

ed fo

rpr

otec

tion

in N

TZ

s.

Tab

le 4

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

49

Prot

ect e

colo

gica

lly im

port

ant s

ites

that

are

sen

sitive

to c

hang

es in

clim

ate

and

ocea

n ch

emist

ry.

▪So

me

ecol

ogic

ally

impo

rtan

t site

s ha

ve h

abita

ts a

nd s

peci

esth

at m

ay b

e pa

rtic

ular

ly s

ensi

tive

to c

hang

es in

clim

ate

and

ocea

n ch

emis

try.

▪T

hese

site

s sh

ould

be

prot

ecte

d in

NT

Zs

inte

grat

ed w

ithin

broa

der

man

agem

ent f

ram

ewor

ks to

pro

mot

e ec

osys

tem

resi

lienc

e by

add

ress

ing

loca

l thr

eats

.In

crea

se p

rote

ctio

n of

spe

cies

that

play

impo

rtan

t fun

ctio

nal r

oles

inec

osys

tem

resil

ienc

e.

▪So

me

func

tiona

l gro

ups

play

impo

rtan

t rol

es in

mai

ntai

ning

ecol

ogic

al r

esili

ence

to lo

cal a

nd g

loba

l thr

eats

(e.

g.,

herb

ivor

ous

fishe

s on

cor

al r

eefs

).▪

The

se s

peci

es s

houl

d be

pro

tect

ed in

NT

Zs

inte

grat

ed w

ithin

broa

der

fishe

ries

man

agem

ent r

egim

es.

Cons

ider

how

cha

nges

in c

limat

ean

d oc

ean

chem

istry

will

affe

ctth

e lif

e hi

stor

y of

foca

l spe

cies

.

▪C

hang

es in

clim

ate

and

ocea

n ch

emis

try

are

likel

y to

affe

ct th

edi

strib

utio

n, g

row

th, a

bund

ance

, rep

rodu

ctio

n, p

opul

atio

nco

nnec

tivity

and

rec

over

y ra

tes

of fo

cal s

peci

es, a

nd m

odify

ecos

yste

m s

truc

ture

, fun

ctio

n an

d dy

nam

ics.

▪T

hese

cha

nges

may

req

uire

mod

ifyin

g th

e de

sign

crit

eria

rega

rdin

g ha

bita

t rep

rese

ntat

ion

and

repl

icat

ion;

pro

tect

ing

criti

cal,

spec

ial a

nd u

niqu

e ar

eas;

inco

rpor

atin

g co

nnec

tivity

;an

d al

low

ing

time

for

reco

very

(se

e ab

ove)

in th

e fu

ture

.Ad

dres

s un

cert

aint

y by

:▪

Spre

adin

g th

e ris

k; a

nd▪

Incr

easin

g pr

otec

tion

ofha

bita

ts, c

ritic

al a

reas

and

spec

ies

mos

t vul

nera

ble

toch

ange

s in

clim

ate

and

ocea

nch

emist

ry.

▪T

here

is a

lot o

f unc

erta

inty

reg

ardi

ng th

e ef

fect

s th

at c

hang

esin

clim

ate

and

ocea

n ch

emis

try

will

hav

e on

maj

or h

abita

ts,

criti

cal a

reas

and

foca

l spe

cies

.▪

Unt

il m

ore

info

rmat

ion

is a

vaila

ble,

it w

ill b

e ne

cess

ary

tosp

read

the

risk

by p

rote

ctin

g m

ultip

le e

xam

ples

of e

ach

maj

orha

bita

t in

NT

Zs

(see

Repl

icat

e H

abita

ts a

bove

).▪

It m

ay a

lso

be n

eces

sary

to a

dda

clim

ate

chan

ge b

uffe

r by

incr

easi

ng th

e le

vel o

f pro

tect

ion

of h

abita

ts in

NT

Zs

(see

Repr

esen

t Hab

itats

), c

ritic

al a

reas

and

spe

cies

mos

t vul

nera

ble

to c

hang

es in

clim

ate

and

ocea

n ch

emis

try

in N

TZ

s


50

Tabl

e 5.

Rat

iona

le (a

nd e

xpla

nato

ry n

otes

) for

the

soci

oeco

nom

ic a

nd c

ultu

ral c

riter

ia fo

r des

igni

ng M

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks in

Indo

nesia

. Ple

ase

note

that

man

y of

thes

e cr

iteria

refe

r to

stak

ehol

ders

, whi

ch in

clud

e lo

cal,

adat

and

trad

ition

al c

omm

uniti

es,

gove

rnm

ents

, NG

Os,

civi

l soc

iety

org

aniz

atio

ns, s

cien

tific

inst

itutio

ns a

nd in

dust

ries

(e.g

., fis

herie

s an

d to

urism

).

Con

side

ratio

nSo

cioe

cono

mic

and

Cul

tura

lD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Scie

ntifi

c R

atio

nale

and

Exp

lana

tory

Not

es

Invo

lve s

take

hold

ers

ines

tabl

ishin

g M

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks

(MPA

est

ablis

hmen

tin

clud

es d

evel

opin

gzo

ning

and

man

agem

ent

plan

s.)

Invo

lve a

ll st

akeh

olde

rs in

eac

hst

ep o

f the

pro

cess

of e

stab

lishi

ngM

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks

▪O

ne k

ey fa

ctor

for

ensu

ring

the

succ

ess

of M

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks is

the

buy-

in a

nd s

uppo

rt fr

om s

take

hold

ers.

▪In

volv

ing

stak

ehol

ders

in e

ach

step

of t

he p

roce

ss e

nsur

es th

eyha

ve a

lread

y ra

ised

and

add

ress

ed th

eir

need

s an

d co

ncer

ns,

and

that

they

und

erst

and

the

MPA

(e.

g., t

he z

onin

g).

Stak

ehol

ders

can

then

mak

e in

form

ed d

ecis

ions

abo

ut th

eir

activ

ities

, and

und

erst

and

the

trad

eoffs

(co

sts

and

bene

fits)

of

havi

ng a

n M

PA in

thei

r ar

ea.

Prio

ritiz

e es

tabl

ishin

g M

PAs

inar

eas

supp

orte

d by

sta

keho

lder

s▪

If th

ere

is s

uppo

rt fr

om s

take

hold

ers

for

esta

blis

hing

the

MPA

in th

eir

area

, it i

s m

ore

likel

y to

be

succ

essf

ul b

ecau

se th

est

akeh

olde

rs s

hare

the

sam

e ob

ject

ives

as

the

MPA

.

Cons

ider

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

rco

llabo

rativ

e m

anag

emen

t am

ong

all s

take

hold

ers

and

impl

emen

t as

appr

opria

te

▪A

lmos

t all

MPA

s ha

ve m

ore

than

one

sta

keho

lder

gro

up li

ving

near

or

with

in th

e M

PA.

▪Fo

r th

e M

PA to

be

succ

essf

ul, i

t nee

ds to

be

man

aged

effe

ctiv

ely.

Thi

s w

ill b

e m

ore

likel

y if

the

MPA

is c

o-m

anag

edw

ith lo

cal s

take

hold

ers.

Prov

ide

capa

city

bui

ldin

g fo

rst

akeh

olde

rs to

hel

p th

em e

ngag

em

ore

effe

ctive

ly in

est

ablis

hing

MPA

s an

d M

PAs

Net

wor

ks.

▪N

ot a

ll st

akeh

olde

rs h

ave

the

sam

e ca

paci

ty to

exp

ress

thei

rop

inio

ns a

nd e

ngag

e ef

fect

ivel

y in

est

ablis

hing

MPA

s an

d M

PAN

etw

orks

.▪

Thi

s is

esp

ecia

lly tr

ue fo

r w

omen

, you

th a

nd in

dige

nous

peop

le/a

dat g

roup

s, w

ho a

re o

ften

unde

rrep

rese

nted

in

51

colla

bora

tive

man

agem

ent (

even

thou

gh th

ey a

re o

ften

the

clos

est t

o, a

nd r

ely

the

mos

t on,

mar

ine

reso

urce

s).

▪T

here

fore

, cap

acity

bui

ldin

g is

nee

ded

to m

ake

sure

that

the

need

s an

d in

tere

sts

of u

nder

repr

esen

ted

grou

ps a

read

dres

sed,

e.g

., by

rev

italiz

ing

loca

l wis

dom

and

em

pow

erin

gw

omen

and

you

th to

spe

ak u

p in

mee

tings

.En

sure

Sta

keho

lder

Com

plia

nce

with

in M

PAs

Invo

lve lo

cal c

omm

unity

inco

mpl

ianc

e an

d en

forc

emen

t,su

ch a

s th

roug

h jo

int p

atro

lsam

ong

gove

rnm

ent i

nstit

utio

nsan

d co

mm

uniti

es, a

ndPO

KMAS

WAS

(com

mun

itysu

rvei

llanc

e gr

oups

).

▪T

he s

ucce

ss o

f the

MPA

or

MPA

Net

wor

k w

ill r

ely

onst

akeh

olde

r co

mpl

ianc

e.▪

Com

plia

nce

is n

ot o

nly

influ

ence

d by

the

stre

ngth

of

enfo

rcem

ent,

but b

y th

e go

odw

ill o

f the

peo

ple.

▪En

forc

emen

t by

lega

l aut

horit

ies

is c

ostly

, uns

usta

inab

le a

ndun

likel

y to

be

effe

ctiv

e in

rem

ote

area

s.▪

Invo

lvem

ent o

f loc

al c

omm

uniti

es in

enf

orce

men

t is

mor

elik

ely

to b

e su

cces

sful

.

Supp

ort M

PA m

anag

emen

tac

tions

that

mai

ntai

n or

incr

ease

ecos

yste

m g

oods

and

ser

vices

for

loca

l com

mun

ities

▪Lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es r

ely

on m

arin

e re

sour

ces

for

a ra

nge

ofec

osys

tem

goo

ds a

nd s

ervi

ces,

incl

udin

g fo

od, l

ivel

ihoo

ds a

ndco

asta

l pro

tect

ion.

▪T

here

fore

, MPA

man

agem

ent a

ctio

ns s

houl

d m

aint

ain

orin

crea

se e

cosy

stem

goo

ds a

nd s

ervi

ces

to b

enef

it lo

cal

com

mun

ities

.

Supp

ort m

ultip

le,

envir

onm

enta

lly fr

iend

lyus

es in

MPA

s

Allo

w fo

r mul

tiple

env

ironm

enta

llyfri

endl

y us

es in

MPA

s, in

clud

ing

sust

aina

ble

fishi

ng, t

ouris

m,

aqua

cultu

re, e

duca

tion

and

rese

arch

.

▪En

viro

nmen

tally

frie

ndly

use

s in

MPA

s in

clud

e a

rang

e of

activ

ities

incl

udin

g su

stai

nabl

e fis

hing

, tou

rism

, aqu

acul

ture

,ed

ucat

ion

and

rese

arch

.▪

All

of th

ese

activ

ities

sho

uld

be a

ccom

mod

ated

with

in th

eM

PA a

ccor

ding

to a

zon

ing

plan

dev

elop

ed w

ith in

put f

rom

the

com

mun

ity.

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)


52

Con

side

ratio

nSo

cioe

cono

mic

and

Cul

tura

lD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Scie

ntifi

c R

atio

nale

and

Exp

lana

tory

Not

es

▪H

owev

er, t

he a

ctiv

ities

that

take

pla

ce in

eac

h zo

ne m

ay d

iffer

.So

me

activ

ities

are

com

plem

enta

ry a

nd c

an b

e co

nduc

ted

inth

e sa

me

zone

(e.

g., t

ouris

m a

nd e

duca

tion)

, whi

leot

hers

shou

ldbe

con

duct

ed in

diff

eren

t zon

es (

e.g.

, fis

hing

,aq

uacu

lture

and

tour

ism

).

Supp

ort c

omm

unity

wel

fare

(live

lihoo

ds a

ndfo

od s

uppl

ies)

Supp

ort e

nviro

nmen

tally

frie

ndly

livel

ihoo

ds o

f loc

al c

omm

uniti

es,

(e.g

., co

mm

unity

-bas

ed,

envir

onm

enta

lly fr

iend

ly fi

sher

ies,

aqua

cultu

re a

nd m

arin

e re

sour

ce-

base

d to

urism

bas

ed o

n an

are

as’

uniq

uene

ss (b

iotic

and

abi

otic

reso

urce

s).

▪Lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es d

epen

d on

mar

ine

reso

urce

s fo

r th

eir

livel

ihoo

ds.

▪So

me

of th

e co

mm

uniti

es’ l

ivel

ihoo

d st

rate

gies

are

envi

ronm

enta

lly fr

iend

ly, b

ut o

ther

s ar

e no

t.▪

Envi

ronm

enta

lly fr

iend

ly li

velih

ood

stra

tegi

es a

re c

ompa

tible

with

the

goal

s an

d ob

ject

ives

of t

he M

PAs

and

shou

ld b

esu

ppor

ted,

e.g

., by

MPA

man

ager

s fa

cilit

atin

g ne

w m

etho

ds,

skill

s, a

ppro

ache

s an

d op

port

uniti

es li

ke tr

aini

ng in

sea

wee

daq

uacu

lture

.▪

It is

impo

rtan

t to

prot

ect t

he u

niqu

e bi

otic

and

abi

otic

reso

urce

s th

at th

ese

livel

ihoo

ds a

re b

ased

on

(e.g

., sh

arks

,M

ola

mol

a, m

anta

ray

s an

d ka

rst l

imes

tone

isla

nds)

.

Prot

ect m

arin

e he

ritag

e sit

es th

atha

ve im

port

ant,

arch

eolo

gica

l-hi

stor

ical

val

ue (e

.g.,

ship

wre

cks

and

airp

lane

wre

cks)

, and

man

age

them

for t

heir

pote

ntia

l to

supp

ort c

omm

unity

-bas

edto

urism

.

▪So

me

mar

ine

herit

age

site

s ar

e im

port

ant f

or th

eir

arch

eolo

gica

l-his

toric

al v

alue

.▪

Som

e of

thes

e si

tes

have

the

pote

ntia

l to

prov

ide

oppo

rtun

ities

for

com

mun

ity-b

ased

tour

ism

.▪

The

refo

re, w

here

pos

sibl

e, th

ey s

houl

d be

pro

tect

ed in

MPA

s.

Tab

le 5

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

53

Ensu

re fa

ir an

d eq

ual

acce

ss a

nd u

seEn

sure

loca

l com

mun

ities

hav

efa

ir an

d eq

ual a

cces

s to

, and

utili

zatio

n of

, mar

ine

and

fishe

ries

reso

urce

s.

▪Lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es r

ely

on a

cces

s to

, and

util

izat

ion

of, m

arin

ean

d fis

herie

s re

sour

ces

for

thei

r fo

od a

nd li

velih

oods

.▪

In m

any

plac

es, c

omm

uniti

es u

se d

iffer

ent a

reas

, ofte

n cl

ose

toth

eir

villa

ges.

▪T

here

fore

, it i

s im

port

ant t

o en

sure

that

eac

h co

mm

unity

cont

inue

s to

hav

e fa

ir an

d eq

ual a

cces

s to

thei

r re

sour

ces,

so

that

som

e co

mm

uniti

es a

re n

ot a

dvan

tage

d or

dis

adva

ntag

edm

ore

than

oth

ers.

Mai

ntai

n or

impr

ove

acce

ss to

reso

urce

s an

d m

arke

ts to

sup

port

com

mun

ity e

cono

mie

s th

atco

mpl

y w

ith M

PA m

anag

emen

tpl

ans.

▪C

omm

uniti

es th

at r

ely

on fi

sher

ies

for

thei

r liv

elih

oods

, nee

dto

mai

ntai

n ac

cess

to m

arke

ts.

▪T

here

fore

, MPA

s sh

ould

sup

port

acc

ess

to th

ese

mar

kets

and

the

asso

ciat

ed in

fras

truc

ture

(e.

g., b

y al

low

ing

ship

ping

lane

s to

reac

h lo

cal j

ettie

s), p

rovi

ded

the

mar

kets

are

sus

tain

able

and

com

ply

with

MPA

goa

ls a

nd o

bjec

tives

.Su

ppor

t loc

al w

isdom

and

prac

tices

Prot

ect a

dat,

loca

l wisd

om,

trad

ition

al la

w a

nd c

ultu

re th

atsu

ppor

t con

serv

atio

n an

dsu

stai

nabl

e re

sour

cem

anag

emen

t, w

hich

are

stil

lac

know

ledg

ed a

nd a

pplie

d by

the

exist

ing

adat

com

mun

ity o

rin

stitu

tion.

▪In

som

e ar

eas,

loca

l com

mun

ities

hav

e us

ed tr

aditi

onal

met

hods

and

pra

ctic

es to

con

serv

e an

d m

anag

e th

eir

mar

ine

reso

urce

s fo

r ge

nera

tions

.▪

Whe

re th

ese

trad

ition

al p

ract

ices

are

stil

l ack

now

ledg

ed,

appl

ied

and

sust

aina

ble,

they

sho

uld

be in

corp

orat

ed in

the

MPA

, bec

ause

thes

e pr

actic

es w

ill s

uppo

rt th

e go

als

and

obje

ctiv

es o

f the

MPA

and

the

need

s of

the

peop

le.

Prot

ect a

reas

that

hav

e im

port

ant

trad

ition

al c

ultu

ral v

alue

for l

ocal

peop

le/a

dat,

incl

udin

g m

ystic

al(p

amal

i) ar

eas,

and

impo

rtan

tsit

es fo

r tra

ditio

nal m

edic

ine.

▪So

me

area

s ha

ve im

port

ant v

alue

s fo

r th

e tr

aditi

onal

cul

ture

of

the

loca

l peo

ple/

adat

.▪

The

se a

reas

sho

uld

be p

rote

cted

in M

PAs,

not

onl

y fo

r th

eir

cultu

ral v

alue

but

bec

ause

they

are

alre

ady

prot

ecte

d by

the

com

mun

ities

.


54

AN

NEX

2

Gen

eral

adv

ice

rega

rdin

g th

e in

form

atio

n an

d sp

atia

l da

ta r

equi

red

to a

pply

the

bio

phys

ical

, so

cioe

cono

mic

and

cultu

ral c

riter

ia fo

r de

sign

ing

MPA

s an

d M

PA N

etw

orks

in In

done

sia

to a

chie

ve th

eir

goal

s an

d ob

ject

ives

is p

rovi

ded

in T

able

s 6

and

7. T

hese

info

rmat

ion

and

data

nee

ds s

houl

d be

ref

ined

dep

endi

ng o

n th

e sp

ecifi

c go

als,

obj

ectiv

es a

ndde

sign

crit

eria

def

ined

for

the

MPA

or

MPA

Net

wor

k in

Ste

ps 1

and

2.

INFO

RM

AT

ION

AN

D D

AT

A N

EED

ED F

OR

MPA

AN

D M

PA N

ETW

OR

K D

ESIG

NIN

IND

ON

ESIA

Con

side

ratio

nBi

ophy

sica

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aIn

form

atio

n an

d Sp

atia

l Dat

a N

eede

dRe

pres

ent H

abita

tsPr

otec

t at l

east

20%

of e

ach

maj

or h

abita

t in

NTZ

s (e

.g.,

each

type

of c

oral

reef

,m

angr

ove

fore

st, e

stua

ry o

r sea

gras

s be

d).

Loca

tion

and

clas

sific

atio

n of

maj

or h

abita

ts (

e.g.

, cor

alre

efs,

man

grov

e fo

rest

s, e

stua

ries

and

seag

rass

bed

s)

Repl

icate

Hab

itats

(Spr

ead

the

Risk

)Pr

otec

t at l

east

thre

e ex

ampl

es o

f eac

h m

ajor

habi

tat i

n N

TZs;

and

Spre

ad th

em o

ut to

redu

ce th

e ch

ance

s th

eyw

ill a

ll be

affe

cted

by

the

sam

e di

stur

banc

e.

Loca

tion

and

clas

sific

atio

n of

maj

or h

abita

ts (

e.g.

, cor

alre

efs,

man

grov

e fo

rest

s, e

stua

ries

and

seag

rass

beds

).

Prot

ect C

ritica

l,Sp

ecia

l and

Uni

que

Area

s

Prot

ect c

ritic

al a

reas

in th

e lif

e hi

stor

y of

foca

lfis

herie

s sp

ecie

s in

NTZ

s (e

.g.,

spaw

ning

and

nurs

ery

area

s).

Loca

tion

of im

port

ant:

▪Fi

sh s

paw

ning

agg

rega

tions

.▪

Nur

sery

are

as (

e.g.

, man

grov

es a

nd s

eagr

asse

s).

Tabl

e 6.

Info

rmat

ion

and

spat

ial d

ata

need

ed to

app

ly b

ioph

ysic

al c

riter

ia fo

r des

igni

ng M

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks in

Indo

nesia

.

55

Prot

ect c

ritic

al a

reas

or h

abita

ts fo

r cha

rism

atic

,en

dang

ered

, thr

eate

ned

or p

rote

cted

spe

cies

(e.g

., br

eedi

ng, f

eedi

ng o

r res

ting

area

s, o

rm

igra

tory

cor

ridor

s).

Loca

tion

of im

port

ant:

▪T

urtle

nes

ting

beac

hes.

▪Se

abird

nes

ting

area

s.▪

Feed

ing

grou

nds

of tu

rtle

s, d

ugon

g, w

hale

sha

rks,

etc

.▪

Res

ting

area

s of

mig

rato

ry b

irds,

dol

phin

s, d

ugon

g,et

c.▪

Mig

rato

ry c

orrid

ors

of w

hale

s, d

olph

ins,

turt

les,

etc

.▪

Cle

anin

g st

atio

ns o

f man

ta r

ays,

sha

rks,

Mol

a m

ola

etc.

▪Br

eedi

ng a

reas

of w

hale

s, d

olph

ins,

turt

les,

etc

.

Prot

ect s

peci

al a

nd u

niqu

e na

tura

l phe

nom

ena

in N

TZs,

suc

h as

are

as w

ith v

ery

high

biod

ivers

ity, h

igh

ende

mism

, uni

que

mar

ine

com

mun

ities

or h

igh

prod

uctiv

ity (e

.g.,

uniq

ue p

elag

ic h

abita

ts li

ke a

reas

of

upw

ellin

g, fr

onts

, and

edd

ies)

.

Loca

tion

of a

reas

with

:▪

Hig

h bi

odiv

ersi

ty o

r en

dem

ism

.▪

Uni

que

mar

ine

com

mun

ities

(e.

g., i

n m

arin

e la

kes)

.▪

Hig

h pr

oduc

tivity

(e.

g., u

pwel

ling

area

s).

Prot

ect a

reas

that

are

impo

rtan

t at t

hena

tiona

l, in

tern

atio

nal o

r glo

bal s

cale

for

cons

erva

tion

or m

anag

emen

t of f

ocal

spe

cies

(e.g

., W

orld

Her

itage

Area

s, R

AMSA

R Si

tes,

criti

cal h

abita

ts fo

r glo

bally

end

ange

red

spec

ies,

or c

ritic

al a

reas

for m

aint

aini

ngco

nnec

tivity

of f

isher

ies

spec

ies

acro

ssna

tiona

l bou

ndar

ies)

.

Loca

tion

of:

▪W

orld

Her

itage

Are

as.

▪R

AM

SAR

Site

s.▪

Inte

rnat

iona

l Uni

on fo

r C

onse

rvat

ion

of N

atur

eIm

port

ant m

arin

e m

amm

al a

reas

(IU

CN

IMM

As)

.▪

IUC

N Im

port

ant M

arin

e Bi

rd A

reas

(M

arin

e IB

As)

.▪

Larv

al d

ispe

rsal

and

mov

emen

t pat

tern

s of

foca

lfis

herie

s sp

ecie

s.(C

ontin

ued

on n

ext p

age)


56

Con

side

ratio

nBi

ophy

sica

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aIn

form

atio

n an

d Sp

atia

l Dat

a N

eede

dIn

corp

orat

e Co

nnec

tivity

:Ab

iotic

Fac

tors

Cons

ider

var

iatio

ns in

oce

anog

raph

y (c

urre

nts,

tides

, tem

pera

ture

, sal

inity

, aci

dity

, etc

.),su

bstr

ate

and,

bat

hym

etry

that

affe

ct th

esp

read

of b

iolo

gica

l and

non

-bio

logi

cal

mat

eria

l.

Spat

ial a

nd te

mpo

ral v

aria

tions

in o

cean

ogra

phy,

subs

trat

e an

d ba

thym

etry

.

Inco

rpor

ate

Conn

ectiv

ity:

Biot

ic Fa

ctor

s

Mov

emen

t of A

dults

and

Juve

nile

s

Ensu

re N

TZs

are

larg

e en

ough

to s

usta

in a

dults

and

juve

nile

s of

foca

l fish

erie

s sp

ecie

s w

ithin

thei

r bou

ndar

ies.

Mov

emen

t pat

tern

s of

fish

erie

s sp

ecie

s (e

.g.,

snap

per,

gro

uper

, etc

.).

Size

of e

xist

ing

and

prop

osed

MPA

s (p

artic

ular

lyN

TZ

s).

Ensu

re N

TZs

are

larg

e en

ough

to c

onta

in a

llha

bita

ts u

sed

by fo

cal s

peci

es th

roug

hout

thei

r life

hist

ory

(e.g

., fo

r hom

e ra

nges

,nu

rser

y gr

ound

s an

d sp

awni

ng a

reas

); or

Esta

blish

net

wor

ks o

f NTZ

s cl

ose

enou

gh to

allo

w fo

r mov

emen

ts o

f foc

al s

peci

es a

mon

gpr

otec

ted

habi

tats

(e.g

., th

roug

h on

toge

netic

habi

tat s

hifts

and

spa

wni

ng m

igra

tions

).

Loca

tion

of h

abita

ts u

sed

by fo

cal s

peci

esth

roug

hout

thei

r lif

e hi

stor

y.M

ovem

ent p

atte

rns

of fo

cal f

ishe

ries

spec

ies

amon

gha

bita

ts (

e.g.

, sna

pper

, gro

uper

, etc

.).

Size

and

loca

tion

of e

xist

ing

and

prop

osed

MPA

s(p

artic

ular

ly N

TZ

s).

Incl

ude

who

le e

colo

gica

l uni

ts (s

uch

as re

efs

orse

amou

nts)

in N

TZs.

If n

ot, c

hoos

e la

rger

rath

er th

an s

mal

ler a

reas

.

Loca

tion

and

size

of w

hole

eco

logi

cal u

nits

(e.

g.,

seam

ount

s).

Boun

darie

s of

exis

ting

and

prop

osed

NT

Zs.

Use

com

pact

sha

pes

(e.g

., sq

uare

s) fo

r NTZ

s,ex

cept

whe

n pr

otec

ting

natu

rally

elo

ngat

edha

bita

ts.

Shap

e of

hab

itats

.Sh

ape

ofex

istin

g an

d pr

opos

ed N

TZ

s.

Tab

le 6

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

57

Inco

rpor

ate

Conn

ectiv

ity:

Biot

ic Fa

ctor

s

Larv

al D

isper

sal

Esta

blish

:▪

NTZ

s la

rge

enou

gh to

be

self-

sust

aini

ng fo

rfo

cal s

peci

es; o

r▪

Net

wor

ks o

f NTZ

s cl

ose

enou

gh to

be

conn

ecte

d by

larv

al d

isper

sal.

Larv

al d

ispe

rsal

pat

tern

s of

foca

l fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s.

Prot

ect s

patia

lly is

olat

ed a

reas

in N

TZs.

Larv

al d

ispe

rsal

pat

tern

s of

foca

l fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s.Lo

catio

n of

spa

tially

isol

ated

are

as (

e.g.

, rem

ote

atol

ls).

Prot

ect l

arva

l sou

rces

in p

erm

anen

t or s

easo

nal

NTZ

s or

by

usin

g fis

herie

s cl

osur

es d

urin

gsp

awni

ng ti

mes

.

Loca

tion

and

timin

g of

fish

spa

wni

ng a

ggre

gatio

ns.

Loca

te m

ore

NTZ

s up

stre

am re

lativ

e to

fish

edar

eas

if th

ere

is a

stro

ng, c

onsis

tent

,un

idire

ctio

nal c

urre

nt.

Cur

rent

pat

tern

s re

lativ

e to

the

loca

tion

and

timin

gof

spa

wni

ng a

reas

.

Allo

w T

ime

for

Reco

very

Esta

blish

NTZ

s fo

r the

long

term

(>20

up

to 4

0ye

ars)

, pre

fera

bly

perm

anen

tly.

Rec

over

y tim

es o

f pop

ulat

ions

of f

ocal

fish

erie

ssp

ecie

s pr

otec

ted

in w

ell-d

esig

ned

and

man

aged

NT

Zs.

Use

sho

rt-te

rm (<

5 ye

ars)

or p

erio

dica

llyha

rves

ted

NTZ

s in

add

ition

to, r

athe

r tha

nin

stea

d of

, lon

g-te

rm o

r per

man

ent N

TZs.

Rec

over

y tim

es o

f pop

ulat

ions

of f

ocal

fish

erie

ssp

ecie

s w

hen

prot

ecte

d in

sho

rt-t

erm

NT

Zs

(e.g

., us

ing

loca

l wis

dom

like

sasi,

lilif

uk, p

apad

ak,

etc.

).

Prot

ect H

ealth

y Ar

eas

and

Avoi

d Lo

cal T

hrea

tsPr

otec

t are

as w

here

hab

itats

and

pop

ulat

ions

of

foca

l spe

cies

are

in g

ood

cond

ition

with

low

leve

ls of

loca

l thr

eats

(e.g

., fro

m o

verfi

shin

g,de

stru

ctive

fish

ing,

coa

stal

dev

elop

men

t,

Loca

tion

of:

▪A

reas

whe

re h

abita

ts a

nd p

opul

atio

ns o

f foc

alsp

ecie

s ar

e in

goo

d co

nditi

on.

▪A

reas

whe

re th

ere

are

low

leve

ls o

f loc

al th

reat

s(C

ontin

ued

on n

ext p

age)


58

Con

side

ratio

nBi

ophy

sica

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aIn

form

atio

n an

d Sp

atia

l Dat

a N

eede

dm

ass

tour

ism, l

and-

base

d ru

noff

ofse

dim

ents

and

nut

rient

s, m

arin

e po

llutio

n,an

d sh

ippi

ng, m

inin

g, o

il an

d ga

s in

dust

ries)

.

such

as

thos

e ad

jace

nt to

wel

l-des

igne

d an

dm

anag

ed c

onse

rvat

ion

area

s.

Avoi

d ar

eas

whe

re h

abita

ts a

nd p

opul

atio

ns o

ffo

cal s

peci

es a

re in

poo

r con

ditio

n du

e to

loca

l thr

eats

. If t

his

is no

t pos

sible

:▪

Redu

ce th

reat

s;▪

Faci

litat

e na

tura

l rec

over

y (e

.g.,

bypr

otec

ting

larv

al s

ourc

es a

nd s

peci

es li

kehe

rbivo

res

that

pla

y im

port

ant f

unct

iona

lro

les

in e

cosy

stem

resil

ienc

e); a

nd▪

Cons

ider

the

cost

s an

d be

nefit

s of

reha

bilit

atin

g ha

bita

ts a

nd s

peci

es (e

.g.,

by re

stor

ing

stru

ctur

es, t

rans

plan

ting

cora

ls, o

r fac

ilita

ting

popu

latio

n re

cove

ryof

foca

l spe

cies

by

re-s

tock

ing

or u

sing

tem

pora

ry c

losu

res)

.

Loca

tion

of:

▪A

reas

whe

re h

abita

ts a

nd p

opul

atio

ns o

f foc

alsp

ecie

s ar

e in

poo

r co

nditi

on.

▪A

reas

whe

re th

ere

are

high

leve

ls o

f loc

al th

reat

s(s

ee a

bove

).▪

Fish

spa

wni

ng a

ggre

gatio

n si

tes.

Larv

al d

ispe

rsal

pat

tern

s of

foca

l fis

herie

s sp

ecie

s.D

istr

ibut

ion

and

biom

ass

of h

erbi

vore

ree

f fis

hes.

Cos

ts a

nd b

enef

its o

f reh

abili

tatin

g ha

bita

ts a

ndsp

ecie

s in

Indo

nesi

a.

Adap

t to

Chan

ges

inCl

imat

e an

d O

cean

Chem

istry

Prot

ect s

ites

that

are

like

ly to

be

mor

e re

silie

ntto

glo

bal e

nviro

nmen

tal c

hang

e (r

efug

ia) i

nN

TZs.

Loca

tion

of:

▪C

oral

ree

fs th

at a

re li

kely

to b

e m

ore

resi

lient

toris

ing

sea

tem

pera

ture

s an

d/or

cha

nges

in o

cean

chem

istr

y.▪

Man

grov

e an

d tu

rtle

nes

ting

beac

hes

that

hav

ero

om to

mov

e to

hig

her

grou

nd a

s se

a le

vels

rise.

Tab

le 6

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

59

Prot

ect e

colo

gica

lly im

port

ant s

ites

that

are

sens

itive

to c

hang

es in

clim

ate

and

ocea

nch

emist

ry.

Loca

tion

of e

colo

gica

lly im

port

ant s

ites

part

icul

arly

vuln

erab

le to

cha

nges

in s

ea te

mpe

ratu

re, s

eale

vel r

ise

and

ocea

n ch

emis

try.

Incr

ease

pro

tect

ion

of s

peci

es th

at p

lay

impo

rtan

t fun

ctio

nal r

oles

in e

cosy

stem

resil

ienc

e (e

.g.,

herb

ivore

s).

Dis

trib

utio

n an

d bi

omas

s of

her

bivo

re r

eef f

ishe

s.

Cons

ider

how

cha

nges

in c

limat

e an

d oc

ean

chem

istry

will

affe

ct th

e lif

e hi

stor

y of

foca

lsp

ecie

s.

Pote

ntia

l effe

cts

of c

hang

es in

clim

ate

and

ocea

nch

emis

try

on th

e lif

e hi

stor

y of

foca

l spe

cies

.

Addr

ess

unce

rtai

nty

by:

▪Sp

read

ing

the

risk

(see

abo

ve);

and

▪In

crea

sing

prot

ectio

n of

hab

itats

, crit

ical

area

s an

d sp

ecie

s m

ost v

ulne

rabl

e to

chan

ges

in c

limat

e an

d oc

ean

chem

istry

.

See

Repr

esen

t Hab

itats

and

Repl

icat

e H

abita

ts(S

prea

d th

e Ri

sk)a

bove

.Lo

catio

n of

hab

itats

, crit

ical

are

as a

nd s

peci

es m

ost

vuln

erab

le to

cha

nges

in c

limat

e an

d oc

ean

chem

istr

y.

Con

side

ratio

nSo

cioe

cono

mic

and

Cul

tura

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aIn

form

atio

n an

d Sp

atia

l Dat

a N

eede

d

Invo

lve S

take

hold

ers

inEs

tabl

ishin

g M

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks(M

PA e

stab

lishm

ent

incl

udes

dev

elop

ing

Invo

lve a

ll st

akeh

olde

rs in

eac

h st

ep o

f the

proc

ess

of e

stab

lishi

ng M

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks

Stak

ehol

ders

that

may

be

affe

cted

by

esta

blis

hing

the

MPA

or

MPA

Net

wor

k (i.

e., l

ocal

,ada

t and

trad

ition

al c

omm

uniti

es, g

over

nmen

ts, n

on-

gove

rnm

enta

l org

aniz

atio

ns, c

ivil

soci

ety

orga

niza

tions

, sci

entif

ic in

stitu

tions

, and

indu

strie

s lik

e fis

herie

s, to

uris

m, e

tc.)

.

Tabl

e 7.

Info

rmat

ion

and

spat

ial d

ata

need

ed to

app

ly s

ocio

econ

omic

and

cul

tura

l crit

eria

for d

esig

ning

MPA

s an

d M

PA N

etw

orks

inIn

done

sia.

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)


60

Con

side

ratio

nSo

cioe

cono

mic

and

Cul

tura

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aIn

form

atio

n an

d Sp

atia

l Dat

a N

eede

dzo

ning

and

man

agem

ent

plan

s)A

pro

cess

for

invo

lvin

g st

akeh

olde

rs in

eac

h st

ep o

fth

e pr

oces

s (e

.g.,

in d

ata

gath

erin

g an

d pu

blic

cons

ulta

tion

to d

evel

op z

onin

g an

d m

anag

emen

tpl

ans)

.

Prio

ritiz

e es

tabl

ishin

g M

PAs

in a

reas

sup

port

edby

sta

keho

lder

sLo

catio

n of

are

as w

here

sta

keho

lder

s su

ppor

tes

tabl

ishi

ng M

PAs,

par

ticul

arly

NT

Zs.

Cons

ider

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r col

labo

rativ

em

anag

emen

t am

ong

all s

take

hold

ers

and

impl

emen

t as

appr

opria

te

Opp

ortu

nitie

s, c

osts

and

ben

efits

of c

olla

bora

tive

man

agem

ent w

ith s

take

hold

ers.

Prov

ide

capa

city

bui

ldin

g fo

r sta

keho

lder

s to

help

them

eng

age

mor

e ef

fect

ively

ines

tabl

ishin

g M

PAs

and

MPA

s N

etw

orks

.

Cap

acity

bui

ldin

g ne

eds

for

stak

ehol

ders

to e

ngag

eef

fect

ivel

y in

pla

nnin

g an

d im

plem

enta

tion

ofM

PA m

anag

emen

t.

Ensu

re S

take

hold

erCo

mpl

ianc

e w

ithin

MPA

sIn

volve

loca

l com

mun

ity in

com

plia

nce

and

enfo

rcem

ent,

such

as

thro

ugh

join

t pat

rols

amon

g go

vern

men

t ins

titut

ions

and

com

mun

ities

, and

PO

KMAS

WAS

(com

mun

itysu

rvei

llanc

e gr

oups

).

Opp

ortu

nitie

s, c

osts

and

ben

efits

of i

nvol

ving

com

mun

ities

in c

ompl

ianc

e an

d en

forc

emen

t of

man

agem

ent p

lans

.

Supp

ort M

PA m

anag

emen

t act

ions

that

mai

ntai

n or

incr

ease

eco

syst

em g

oods

and

serv

ices

for l

ocal

com

mun

ities

Man

agem

ent a

ctio

ns th

at w

ill m

aint

ain

or in

crea

seec

osys

tem

goo

ds a

nd s

ervi

ces

for

loca

lco

mm

uniti

es.

Supp

ort M

ultip

le,

Envir

onm

enta

lly F

riend

lyU

ses

in M

PAs

Allo

w fo

r mul

tiple

env

ironm

enta

lly fr

iend

ly u

ses

in M

PAs,

incl

udin

g su

stai

nabl

e fis

hing

,to

urism

, aqu

acul

ture

, edu

catio

n an

dre

sear

ch.

Loca

tion

of:

▪Su

stai

nabl

e fis

hing

gro

unds

(eg

. dem

ersa

l, pe

lagi

c,et

c.).

▪Fi

shin

g pr

essu

re

Tab

le 7

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

61

▪Fi

sh la

ndin

g si

tes.

▪Bo

at d

ocki

ng lo

catio

ns.

▪Bo

at s

helte

r lo

catio

ns.

▪En

viro

nmen

tally

frie

ndly

aqu

acul

ture

are

as(s

eaw

eed

farm

ing,

pea

rl fa

rmin

g, s

ea c

ucum

ber,

etc.

).▪

Ecof

riend

ly to

uris

m a

reas

(su

rfin

g, s

nork

elin

g,di

ve s

ite, p

aras

ailin

g, s

port

fish

ing,

bea

chre

crea

tion,

etc

.).

▪Ed

ucat

ion

and

rese

arch

loca

tions

.

Supp

ort C

omm

unity

Wel

fare

(Live

lihoo

ds a

ndFo

od S

uppl

ies)

Supp

ort e

nviro

nmen

tally

frie

ndly

live

lihoo

ds o

flo

cal c

omm

uniti

es, e

.g.,

com

mun

ity-b

ased

,en

viron

men

tally

frie

ndly

fish

erie

s,aq

uacu

lture

and

mar

ine

reso

urce

-bas

edto

urism

bas

ed o

n an

are

as’ u

niqu

enes

s(b

iotic

and

abi

otic

reso

urce

s).

Loca

tion

of:

▪Su

stai

nabl

e fis

hing

gro

unds

(eg

. dem

ersa

l,pe

lagi

c, e

tc.)

▪Fi

shin

g pr

essu

re▪

Fish

land

ing

site

s▪

Boat

doc

king

loca

tions

▪Bo

at s

helte

r lo

catio

ns▪

Envi

ronm

enta

lly fr

iend

ly a

quac

ultu

re a

reas

(sea

wee

d fa

rmin

g, p

earl

farm

ing,

sea

cuc

umbe

r,et

c.)

▪En

viro

nmen

tally

frie

ndly

tour

ism

are

as b

ased

on

an a

reas

’ uni

quen

ess.

Prot

ect m

arin

e he

ritag

e sit

es th

at h

ave

impo

rtan

t, ar

cheo

logi

cal-h

istor

ical

val

ue(e

.g.,

ship

wre

cks

and

airp

lane

wre

cks)

, and

man

age

them

for t

heir

pote

ntia

l to

supp

ort

com

mun

ity b

ased

-tour

ism.

Loca

tion

of s

hipw

reck

s or

airp

lane

wre

cks

ofar

cheo

logi

cal-h

isto

rical

val

ue (

e.g.

, fro

m W

orld

War

II, e

tc.)

.

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)


62

Con

side

ratio

nSo

cioe

cono

mic

and

Cul

tura

l Des

ign

Cri

teri

aIn

form

atio

n an

d Sp

atia

l Dat

a N

eede

dEn

sure

fair

and

Equa

lAc

cess

and

Use

Ensu

re lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es h

ave

fair

and

equa

lac

cess

to, a

nd u

tiliz

atio

n of

, mar

ine

and

fishe

ries

reso

urce

s.

Loca

tion

of im

port

ant f

ishi

ng g

roun

ds fo

r ea

chco

mm

unity

.

Mai

ntai

n or

impr

ove

acce

ss to

reso

urce

s an

dm

arke

ts to

sup

port

com

mun

ity e

cono

mie

sth

at c

ompl

y w

ith M

PA m

anag

emen

t pla

ns.

Loca

tion

of a

reas

whe

re c

omm

uniti

es r

equi

reac

cess

to r

esou

rces

and

mar

kets

to s

uppo

rt lo

cal

econ

omie

s th

at c

ompl

y w

ith M

PA m

anag

emen

tpl

ans.

Supp

ort L

ocal

Wisd

oman

d Pr

actic

esPr

otec

t ada

t, lo

cal w

isdom

, tra

ditio

nal l

aw a

ndcu

lture

that

sup

port

con

serv

atio

n an

dsu

stai

nabl

e re

sour

ce m

anag

emen

t, w

hich

are

still

ack

now

ledg

ed a

nd a

pplie

d by

the

exist

ing

adat

com

mun

ity o

r ins

titut

ion.

Loca

tion

of lo

cal w

isdo

m a

nd p

ract

ices

that

sup

port

cons

erva

tion

and

sust

aina

ble

reso

urce

man

agem

ent t

hat a

re s

till a

ctiv

e w

ithin

the

MPA

(e.g

.,sa

si, k

erug

a, li

lifuk

, hoh

olok

, pap

adak

,pa

nada

hi, e

tc.)

.

Prot

ect a

reas

that

hav

e im

port

ant t

radi

tiona

lcu

ltura

l val

ue fo

r loc

al p

eopl

e/ad

at, i

nclu

ding

mys

tical

(pam

ali)

area

s, a

nd im

port

ant s

ites

for t

radi

tiona

l med

icin

e.

Loca

tion

of:

▪M

ystic

al (

pam

ali)

area

s.▪

Impo

rtan

t site

s fo

r tr

aditi

onal

med

icin

e.

Tab

le 7

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

63

ANNEX 3EVALUATION TOOL FOR MPA AND MPANETWORK DESIGN IN INDONESIA

TNC, through USAID SEA Project, has developed an Evaluation Tool forMarine Protected Area and Marine Protected Area Network Design in Indonesia(Green et al. 2019). This annex provides excerpts from that tool. For moreinformation regarding when and how to use this tool, see Green et al. 2019.

IntroductionHere we provide a simple tool that uses performance indicators for thebiophysical, socioeconomic and cultural design criteria to help managersevaluate and refine the design of an MPA or MPA Network to ensure it willachieve its goals and objectives. The tool provides simple scoring criteria toevaluate progress toward applying each design criterion, and to develop anoverall evaluation score for the MPA or MPA Network design.

Please note that there also many governance factors that are important toconsider when establishing MPAs and MPA Networks, which are notincluded here (see MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia). For guidelines toevaluate and improve management effectiveness of MPAs in Indonesia, pleasesee Technical Guidelines for Evaluating the Management Effectiveness of Aquatic,Coasts and Small Islands Conservation Areas (E-KKP3K: DCAFS 2013).

Who Should Use This Tool and When?This evaluation tool should be used by field practitioners responsible fordesigning MPAs and MPA Networks, or for helping local communitiesestablish LMMAs, in Indonesia, including representatives of national,provincial or local level governments, non-governmental organizations, anduniversity scientists.

The tool can be used to evaluate the design (zoning plan) of existing orproposed MPAs, and will be particularly useful when reviewing managementplans (including zoning plans) for existing MPAs (which is required every fiveyears).


64

This tool will also be useful when developing zoning plans for new orproposed MPAs. It can be used multiple times throughout the zoning process(e.g., every few months), so managers can demonstrate how their zoningplan has improved and identify actions still needed for adaptive management.The tool can also help managers develop a clear rationale to explain thedesign of the zoning plan to communities in a way that they are more likelyto understand and accept the plan.

The tool will be most useful for evaluating and refining zoning plans when therelevant information and spatial data (see Annex 2) and knowledgeableexperts are available to assist with the evaluation. It may be more difficult touse this tool when a new or proposed MPA is at a very early stage in thedesign process and there is no zoning plan to evaluate, and/or if thenecessary information or expertise is not available to assist with theevaluation. In this situation, it may be better to use the framework fordesigning MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia provided in this documentto guide the initial design of a draft zoning plan (see A Framework for DesigningMPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia).

Once a draft zoning plan has been developed, this tool can be used toevaluate the design for adaptive management before the plan is completed.

Using the ToolBefore Using This ToolBefore using this tool you should:

▪ Identify the goals and SMART objectives for the MPA or MPANetwork (see Step 1 Define Goals and Objectives).

▪ Identify the high priority targets to conserve and manage in theMPA (e.g., focal habitats and species, livelihoods and local wisdom),and the threats to these targets that need to be addressed.

▪ Assemble a team to compile the best available spatial data andother information required (see Annex 2) and complete theevaluation. Since the tool requires an understanding of thebiophysical, socioeconomic and cultural context for designing theMPA, it is important to conduct the evaluation with people whohave relevant knowledge of the area. This may include biologicaland social scientists, managers (e.g., fisheries agents), localcommunities and other stakeholders.

65

How to Use This ToolPerformance indicators are provided for biophysical, socioeconomic andcultural design criteria for MPAs and MPA Networks in Indonesia in Table 8and Table 9. Use these performance indicators and the following steps toevaluate the MPA or MPA Network design.

Step 1. Evaluate How Each Criterion Has Been Applied to Design the MPAor MPA NetworkGo through each of the design criteria in Table 8 and Table 9 one at a time.Make sure you understand the design criterion and review the rationale(justification) for the criterion if necessary (see Annex 1).

Determine if the design criterion is needed to achieve the MPA or MPANetwork goals and objectives. If so:

▪ Read the performance indicator for that design criterion, discuss itwith your colleagues and assign a score regarding how well thatcriterion has been applied in the zoning plan. The tool providessimple scoring criteria to evaluate progress toward applying eachdesign criterion to assign a score from 0 to 3. This provides a betterindication of progress than simply assessing if the design criteriahave been applied fully or not (i.e., 0 or 1).

▪ Provide the rationale or evidence to justify the score, and notes forimproving the score in the Action Plan (see Step 3 below) ifnecessary.

If the design criterion is not needed to achieve the MPA or MPA Networkgoals and objectives, select “Not Applicable (NA)” instead of assigning ascore. Do not score it as 0 (to distinguish it from criteria that need to beapplied, but which have not been applied as yet).

Step 2. Evaluate the Overall Design of the MPA or MPA NetworkThe scoring system can be used to develop an overall evaluation score forthe MPA or MPA Network design (zoning plan). Once you have completedboth Table 8 and Table 9, add up the scores and calculate the percentage (%)of the total maximum score achieved for the design criteria that apply to theMPA or MPA Network. All design criteria are considered of equalimportance in the overall evaluation score to avoid subjective decisions aboutthe relative importance of the design criteria, which will vary in differentMPAs or MPA Networks that have different goals and objectives (see Refiningthe Tool for Specific MPAs or MPA Networks).


66

If you use the tool multiple times (e.g., every few months when developing anew zoning plan, or before and after an existing zoning plan has beenrevised), you can use the change in the overall score to track progress towardadaptive management.

Different MPAs may have different scores, because their total maximumscore may vary if they have different goals that require different designcriteria. Therefore, comparisons among MPAs should be based on thepercentage (%) of the total maximum score achieved for each MPA (e.g.,where poor is <20%, fair is 20-40%, moderate is 41-60%, good is 61-80%,and excellent is >80%).

Step 3. Develop an Action Plan to Improve the Design of the MPA or MPA NetworkOnce you have completed the evaluation tool (Step 1 and Step 2 above),develop an action plan to improve the design of the MPA or MPA Network(if necessary). The action plan should:

▪ Clearly identify the next steps required to improve the MPA orMPA Network design (e.g., by addressing information/data needs,or revising the zoning plan to address the design criteria moreeffectively), the responsible/lead person for each task, and thetimeline for completing each task. It will also be important to notehow each of these steps will align with the zoning and adaptivemanagement phases for the MPA or MPA Network.

▪ Develop a schedule to repeat the evaluation tool to track progressover time.

Refining the Tool for Specific MPAs or MPANetworksIf you have the relevant expertise on your evaluation team, you can modifythe tool based on the MPA or MPA Network goals and objectives, andbiophysical, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of the area (e.g., bydefining the major habitats, critical areas, focal species, threats, stakeholders,environmentally friendly uses and livelihoods, local wisdom and practices,etc.).

You may also wish to define the relative importance of each design criterionto achieving the MPA or MPA Network goals and objectives, and take thisinto account when calculating the overall score for the MPA or MPANetwork design.

67

Tabl

e 8.

Eva

luat

ion

tool

for t

he b

ioph

ysic

al c

riter

ia fo

r des

igni

ng M

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks in

Indo

nesia

.Th

is to

ol p

rovid

es e

ach

of th

e bi

ophy

sical

crit

eria

for d

esig

ning

MPA

s an

d M

PA N

etw

orks

in In

done

sia, p

erfo

rman

ce in

dica

tors

and

asc

orin

g sy

stem

(crit

eria

and

sco

res)

to e

valu

ate

how

eac

h cr

iterio

n ha

s be

en a

pplie

d to

des

ign

an M

PA o

r MPA

Net

wor

k, a

nd s

pace

topr

ovid

e th

e ra

tiona

le (o

r evid

ence

) to

just

ify th

e sc

ore

and

to id

entif

y an

Act

ion

Plan

(if n

eede

d to

impr

ove

the

scor

e). P

leas

e no

te th

atth

e de

sign

crite

ria a

nd p

erfo

rman

ce in

dica

tors

are

num

bere

d so

they

are

eas

y to

refe

r to

whi

le u

sing

this

eval

uatio

n to

ol. T

hese

num

bers

do n

ot re

flect

the

orde

r of i

mpo

rtan

ce o

f the

des

ign

crite

ria, w

hich

will

var

y de

pend

ing

on th

e M

PA o

r MPA

Net

wor

k go

als

and

obje

ctive

s. N

ote

also

that

man

y of

thes

e cr

iteria

are

des

igne

d to

con

sider

the

ecol

ogy

of fo

cal s

peci

es, i

nclu

ding

: key

fish

erie

s sp

ecie

s(fi

sh a

nd in

vert

ebra

tes)

, end

ange

red,

thre

aten

ed a

nd p

rote

cted

spe

cies

and

/or m

igra

tory

mar

ine

biot

a (s

ea tu

rtle

s, m

arin

e bi

rds,

ceta

cean

s, d

ugon

g an

d cr

ocod

iles)

, lar

ge c

haris

mat

ic m

arin

e fa

una

(sha

rks,

man

ta ra

ys, w

hale

sha

rks

and

Mol

a m

ola)

, spe

cies

impo

rtan

t for

mai

ntai

ning

eco

syst

em fu

nctio

n lik

e ha

bita

t-for

min

g sp

ecie

s (e

.g.,

cora

ls), o

r spe

cies

impo

rtan

t for

reef

resil

ienc

e (e

.g.,

herb

ivore

s).

Con

side

ratio

nD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

r(O

utpu

t)Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tor

Scor

ing

Cri

teri

aSc

ore

Rat

iona

le o

rEv

iden

ce t

o Ju

stify

Scor

e &

Act

ion

Plan

Repr

esen

tH

abita

ts1.

Pro

tect

at l

east

20%

of

each

maj

or h

abita

t in

NTZ

s (e

.g.,

each

type

of

cora

l ree

f, m

angr

ove

fore

st, e

stua

ry o

r sea

gras

sbe

d).

1a. M

ajor

hab

itats

for

prot

ectio

n id

entif

ied,

map

ped

and

clas

sifie

d(e

.g.,

each

type

of c

oral

reef

is b

oth

map

ped

and

clas

sifie

d).

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

1b. A

t lea

st 2

0% o

f eac

hty

pe o

f maj

or h

abita

tpr

otec

ted

in N

TZs.

> 2

0% o

f eac

h in

NT

Zs.

3

15-2

0% o

f eac

h in

NT

Zs

2

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)


68

Con

side

ratio

nD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

r(O

utpu

t)

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

r Sc

orin

gC

rite

ria

Scor

eR

atio

nale

or

Evid

ence

to

Just

ifySc

ore

& A

ctio

n Pl

an5-

15%

of e

ach

inN

TZ

s1

<5%

of e

ach

in N

TZ

s0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Repl

icate

Hab

itats

(Spr

ead

the

Risk

)

2. P

rote

ct a

t lea

st th

ree

exam

ples

of e

ach

maj

orha

bita

t in

NTZ

s; a

nd

Spre

ad th

em o

ut to

redu

ce th

e ch

ance

s th

eyw

ill a

ll be

affe

cted

by

the

sam

e di

stur

banc

e (e

.g.,

maj

or s

torm

s, c

oral

blea

chin

g an

d cr

own-

of-

thor

ns s

tarfi

sh o

utbr

eaks

).

2a. A

t lea

st th

ree

exam

ples

of e

ach

maj

orha

bita

t pro

tect

ed in

NTZ

s.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

2b. E

xam

ples

of e

ach

maj

or h

abita

t pro

tect

ed in

NTZ

s ar

e sp

read

out

tore

duce

the

chan

ces

they

will

all

be a

ffect

ed b

y th

esa

me

dist

urba

nce.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Prot

ect C

ritica

l,Sp

ecia

l and

Uni

que

Area

s

3. P

rote

ct c

ritic

al a

reas

inth

e lif

e hi

stor

y of

foca

lfis

herie

s sp

ecie

s in

NTZ

s(e

.g.,

spaw

ning

and

3. C

ritic

al a

reas

in th

e lif

ehi

stor

y of

foca

l fish

erie

ssp

ecie

s id

entif

ied

and

prot

ecte

d in

NTZ

s.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Tab

le 8

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

69

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)

and

nurs

ery

area

s)N

one

or a

few

(0-

25%

)0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

4. P

rote

ct c

ritic

al a

reas

or

habi

tats

for c

haris

mat

ic,

enda

nger

ed, t

hrea

tene

dor

pro

tect

ed s

peci

es (e

.g.,

bree

ding

, fee

ding

or

rest

ing

area

s, o

r mig

rato

ryco

rrid

ors)

.

4. C

ritic

al a

reas

or h

abita

tspr

otec

ted

for c

haris

mat

ic,

enda

nger

ed, t

hrea

tene

d or

prot

ecte

d sp

ecie

s.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Few

(0-

25%

)0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

5. P

rote

ct s

peci

al a

ndun

ique

nat

ural

phen

omen

a in

NTZ

s,su

ch a

s ar

eas

with

ver

yhi

gh b

iodi

vers

ity, h

igh

ende

mism

, uni

que

mar

ine

com

mun

ities

or h

igh

prod

uctiv

ity (e

.g.,

uniq

uepe

lagi

c ha

bita

ts li

ke a

reas

of u

pwel

ling,

fron

ts, a

nded

dies

).

5. S

peci

al a

nd u

niqu

ena

tura

l phe

nom

ena

prot

ecte

d in

NTZ

s.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Few

(0-

25%

)0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

6. P

rote

ct a

reas

that

are

impo

rtan

t at t

he n

atio

nal,

inte

rnat

iona

l org

loba

lsc

ale

for c

onse

rvat

ion

6. A

reas

impo

rtan

t at t

hena

tiona

l, in

tern

atio

nal o

rgl

obal

sca

le fo

rco

nser

vatio

n or

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1


70

Con

side

ratio

nD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

r(O

utpu

t)Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tor

Scor

ing

Cri

teri

aSc

ore

Rat

iona

le o

rEv

iden

ce t

o Ju

stify

Scor

e &

Act

ion

Plan

or m

anag

emen

t of f

ocal

spec

ies.

man

agem

ent o

f foc

alsp

ecie

s ar

e pr

otec

ted

(e.g

.,W

orld

Her

itage

Are

as,

RAM

SAR

Site

s, c

ritic

alha

bita

ts fo

r glo

bally

enda

nger

ed s

peci

es, o

rcr

itica

l are

as fo

rm

aint

aini

ng c

onne

ctivi

ty o

ffis

herie

s sp

ecie

s ac

ross

natio

nal b

ound

arie

s).

Few

(0-

25%

)0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Inco

rpor

ate

Conn

ectiv

ity:

Abio

tic F

acto

rs

7. C

onsid

er v

aria

tions

inoc

eano

grap

hy (i

.e.,

curr

ents

, tid

es,

tem

pera

ture

, sal

inity

and

acid

ity),

subs

trat

e an

dba

thym

etry

that

affe

ctth

e sp

read

of b

iolo

gica

lan

d no

n-bi

olog

ical

mat

eria

l.

7. V

aria

tions

inoc

eano

grap

hy, s

ubst

rate

and

bath

ymet

ry u

sed

toid

entif

y ha

bita

ts fo

rre

pres

enta

tion

whe

rebi

olog

ical

info

rmat

ion

is no

tav

aila

ble.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Few

(0-

25%

)0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Inco

rpor

ate

Conn

ectiv

ity:

Biot

ic Fa

ctor

s

8. E

nsur

e N

TZs

are

larg

een

ough

to s

usta

in a

dults

and

juve

nile

s of

foca

lfis

herie

s sp

ecie

s w

ithin

8. N

TZs

are

larg

e en

ough

to s

usta

in a

dults

and

juve

nile

s of

foca

l fish

erie

ssp

ecie

s w

ithin

thei

r

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Tab

le 8

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

71

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)

Mov

emen

t of

Adul

ts a

ndJu

veni

les

thei

r bou

ndar

ies.

boun

darie

s (b

ased

on

thei

r m

ovem

ent p

atte

rns)

.N

one

or a

few

(0-

25%

)0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

9. E

nsur

e:▪

NTZ

s ar

e la

rge

enou

ghto

con

tain

all

habi

tats

used

by

foca

l spe

cies

thro

ugho

ut th

eir l

ifehi

stor

y (e

.g.,

for h

ome

rang

es, n

urse

ry g

roun

dsan

d sp

awni

ng a

reas

); or

▪Es

tabl

ish n

etw

orks

of

NTZ

s th

at a

re c

lose

enou

gh to

allo

w fo

rm

ovem

ents

of f

ocal

spec

ies

amon

gpr

otec

ted

habi

tats

(e.g

.,th

roug

h on

toge

netic

habi

tat s

hifts

and

spaw

ning

mig

ratio

ns).

9. N

TZs

are

desig

ned

topr

otec

t foc

al s

peci

esth

roug

hout

thei

r life

cyc

les

in e

ither

indi

vidua

l MPA

s or

MPA

Net

wor

ks.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%).

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%).

1

No

or a

few

(0-

25%

)0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

10. I

nclu

de w

hole

ecol

ogic

al u

nits

(suc

h as

reef

s or

sea

mou

nts)

inN

TZs.

If n

ot, c

hoos

ela

rger

rath

er th

an s

mal

ler

area

s.

10. W

hole

eco

logi

cal u

nits

are

incl

uded

in N

TZs.

Ifno

t, N

TZs

prot

ect l

arge

rra

ther

than

sm

alle

r are

as.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

app

licab

leN

A


72

Con

side

ratio

nD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

r(O

utpu

t)Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tor

Scor

ing

Cri

teri

aSc

ore

Rat

iona

le o

rEv

iden

ce t

o Ju

stify

Scor

e &

Act

ion

Plan

11. U

se c

ompa

ct s

hape

s(s

uch

as s

quar

es) f

orN

TZs,

exc

ept w

hen

prot

ectin

g na

tura

llyel

onga

ted

habi

tats

like

long

nar

row

coa

stal

reef

s.

11. N

TZs

are

com

pact

shap

es e

xcep

t whe

npr

otec

ting

natu

rally

elon

gate

d ha

bita

ts.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Inco

rpor

ate

Conn

ectiv

ity:

Biot

ic Fa

ctor

s

Larv

al D

isper

sal

12. E

stab

lish:

▪N

TZs

larg

e en

ough

tobe

sel

f-sus

tain

ing

for f

ocal

spec

ies;

or

▪N

etw

orks

of N

TZs

clos

e en

ough

to b

eco

nnec

ted

by la

rval

disp

ersa

l.

12.

▪N

TZs

are

larg

e en

ough

to b

e se

lf- s

usta

inin

g; o

r▪

Net

wor

ks o

f NTZ

s ar

ecl

ose

enou

gh to

be

conn

ecte

d by

larv

aldi

sper

sal (

depe

ndin

g on

disp

ersa

l dist

ance

s of

foca

lsp

ecie

s).

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

13. P

rote

ct s

patia

llyiso

late

d ar

eas

in N

TZs

(e.g

, rem

ote

atol

ls).

13. S

patia

lly is

olat

ed a

reas

are

prot

ecte

d in

NTZ

s.M

ost (

76-1

00%

)3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Tab

le 8

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

73

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)

14. P

rote

ct la

rval

sou

rces

in p

erm

anen

t or s

easo

nal

NTZ

s or

by

usin

g fis

herie

scl

osur

es d

urin

g sp

awni

ngtim

es.

14. L

arva

l sou

rces

(i.e

., fis

hsp

awni

ng a

ggre

gatio

ns) a

repr

otec

ted

in p

erm

anen

t or

seas

onal

NTZ

s or

thro

ugh

fishe

ries

clos

ures

dur

ing

spaw

ning

tim

es.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

15. L

ocat

e m

ore

NTZ

sup

stre

am re

lativ

e to

fishe

d ar

eas

if th

ere

is a

stro

ng, c

onsis

tent

,un

idire

ctio

nal c

urre

nt.

15. M

ore

NTZ

s ar

elo

cate

d up

stre

am re

lativ

eto

fish

ed a

reas

if th

ere

is a

stro

ng, c

onsis

tent

,un

idire

ctio

nal c

urre

nt.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Allo

w T

ime

for

Reco

very

16. E

stab

lish

NTZ

s fo

rth

e lo

ng te

rm (2

0-40

year

s), p

refe

rabl

ype

rman

ently

.

16. N

TZs

are

in p

lace

perm

anen

tly o

r for

the

long

term

(ext

ende

d at

eac

h5-

year

revie

w o

f zon

ing

and

man

agem

ent p

lans

).

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

17. U

se s

hort

-term

(<5

year

s) o

r per

iodi

cally

17. S

hort

-term

(<5

year

s)or

per

iodi

cally

har

vest

edM

ost (

76-1

00%

)3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2


74

Con

side

ratio

nD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

r(O

utpu

t)Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tor

Scor

ing

Cri

teri

aSc

ore

Rat

iona

le o

rEv

iden

ce t

o Ju

stify

Scor

e &

Act

ion

Plan

harv

este

d N

TZs

inad

ditio

n to

, rat

her t

han

inst

ead

of, l

ong-

term

or

perm

anen

t NTZ

s.

NTZ

s ar

e us

ed in

add

ition

to, r

athe

r tha

n in

stea

d of

,lo

ng-te

rm o

r per

man

ent

NTZ

s

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Prot

ect H

ealth

yAr

eas

and

Avoi

dLo

cal T

hrea

ts

(e.g

., ov

erfis

hing

,de

stru

ctive

fishi

ng, c

oast

alde

velo

pmen

t,m

ass

tour

ism,

land

-bas

edru

noff

ofse

dim

ents

and

nutr

ient

s, m

arin

epo

llutio

n, a

ndsh

ippi

ng, m

inin

g,oi

l and

gas

indu

strie

s)

18. P

rote

ct a

reas

whe

reha

bita

ts a

nd p

opul

atio

nsof

foca

l spe

cies

are

ingo

od c

ondi

tion

with

low

leve

ls of

loca

l thr

eats

.

18. N

TZs

prot

ect h

abita

tsan

d po

pula

tions

of f

ocal

spec

ies

in g

ood

cond

ition

with

low

leve

ls of

thre

at.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

19. A

void

are

as w

here

habi

tats

and

pop

ulat

ions

of fo

cal s

peci

es a

re in

poor

con

ditio

n du

e to

loca

lth

reat

s. If

this

is no

tpo

ssib

le:

▪Re

duce

thes

e th

reat

s;▪

Faci

litat

e na

tura

lre

cove

ry, s

uch

as b

ypr

otec

ting

larv

also

urce

s an

d sp

ecie

s

19a.

Whe

re N

TZs

have

tobe

loca

ted

in a

reas

whe

reha

bita

ts a

nd p

opul

atio

ns o

ffo

cal s

peci

es a

re in

poo

rco

nditi

on d

ue to

loca

lth

reat

s:▪

Loca

l thr

eats

hav

e be

enre

duce

d;▪

Nat

ural

reco

very

has

been

faci

litat

ed; a

nd/o

r▪

The

cost

s an

d be

nefit

s

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Tab

le 8

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

75

(Con

tinue

d on

nex

t pag

e)

like

herb

ivore

s th

at p

lay

impo

rtan

t fun

ctio

nal

role

s in

eco

syst

emre

silie

nce;

and

▪Co

nsid

er th

e co

sts

and

bene

fits

of re

habi

litat

ing

habi

tats

and

spe

cies

(e.g

., by

rest

orin

gst

ruct

ures

, tra

nspl

antin

gco

rals,

or f

acili

tatin

gpo

pula

tion

reco

very

of

foca

l spe

cies

by

re-

stoc

king

or u

sing

tem

pora

ry c

losu

res)

.

of re

habi

litat

ing

habi

tats

and

spec

ies

have

bee

nco

nsid

ered

.

19b.

MPA

s ar

e in

tegr

ated

with

oth

er m

anag

emen

tap

proa

ches

to re

duce

thre

ats

incl

udin

g:In

tegr

ated

Coa

stal

Zon

eM

anag

e-m

ent (

Mar

ine

and

Land

Spa

tial P

lann

ing)

; and

Ecos

yste

m A

ppro

ach

toFi

sher

ies

Man

agem

ent.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Adap

t to

Chan

ges

inCl

imat

e an

dO

cean

Che

mist

ry

(Suc

h as

risin

gse

a su

rface

tem

pera

ture

s,ris

ing

sea

leve

lsan

d oc

ean

acid

ifica

tion)

.

20. P

rote

ct s

ites

that

are

likel

y to

be

mor

e re

silie

ntto

glo

bal e

nviro

nmen

tal

chan

ge (r

efug

ia) i

n N

TZs.

20. S

ites

that

are

like

ly to

be m

ore

resil

ient

toch

ange

s in

clim

ate

and

ocea

n ch

emist

ry (r

efug

ia)

are

prot

ecte

d in

NTZ

s.

Mos

t (76

-100

%).

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%).

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

21. P

rote

ct e

colo

gica

llyim

port

ant s

ites

that

are

sens

itive

to c

hang

es in

clim

ate

and

ocea

nch

emist

ry.

21. E

colo

gica

lly im

port

ant

sites

that

are

sen

sitive

toch

ange

s in

clim

ate

and

ocea

n ch

emist

ry a

repr

otec

ted

in N

TZs.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%).

0


76

Con

side

ratio

nD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

r(O

utpu

t)Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tor

Scor

ing

Cri

teri

aSc

ore

Rat

iona

le o

rEv

iden

ce t

o Ju

stify

Scor

e &

Act

ion

Plan

Not

App

licab

leN

A

22. I

ncre

ase

prot

ectio

n of

spec

ies

that

pla

yim

port

ant f

unct

iona

l rol

esin

eco

syst

em re

silie

nce

(e.g

., he

rbivo

rous

reef

fishe

s on

cor

al re

efs)

.

22. P

rote

ctio

n ha

sin

crea

sed

for s

peci

es th

atpl

ay im

port

ant f

unct

iona

lro

les

in e

cosy

stem

resil

ienc

e.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

23. C

onsid

er h

ow c

limat

ean

d oc

ean

chan

ge w

illaf

fect

the

life

hist

ory

offo

cal s

peci

es.

23. S

cien

tific

stu

dies

are

unde

rway

or h

ave

been

com

plet

ed to

und

erst

and

how

clim

ate

and

ocea

nch

ange

will

affe

ct th

e lif

ehi

stor

y of

foca

l spe

cies

, and

the

impl

icat

ions

for r

efin

ing

the

desig

n cr

iteria

abo

ve.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

24. A

ddre

ss u

ncer

tain

tyby

:▪

Spre

adin

g th

e ris

k (s

eeRe

plic

ate

Hab

itats

);an

d▪

Incr

easin

g pr

otec

tion

of

24a.

Unc

erta

inty

has

bee

nad

dres

sed

by: S

prea

ding

the

risk.

See

Rep

licat

e H

abita

tsab

ove.

NA

24b.

Unc

erta

inty

has

bee

nad

dres

sed

by: I

ncre

asin

gpr

otec

tion

of h

abita

ts (e

.g.,

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Tab

le 8

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

77

habi

tats

, crit

ical

are

asan

d sp

ecie

s m

ost

vuln

erab

le to

cha

nges

incl

imat

e an

d oc

ean

chem

istry

.

by in

crea

sing

perc

ent

habi

tat r

epre

sent

atio

n),

criti

cal a

reas

and

spe

cies

mos

t vul

nera

ble

toch

ange

s in

clim

ate

and

ocea

n ch

emist

ry.

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Tabl

e 9.

Eva

luat

ion

tool

for t

he s

ocio

econ

omic

and

cul

tura

l crit

eria

for d

esig

ning

MPA

s an

d M

PA N

etw

orks

in In

done

sia.

This

tool

pro

vides

eac

h of

the

soci

oeco

nom

ic a

nd c

ultu

ral c

riter

ia fo

r des

igni

ng M

PAs

and

MPA

Net

wor

ks in

Indo

nesia

, per

form

ance

indi

cato

rs a

nd a

sco

ring

syst

em (c

riter

ia a

nd s

core

s) to

eva

luat

e ho

w e

ach

crite

rion

has

been

app

lied

to d

esig

n an

MPA

or M

PAN

etw

ork,

and

spa

ce to

pro

vide

the

ratio

nale

(or e

viden

ce) t

o ju

stify

the

scor

e an

d to

iden

tify

an A

ctio

n Pl

an (i

f nee

ded

to im

prov

e th

esc

ore)

. Ple

ase

note

that

the

desig

n cr

iteria

and

per

form

ance

indi

cato

rs a

re n

umbe

red

so th

ey a

re e

asy

to re

fer t

o w

hile

usin

g th

isev

alua

tion

tool

. The

se n

umbe

rs d

o no

t ref

lect

the

orde

r of i

mpo

rtan

ce o

f the

des

ign

crite

ria, w

hich

will

var

y de

pend

ing

on th

e M

PA o

rM

PA N

etw

ork

goal

s an

d ob

ject

ives.

Con

side

ratio

nD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

r(O

utpu

t)Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tor

Scor

ing

Cri

teri

aSc

ore

Rat

iona

le o

rEv

iden

ce t

o Ju

stify

Scor

e &

Act

ion

Plan

Invo

lveSt

akeh

olde

rs in

Esta

blish

ing

MPA

s an

d M

PAN

etw

orks

.

(MPA

esta

blish

men

tin

clud

es

1. In

volve

all

stak

ehol

ders

in e

ach

step

of t

hepr

oces

s of

est

ablis

hing

MPA

s an

d M

PAN

etw

orks

.

1. S

take

hold

ers

are

invo

lved

in e

ach

step

of t

hepr

oces

s of

est

ablis

hing

MPA

s an

d M

PA N

etw

orks

.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

2. P

riorit

ize

esta

blish

ing

MPA

s in

are

as2.

MPA

s es

tabl

ishe

d in

area

s su

ppor

ted

byM

ost (

76-1

00%

)3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2(C

ontin

ued

on n

ew p

age)


78

Tab

le 9

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

Con

side

ratio

nD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

r(O

utpu

t)Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tor

Scor

ing

Cri

teri

aSc

ore

Rat

iona

le o

rEv

iden

ce t

o Ju

stify

Scor

e &

Act

ion

Plan

deve

lopi

ngzo

ning

and

man

agem

ent

plan

s.)

(Sta

keho

lder

sin

clud

e lo

cal,

adat

and

trad

ition

alco

mm

uniti

es,

gove

rnm

ents

,N

GO

s, c

ivil

soci

ety

orga

niza

tions

,sc

ient

ific

inst

itutio

ns a

ndin

dust

ries

like

fishe

ries,

tour

ismet

c.)

supp

orte

d by

sta

keho

lder

sst

akeh

olde

rsSo

me

(26-

50%

)1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

3. C

onsid

er o

ppor

tuni

ties

for c

olla

bora

tive

man

agem

ent a

mon

g al

lst

akeh

olde

rs a

ndim

plem

ent a

sap

prop

riate

.

3. O

ppor

tuni

ties

for

colla

bora

tive

man

agem

ent

amon

g al

l sta

keho

lder

sco

nsid

ered

and

impl

emen

ted

asap

prop

riate

.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

4. P

rovid

e ca

paci

tybu

ildin

g fo

r sta

keho

lder

sto

hel

p th

em e

ngag

e m

ore

effe

ctive

ly in

est

ablis

hing

MPA

s an

d M

PAs

Net

wor

ks.

4. C

apac

ity b

uild

ing

prov

ided

for s

take

hold

ers

to h

elp

them

eng

age

mor

eef

fect

ively

in e

stab

lishi

ngM

PAs

and

MPA

s N

etw

orks

.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Ensu

reSt

akeh

olde

rCo

mpl

ianc

ew

ithin

MPA

s.

5. In

volve

loca

l com

mun

ityin

com

plia

nce

and

enfo

rcem

ent,

incl

udin

gjo

int p

atro

ls am

ong

5. L

ocal

com

mun

ityin

volve

d in

com

plia

nce

and

enfo

rcem

ent.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

79

gove

rnm

ent i

nstit

utio

nsan

d co

mm

uniti

es, a

ndPO

KMAS

WAS

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

6. S

uppo

rt M

PAm

anag

emen

t act

ions

that

mai

ntai

n or

incr

ease

ecos

yste

m g

oods

and

serv

ices

for l

ocal

com

mun

ities

.

6. M

PA m

anag

emen

tac

tions

that

mai

ntai

n or

incr

ease

eco

syst

em g

oods

and

serv

ices

for l

ocal

com

mun

ities

are

supp

orte

d.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Supp

ort M

ultip

leEn

viron

men

tally

Frie

ndly

Use

s in

MPA

s.

7. A

llow

for m

ultip

leen

viron

men

tally

frie

ndly

uses

in M

PAs

(incl

udin

gsu

stai

nabl

e fis

hing

,to

urism

, aqu

acul

ture

,ed

ucat

ion

and

rese

arch

).

7. M

PAs

allo

w fo

r mul

tiple

envir

onm

enta

lly fr

iend

lyus

es.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Supp

ort

Com

mun

ityW

elfa

re(L

ivelih

oods

and

Food

Sup

plie

s)

8. S

uppo

rten

viron

men

tally

frie

ndly

livel

ihoo

ds o

f loc

alco

mm

uniti

es, s

uch

asco

mm

unity

-bas

ed,

envir

onm

enta

lly fr

iend

lyfis

herie

s, a

quac

ultu

re a

ndm

arin

e re

sour

ce-b

ased

8. E

nviro

nmen

tally

frie

ndly

livel

ihoo

ds o

f loc

alco

mm

uniti

es s

uppo

rted

.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

(Con

tinue

d on

new

pag

e)


80

Con

side

ratio

nD

esig

n C

rite

ria

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

r(O

utpu

t)Pe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tor

Scor

ing

Cri

teri

aSc

ore

Rat

iona

le o

rEv

iden

ce t

o Ju

stify

Scor

e &

Act

ion

Plan

tour

ism b

ased

on

anar

eas’

uni

quen

ess

(bio

tican

d ab

iotic

reso

urce

s).

9. P

rote

ct m

arin

e he

ritag

esit

es (e

.g.,

ship

wre

cks

and

airp

lane

wre

cks)

that

have

impo

rtan

t,ar

cheo

logi

cal-h

istor

ical

valu

e, a

nd m

anag

e th

emfo

r the

ir po

tent

ial t

osu

ppor

t com

mun

ity-b

ased

tour

ism.

9a. I

mpo

rtan

t mar

ine

herit

age

sites

are

iden

tifie

dan

d pr

otec

ted

(e.g

., in

NTZ

s or

loca

l wisd

omzo

nes)

.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

9b. M

arin

e he

ritag

e sit

esm

anag

ed fo

r the

ir po

tent

ial

as c

omm

unity

-bas

edto

urism

site

s.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Ensu

re F

air

and

Equa

l Acc

ess

and

Use

10. E

nsur

e lo

cal

com

mun

ities

hav

e fa

ir an

deq

ual a

cces

s to

, and

utili

zatio

n of

, mar

ine

and

fishe

ries

reso

urce

s.

10. L

ocal

com

mun

ities

have

fair

and

equa

l acc

ess

to, a

nd u

tiliz

atio

n of

,m

arin

e an

d fis

herie

sre

sour

ces.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Tab

le 9

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

81

Not

App

licab

leN

A

11. M

aint

ain

or im

prov

eac

cess

to re

sour

ces

and

mar

kets

to s

uppo

rtco

mm

unity

eco

nom

ies

that

com

ply

with

MPA

man

agem

ent p

lans

.

11. A

cces

s to

reso

urce

san

d m

arke

ts m

aint

aine

d or

impr

oved

to s

uppo

rtco

mm

unity

eco

nom

ies.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Supp

ort L

ocal

Wisd

om a

ndPr

actic

es

12. P

rote

ct a

dat,

loca

lw

isdom

, tra

ditio

nal l

aw,

and

cultu

re th

at s

uppo

rtco

nser

vatio

n an

dsu

stai

nabl

e re

sour

cem

anag

emen

t, w

hich

are

still

ack

now

ledg

ed a

ndap

plie

d by

the

exist

ing

adat

com

mun

ity o

rin

stitu

tion.

12a.

All

loca

l wisd

om a

ndpr

actic

es in

MPA

s an

dM

PA N

etw

orks

that

supp

ort c

onse

rvat

ion

and

sust

aina

ble

reso

urce

use

that

are

stil

l ack

now

ledg

edan

d ap

plie

d by

the

exist

ing

adat

com

mun

ity o

rin

stitu

tion

are

iden

tifie

dan

d m

appe

d.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

12b.

Tra

ditio

nal k

now

ledg

ean

d pr

actic

es a

re p

rote

cted

and

inte

grat

ed in

to M

PAm

anag

emen

t.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A(C

ontin

ued

on n

ew p

age)


82

Con

side

ratio

nD

esig

n C

riter

iaPe

rfor

man

ce In

dica

tor

(Out

put)

Perf

orm

ance

Indi

cato

rSc

orin

g C

riter

iaSc

ore

Rat

iona

le o

rEv

iden

ce to

Just

ifySc

ore

& A

ctio

n Pl

an12

c. A

dat l

eade

rs o

rin

stitu

tions

are

ackn

owle

dged

in M

PAm

anag

emen

t pla

ns a

ndin

volve

d in

col

labo

rativ

em

anag

emen

t.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

13. P

rote

ct a

reas

that

have

impo

rtan

t tra

ditio

nal

cultu

ral v

alue

for l

ocal

peop

le/a

dat,

incl

udin

gm

ystic

al (p

amal

i) ar

eas,

and

impo

rtan

t site

s fo

rtr

aditi

onal

med

icin

e.

13. I

mpo

rtan

t are

as th

atha

ve im

port

ant t

radi

tiona

lcu

ltura

l val

ue fo

r loc

al/a

dat

peop

le a

re id

entif

ied,

map

ped

and

prot

ecte

d.

Mos

t (76

-100

%)

3

Man

y (5

1-75

%)

2

Som

e (2

6-50

%)

1

Non

e or

a fe

w (

0-25

%)

0

Not

App

licab

leN

A

Tab

le 9

(Con

tinue

d fro

m p

revio

us p

age)

83

ANNEX 4LIST OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED MPAsAND AOIs IN FMA 715

WEST PAPUA PROVINCE1. Cendrawasih Bay – NP2. Kaimana – PMPA3. Bintuni Bay – PMPA4. Berau Bay – CSICA5. Nusalasi Van den Bosch Bay –

CSICA6. Sabuda Tuturuga – WR7. Seribu Satu Sungai Teo Enebikia

Waters – PMPA8. Misool Islands Waters – MTP9. North Misool Waters – PMPA10. Kofiau-Boo Islands Waters – MTP11. Kofiau Boo – MNR12. Fam Islands Waters – MTP13. Raja Ampat Island – MNR14. Dampier Strait – MTP15. Mayalibit Bay -- MTP16. West Waigeo Island – MNR17. Ayau and Asia Islands Wates –

MTP18. Makbon – PMPA19. World War II – MCA20. Jeen Womom – CP21. Cargo Okinoyama Maru – MCA

22. Cross Wreck Mansinam – MCA23. Prafi Bay – AOI24. East of Jeen Womom – AOI25. Miossu and Su Island – AOI26. North Waigeo – AOI27. Gam-Waigeo Passage – AOI28. Saripa Bay – AOI29. 3 Seamount – AOI

NORTH MALUKU PROVINCE30. Dehegila Cape-Rao Waters –

PMPA31. Tobo-Tobo Waters – PMPA32. Yiew Island – PMPA33. East Patani Water-Sayafi Island –

PMPA34. Babua-Jailolo Island – PMPA35. Sibu-North Oba Island – PMPA36. Filonga Island – PMPA37. Mare Island – PMPA38. Moti Island Waters-Makian Island

– PMPA39. Guraici Island – PMPA40. Sali Island-North of West Gane –

PMPA

ACRONYMSAOI – Area of InterestNR – Nature ReserveWR – Wildlife ReserveNP – National ParkNTP – Nature Tourism ParkNMTP – Nature Marine Tourism ParkPMPA – Provincial MPA

NMPA – National MPACSICA – Coastal and Small Islands

Conservation AreaMCA – Marine Conservation AreaMNR – Marine Nature ReserveSIP – Small Island ParkMTP – Marine Tourism ParkCP – Coastal Park


84

41. Mandioli Island – PMPA42. Dowara Lamo Island-South of

West Gane – PMPA43. East Gane Waters and Widi

Islands – PMPA44. Kelo Island, Songara and East Obi

– PMPA45. Sula Islands – PMPA46. Pas Koro Island – PMPA47. Morotai Island – AOI48. Kahatola – AOI49. Bobo Cape – AOI50. Hiri Island – AOI51. Sayafi and Patani – AOI52. Woda Islands and Oba – AOI53. North of Gilalang Island – AOI54. Kasiruta Bacan Island – AOI55. North Taliabu – AOI56. West Taliabu – AOI57. South Taliabu – AOI

MALUKU PROVINCE58. Buru Island – PMPA59. Buano Island – PMPA60. Marsegu Island – NMTP61. Kasa Island – NMTP62. Pombo Island – NMTP63. Lease Island – PMPA64. Sawai Bay – PMPA65. Koon-Neiden – PMPA66. Banda Sea – NTP67. Ay-Rhun Island – PMPA68. Kur Tayando TAM – PMPA69. Baeer Island – NTP70. Small Kei Islands – SIP71. Southeast of Aru Islands – PMPA72. Yamdena Islands – SIP73. Leti Island – PMPA74. Damar Island – PMPA75. Romang Island – PMPA76. Lucipara Islands – PMPA77. Lucipara Island and Seamount –

AOI

78. East Buru Seamount – AOI79. Manuk Island – AOI80. Aru Islands -- AOI81. Selaru Island – AOI82. Damar and Romang Island – AOI83. West Wetar – AOI

SOUTHEAST SULAWESI PROVINCE84. Wakatobi – NP

CENTRAL SULAWESI PROVINCE85. Morowali – PMPA86. South Buko-Banggai Islands –

CSICA87. Liang-Banggai Islands – CSICA88. Luwuk Kintom-Banggai -- CSICA89. East Luwuk-Banggai – CSICA90. Lamala-Banggai – CSICA91. Bualemo-Banggai – CSICA92. Pagimana-Banggai – CSICA93. Ampana City and Ampana Tete –

CSICA94. Poso – CSICA95. Tobe – PMPA96. Tomini – NMPA97. Togean Islands – NP98. Balaesang Tanjung-Donggala –

WR99. North Dampal – CSICA100. Ogodeide – CSICA101. Doboto – CSICA102. Buol – MNR103. Parigi Moutong – PMPA104. Southwest Tomini Bay – AOI105. Parigi – AOI106. Tombu Bay – AOI107. Northwest Tomini Bay – AOI108. Buol – AOI

GORONTALO PROVINCE109. Dulangka – CSICA110. Maruagi-Mabasar – CSICA111. Mabasar-Maruangi – PMPA

85

112. Tanjung Panjang – NR113. Tanjung Panjang – CSICA114. Monduli – CSICA115. Biluhu Timur – PMPA116. Leato Gorontalo Kota – MCA117. Olele Beach – PMPA118. South Gorontalo – NMPA119. Tolinggula – CSICA120. Sumalata – PMPA121. Popaya Island – MCA122. Popaya – PMPA123. Mas Popaya Raja – NR124. North Gorontalo – CSICA125. Dulanga-Maruangi-Mabasar – AOI126. Mandoli – AOI127. Botubarani – AOI128. Papaya – AOI129. Lowoo Malangoso – AOI

NORTH SULAWESI PROVINCE130. Komusi – PMPA131. Tanjung Sidupa – PMPA132. North Inomunga – PMPA133. Boroko – PMPA134. North Boroko – PMPA135. Tote – PMPA136. Lolanan – PMPA137. Libuton Molosing – PMPA138. South Minahasa – PMPA

139. Bajo – PMPA140. Bunaken – NP141. North Minahasa – PMPA142. Bitung (Lembeh Island) – PMPA143. Minahasa – PMPA144. Bentenan Satu – PMPA145. Tumbak Madani – PMPA146. Pidung Island – PMPA147. South Tobayagan – PMPA148. Sitaro Islands – PMPA149. Tatoareng Islands – SIP150. South Tabukan – PMPA151. Nusa Tabukan – PMPA152. Lipaeng – PMPA153. Kawaluso – PMPA154. Karore – PMPA155. North Tabukan – PMPA156. North Karakelong – PMPA157. South Karakelong -- PMPA158. Kabaruang – PMPA159. Seamount West Sangihe – AOI160. North Minahasa – AOI161. Luok Batu Merah – AOI162. Haji Cape – AOI163. Lito Bongkil – AOI164. Dudepo – AOI165. Motandoi – AOI166. Popaya Cape – AOI167. Minahasa – AOI

ACRONYMSAOI – Area of InterestNR – Nature ReserveWR – Wildlife ReserveNP – National ParkNTP – Nature Tourism ParkNMTP – Nature Marine Tourism ParkPMPA – Provincial MPA

NMPA – National MPACSICA – Coastal and Small Islands

Conservation AreaMCA – Marine Conservation AreaMNR – Marine Nature ReserveSIP – Small Island ParkMTP – Marine Tourism ParkCP – Coastal Park


86

REFERENCESADB (Asian Development Bank) 2014. State of the Coral Triangle: Indonesia. Report

prepared by the Asian Development Bank, Mandaluyong City, Philippines.

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The Indonesian Sustainable Ecosystems AdvancedProject (USAID SEA) is a five-year initiative that supportsthe Government of Indonesia to improve the governanceof fisheries and marine resources and to conservebiological diversity at local, district, provincial, andnational levels. USAID SEA is implemented through aconsortium of partners, and works in eastern Indonesiain the provinces of Maluku, North Maluku and WestPapua. It has assisted to add more than one millionhectares of new and well-designed marine protectedareas across these provinces since 2016.

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