A. Frank What’s on the way to Web 3.0? ?Web 3.0מה בדרך ל- אריאל פרנק מחלקה למדעי המחשב אוניברסיטת בר - אילן [email protected]

A. Frank

What’s on the way to Web 3.0?

?Web 3.0מה בדרך ל-

אריאל פרנקמחלקה למדעי המחשב

אוניברסיטת בר-אילן[email protected]

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Contents

• Web 1.0 & Web 2.0 highlights

• Tim O'Reilly’s 7 principles of Web 2.0

• Viewpoints on the next Web?

• What is Web 3.0?

• Web 3.0 applications

• Web 3.0 platforms

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Web 1.0• Interactive Web of Hypertext structure.• Passive use/access (read, browse, search).• First generation of the commercial Internet, dominated by

content that was only marginally interactive. • Usually big teams that slowly and expensively labored to

produce overly complex Web applications whose usability was low on behalf of clients with at best vague goals.

• Intermingled data, presentation, and logic on monolithic, static Web Pages (HTML).

• On the back end, most often powered by technologies such as CGI, Perl, ASP/JSP.

• On the front end, mainly built with Web standards: HTML for data and markup, Tables and CSS for layout, JavaScript for behavior.

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Web 2.0• Improved, richer Web application and user interaction.• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) business models.• Usually small, leaner, self-directed teams of sharp people that

quickly build sleeker Web applications that work better. • Separate Application Logic from pages (Web Services API)• On the back end, most often powered by open source

technologies like PHP or (especially) Ruby on Rails.• On the front end, mainly built with Web standards: XML for

data, XHTML for markup, CSS for layout, JavaScript and DOM for behavior, and AJAX for interactivity.

• Does not explicitly expose data models.

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“Web 2.0” Tags Cloud

,Open Gardens blog, Ajit Jaokarhttp://opengardensblog.futuretext.com/archives/2005/12/mobile_web_20_w.html

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Web 2.0 Key Phrases & Rational

• User created/contributed contents

• Contents publishing/sharing

• Rich User Interface (GUI/MUI)

• Online/Social collaboration (Community)

• Interactivity/Interaction

• Wisdom of the crowds

• Harness collective intelligence

• Monetization/Leveraging of the “long tail”

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Web 2.0 Techniques/Tools

• Blogs

• Wikis

• Podcasts/Vlogs (A/V Blogs)

• Syndication feeds (RSS, Atom)

• Tags (taxonomies called “Folksonomies”)

• Mashups (AJAX)

• Social Networks/Software

• Web Services (API)

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Example Web 2.0 Map Mashup

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Example Web 2.0 Satellite Mashup

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Tim O'Reilly’s 7 principles of Web 2.0 (1)

,Open Gardens blog, Ajit Jaokarhttp://opengardensblog.futuretext.com/archives/2006/04/tim_o_reillys_s.html

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Tim O'Reilly’s 7 Principles of Web 2.0 (2)

1. The Intelligent Web –The idea of “harnessing collective intelligence” – familiar principle of “wisdom of crowds” – the intelligence attributed to Web 2.0 arises from us as we begin to communicate.

2. The Web as a Platform – The only true infrastructure that unites us all together (any place, any time, any platform, etc.) – mass participation.

3. Data is the Next “Intel Inside” –Must have the capacity to process massive amounts of data – data is the Intelligence (Intel) inside.

4. End of the Software Release Cycle –The concept of “Software as a Service” (SaaS) – perpetual “beta” – software as a “Product” can never keep up-to-date with all the changing information and data sources.

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Tim O'Reilly’s 7 Principles of Web 2.0 (3)

5. Lightweight Programming Models –Use of lightweight programming models to reach more people and sources of information so as to enable vast data collection and more intelligent Web. Example (Amazon): use REST (Representational State Transfer), i.e., XML over HTTP, not SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) in Web services stack.

6. Software Above the Level of a Single Device –Many varied devices capture information with better flow of information between these devices.Example: PDA, Cellular, Mobile

7. Rich User Experiences –Enable better Web applications leading to more Web usage and better information flow on the Web.Example: AJAX, Mashups, Web Services API

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Web 2.0 Trends/Influences

hinchcliffe.org/ img/web2tree.jpg

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Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0

Dion Hinchcliffe, Enterprise Web 2.0,http://blogs.zdnet.com/Hinchcliffe/?p=71

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Creating Business Value with Web 2.0


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Learning Web 2.0 Trends in Business


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The (X+2)C Model of Web X.0Web 1.0 (1993-2003)

3C Model

Content(canned

by owners)

Communication(connection 1-way)

Commerce (cost)

Web 2.0 (2004-201?) 4C Model

Content(created/contributed

by users)

Communication(connection 2-way,

interactivity)

Commerce (cash)

Community(sharing, cooperation,

collaboration

Web 3.0 (201?-) 5C Model

Content(created/contributed

by users/agents)

Communication(connection n-way,

3D, virtual reality)

Commerce (cache)

Community(intelligent team work)

Context(personalization,

contextual-search)

Idea initially based on Web 3.0 = (4C+P+VC) Model suggested by

Sramana Mitra

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Viewpoints on the next Web (John Markoff, John Borland)

• A data/intelligent/semantic Web.• Online search more intelligent.• Efficient new ways to help computers organize and

draw conclusions from online data.• Give computers the ability – the seeming intelligence –

to understand content on the Web. • Data-surfing computer servants that automatically

reason their way through problems.• Truly intelligent software agents automatically helping

people find better answers to questions.• Provide the foundation for systems that can reason in a

human fashion - Web guided by common sense.

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Holy Grail for the next Web

• Say you'd had some lingering back pain: a program might determine a specialist's availability, check an insurance site's database for in-plan status, consult your calendar, and schedule an appointment.

• Another program might look up restaurant reviews, check a map database, cross-reference open table times with your calendar, and make a dinner reservation.

• Give a reasonable and complete response to: “I’m looking for a warm place to vacation and I have a budget of $3,000. Oh, and I have a dog with me.”

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The Semantic Web• Tim Berners-Lee originally expressed the vision of the

Semantic Web as follows: “I have a dream for the Web [in which computers]

become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A ‘Semantic Web’, which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The ‘intelligent agents’ people have touted for ages will finally materialize.”

Berners-Lee, Tim & Fischetti, Mark, Weaving the Web, Ch. 12, HarperSanFrancisco, 1999.

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Semantic Web Technologies• XML provides a surface syntax for structured documents, but

imposes no semantic constraints on the meaning of these documents.

• XML Schema is a language for restricting the structure and content elements of XML documents.

• RDF is a simple data model for referring to objects ("resources") and how they are related; An RDF-based model can be represented in XML syntax.

• RDF Schema is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF resources, with a semantics for generalization-hierarchies of such properties and classes.

• OWL adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: relations between classes, cardinality, equality, richer typing of properties, characteristics of properties, and enumerated classes.

• SPARQL is a protocol and query language for Semantic Web data sources.

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Initial use of these techniques (John Borland)

• Yahoo's food section organized to be more searchable. • Citigroup organizes and correlates information from

diverse financial-data feeds to help identify capital-market investment opportunities.

• Used in Oracle's latest, most powerful database suite. • Production by Hewlett-Packard of open-source tools

for creating Semantic Web applications. • Construction of massive scientific databases,

on genetic/biotech papers, such as the Creative Commons-affiliated Neurocommons.

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Example of next Web unknowns

• Are the “Data Web”, “Intelligent Web” and the “Semantic Web” the same thing?

• Will Human/AI constructed systems be the driving force behind the next Web or whether intelligence will emerge in a more organic fashion, from technologies that systematically extract meaning from the existing Web?

• What will prevail from the various organizational techniques, different kinds of data order, and variety of ways to unearth data on the Web and reuse it in new Web applications?

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What is Web 3.0?• Web 3.0 is a term coined to describe the

evolution of Web usage and interaction.

• What will the Web 3.0 be/look like?

– 3D Web?!

– WebOS?!

– The (transformed) Data Web?

– The (artificially) Intelligent Web?

– The (subset) Semantic Web?

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3D Web!?

• Evolution towards the 3 dimensional vision championed by the Web3D Consortium.

• Open up new ways to connect, interact and collaborate using 3D shared spaces.

• The Web will transform into a series of 3D virtual worlds, taking the concept realized by Second Life further.

• Overlay of Scalable Vectors Graphics (SVG).

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WebOS!?

• “The emergent Internet operating system" as an open collection of Web services (Tim O'Reilly, April 2002).

• Relevant Operating Systems technologies:– Distributed systems, utility/grid computing– Ubiquitous connectivity (broadband access, mobile

Internet access and mobile devices) – On-demand software services (SaaS)– Web Desktops (WebTops)

• Examples: YouOS, Goowy, G.ho.st, DesktopTwo

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The (transformed) Data Web?• Transforming the Web into a database, or a Web of

distributed databases – World Wide Database (WWD).• The focus is principally on making structured data

available using reusable and remotely query-oriented formats, such as XML, RDF and microformats.

• The recent growth of SPARQL technology provides a standardized query language and API for searching across distributed RDF databases on the Web.

• The Data Web enables a new level of data integration and application interoperability, making data as openly accessible and linkable as Web pages. – Standards: XML, RDF(S), OWL, SWRL, SPARQL

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The (artificially) Intelligent Web?

• Academic research is being conducted to develop software for reasoning, based on description logic and intelligent agents.

• Such applications can perform logical reasoning operations using sets of rules that express logical relationships between concepts and data on the Web.

• Relevant AI technologies:– Natural Language Processing (NLP)

– Machine Learning/Reasoning

– Data/Text Mining techniques

– Autonomous/Intelligent software agents

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The (subset) Semantic Web?

• The next step on the path towards the full Semantic Web.

• Widen the scope such that both structured data and even unstructured or semi-structured content (such as Web pages, documents, etc.) will be widely available in RDF and OWL semantic formats.

• It can reason about itself in a quasi-human fashion. • Relevant Semantic Web technologies:

– Knowledge Representation/Management– Metadata and Ontologies– Semantic application platforms– Statement-based data stores

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Web 3.0 Technicalities

• Separate Data (Data Models), Presentation (HTML and XHTML) and Logic (Web Services APIs)

• Transitions Web containment from Web Pages to Web Data.

• Simplifies the development and deployment of Data Model driven composite applications that provide easy, transparent and organized access to the world’s data, information, and knowledge.

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KnowItAll Opine (Univ. of Washington)

• Designed to extract and aggregate user-posted information from product and review sites and to provide useful direct answers.

• One demonstration project focusing on hotels “understands” concepts like room temperature, bed comfort and hotel price, can distinguish between concepts like “great,” “almost great” and “mostly O.K.”, and knows that “spotless” is better than “clean”.

• Weighs and ranks all of the user comments and finds, by cognitive deduction, just the right hotel for a particular user.

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Opine

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Joost• New Internet television startup formed by the creators

of Skype and Kazaa.• First online global TV distribution platform using

customizable peer-to-peer TV software.• Use of RDF and RDFS/OWL notations allows writing

software without worrying about widely varying content-use restrictions or national regulations, all of which is accommodated afterwards using RDF's Semantic Web linkages.

• Users have wide-ranging control over the service and can program their own virtual TV networks by using the powerful search and filtering capacity inherent in the semantic ordering of data.

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Joost Screenshots

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Radar Networks• Full development platform for commercial Semantic Web

applications. • Exploits the content of social networking/computing sites.• Technology is based on a next-generation database system that

stores associations, such as one person’s relationship to another (colleague, friend, brother), rather than specific items like text or numbers.

• Provides collaboration and information-sharing tools. • Tools will be based on familiar ideas such as sharing

bookmarks, notes, and documents, but ordering and linking this data within the basic Semantic Web framework will help teams analyze their work more efficiently.

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Radar Networks

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Metaweb Technologies

• Goal is to help build a better infrastructure for the Web application developers and publishers.

• Will enable to extract ordered knowledge out of the information chaos that is the current Internet.

• Focus on organizing and managing complex data structures (uses Semantic Web Technologies?).

• Free + Database = Freebase.comOpen shared database of the world’s knowledge that collects data from all over the internet to build a massive, collaboratively-edited database of cross-linked data.

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Metaweb Technologies

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Freebase.com

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SemantiNet

• Develops a semantic framework solution that allows for rapid deployment of Web mashups, applications and services, in a way that will enhance the way people use the internet.

• The first step was aggregating the information – the next step is mashing it all together using semantic technologies.

• The idea is to bring the content to the user rather than the user to the content.

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SemantiNet

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Web 4.0)?-:

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References• Web 3.0, In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://

en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_3.0&oldid=123368293

• Web 3.0, Jeffrey Zeldman, A List apart (Blog), January 16, 2006, http://www.alistapart.com/articles/web3point0

• Entrepreneurs See a Web Guided by Common Sense, John Markoff , New York Times, November 12, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/business/12web.html?ex=1320987600&en=254d697964cedc62&ei=5088

• Parts I & II: A Smarter Web, John Borland, Technology Review, March 19-20, 2007, http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/18396/

• Ajit Jaokar, Open Gardens (Blog), http://opengardensblog.futuretext.com/

• Dion Hinchcliffe, Enterprise Web 2.0 (Blog), http://blogs.zdnet.com/Hinchcliffe/

• Web 3.0 = (4C+P+VC), Sramana Mitra (Blog), http://www.sramanamitra.com/blog/572

Documents

A. Frank What’s on the way to Web 3.0? ?Web 3.0מה בדרך ל- אריאל פרנק מחלקה למדעי המחשב אוניברסיטת בר - אילן [email protected]