3
5/19/2018 ADifferential-pressureProbeforVelocityMeasurementsinSwirlingAirFlo... http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/a-differential-pressure-probe-for-velocity-measurements-in-swir Tihon l; Sobolik V (1993) Dynamics of electrodiffusion probes in wavy film flow. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Electrodiffusion Diagnostics of Flows, Dourdan, France, pp 397 404 Wang DM; Tarbell JM (1993) An approximate solution for the dynamic response of wall transfer probes. Int I Heat Mass Transfer 36:4341 4349 Wein O (1981) On the transient Leveque s problem with an applica- tion in electrochemistry. Collect Czech Chem Comm un 46: 3209-3220 134 A differential pressure U Schmidt Experiments n Fluids 0 1995) 134 135 Sp ring er-V erlag 995 probe for velocity measurements in swirling air flows Abstract For measuring air velocities in swirling flows a differential pressure probe of small axial length was devel- oped. The determination of the velocity is based on mea- suring the difference between the stagnation pressure and the base pressure of a circular disk whose surface is perpendi- cular to the main flow direction. 1 Introduction In situations when laser-Doppler or hot-wire anemometers are not available or difficult to apply, air flow velocities are often measured with differential-pressure probes, e.g. the classical Prandtl tube or, with a much higher degree of directional resolution, five- and seven-hole probes (e.g. Ostowari and Wentz 1983; Zilliac 1993). Its relatively large length makes the Prandtl probe inappropriate for being used in swirling flows where the radius of curvature of the streamlines is of the same order of magnitude or even smaller than the axial dimension of the probe. For measuring air velocities in such flows with swirl a pressure probe of small axial length has been developed that is described in this Note. The probe is based on measuring the difference between the stagnation (total) pres- sure and the base pressue of a circular disk whose surface is perpendicular to the main flow direction. The probe has been found to be useful for measuring the air velocities in a cyclone separator. Received: 13 December 1994~Accepted: 4 July 995 U. Schmidt Lehrstuhl ffir Apparatebau, Universit~t Essen, D-45117 Essen, Germany Design of the probe The probe consists of two parallel tubes of outer diameter d and a circular plane disk of diameter D = 2d mounted between the two tubes at their ends (Fig. 1). The probe should be oriented such that the disk is perpendicular to the main flow direction. The longer tube, mounted on the upstream side o the disk, has in its wall a hole of diameter do = D/6 posi- tioned in the axis of the disk and facing against the flow direction, so that the total pressure can be sensed because the lower end of this tube, at the rim of the disk, is closed. The open end of the second shorter tube on the downstream side o the disk is exposed to the base pressure in the separated flow (Fig. 1). The two tubes of inner diameter 45d are connected to a differential pressure gauge whose reading can be calibrated in terms of the air flow velocity. Because of its small extent in flow direction the probe is appropriate for being used in the afore-mentioned swirling flows existing, e.g., in a cyclone separator. A probe has been built with brass tubes of outer diam eter d-- 2 mm. This allowed to introduce the probe into the flow through 4 mm holes drilled in the wall of the cyclone. 3 Calibration of the probe The measured pressure difference Ap ~- (Plolal --Pbase ) is set proportional to the dynamic pressure: 1 w 2 with p being the fluid density and w the flow velocity. For a Prandtl tube one has K = 1. Since the base pressure is usuall lower than the static pressure in the free stream, the K-value fo this probe should be smaller than one. The values of K that

A Differential-pressure Probe for Velocity Measurements in Swirling Air Flows

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    Tihon l ; Sobo l ik V (1993) Dynam ics o f e lec t rod if fus ion p robes in

    wavy f ilm f low. Proceed ings o f the 3 rd In te rna t iona l W orkshop on

    Electrodiffusion Diagnostics of Flows, Dou rdan, F rance,

    pp

    397 404

    Wan g DM; Tarbe l l JM (1993) An a pprox im ate so lu t ion fo r the

    dynamic response o f wa ll t r ans fe r p robes . In t I Hea t Mass Trans fe r

    36:4341 4349

    Wein O (1981) On the t r ans ien t Leveque s p rob lem w i th an app l ica -

    t ion in electroche mistry. Collect Czech Chem C omm un 46:

    3209-3220

    134

    A d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e

    U S ch m id t

    Experiments n Fluids

    0 1 9 9 5 )

    134 135 Sp ring er-V erlag995

    p r o b e f o r v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s in s w i r l i n g a i r f l o w s

    Ab s t r a c t

    F o r m e a s u r i n g a i r v e l o c i t ie s i n s w i r l i n g f lo w s a

    d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e p r o b e o f s m a l l a x i a l l e n g t h w a s d e v e l -

    o p e d . T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t he v e l o c i t y i s b a s e d o n m e a -

    s u r i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a n d t h e

    b a s e p r e s s u r e o f a c i r c u l a r d i s k w h o s e s u r f a c e i s p e r p e n d i -

    c u l a r t o t h e m a i n f l o w d i r e c t i o n .

    1

    Int roduct ion

    I n s i t u a t io n s w h e n l a s e r - D o p p l e r o r h o t - w i r e a n e m o m e t e r s a r e

    n o t a v a i l a b l e o r d i f f i c u lt t o a p p l y , a i r f l o w v e l o c i t ie s a r e o f t e n

    m e a s u r e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t i a l - p r e s s u r e p r o b e s , e .g . th e c l a s s i c a l

    P r a n d t l tu b e o r , w i t h a m u c h h i g h e r d e g r e e o f d i r e c t i o n a l

    r e s o l u t i o n , f i ve - a n d s e v e n - h o l e p r o b e s ( e .g . O s t o w a r i a n d

    W e n t z 1 9 83 ; Z i l l i a c 1 9 93 ). I t s r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e l e n g t h m a k e s

    t h e P r a n d t l p r o b e i n a p p r o p r i a t e f o r b e i n g u s e d i n s w i r li n g

    f lo w s w h e r e t h e r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e o f t h e s t r e a m l i n e s i s o f t h e

    s a m e o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e o r e v e n s m a l l e r t h a n t h e a x i al

    d i m e n s i o n o f t h e p r o b e . F o r m e a s u r i n g a i r v e l o c it i es in s u c h

    f lo w s w i t h s w i r l a p r e s s u r e p r o b e o f s m a l l a x i al l e n g t h h a s b e e n

    d e v e l o p e d t h a t i s d e s c r i b e d i n t h is N o t e . T h e p r o b e i s b a s e d o n

    m e a s u r i n g t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s t a g n a t i o n ( t o t a l ) p r e s -

    s u r e a n d t h e b a s e p r e s s u e o f a c i rc u l a r d i s k w h o s e s u r f a c e i s

    p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e m a i n f l o w d i r e c t i o n . T h e p r o b e h a s b e e n

    f o u n d t o b e u s e f u l f o r m e a s u r i n g t h e a i r v e l o c i t i e s i n a c y c l o n e

    s e p a r a t o r .

    Received: 13 Dece mber 1994~Accepted: 4 July 995

    U. Schmid t

    Lehrstuhl ff i r Appara tebau, Universit~t Essen,

    D-45117 Essen, Germany

    D e s i g n o f t h e p r o b e

    T h e p r o b e c o n s i s t s o f t w o p a r a l l e l t u b e s o f o u t e r d i a m e t e r d

    a n d a c i r c u la r p l a n e d i s k o f d i a m e t e r D = 2 d m o u n t e d b e t w e e n

    t h e t w o t u b e s a t t h e i r e n d s ( F i g . 1 ) . T h e p r o b e s h o u l d b e

    o r i e n t e d s u c h t h a t t h e d i s k is p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e m a i n f l o w

    d i r e c ti o n . T he l o n g e r t u b e, m o u n t e d o n t h e u p s t r e a m s i d e o

    t h e d i s k , h a s i n i t s w a l l a h o l e o f d i a m e t e r d o =

    D / 6

    p o s i -

    t i o n e d i n t h e a x i s o f th e d i s k a n d f a c i n g a g a i n s t t h e f lo w

    d i r e c t i o n , s o t h a t t h e t o t a l p r e s s u r e c a n b e s e n s e d b e c a u s e t h e

    l o w e r e n d o f t h i s t u b e , a t t h e r i m o f th e d i s k , is c l o s e d . T h e

    o p e n e n d o f th e s e c o n d s h o r t e r t u b e o n t h e d o w n s t r e a m s i de o

    t h e d i s k i s e x p o s e d t o t h e b a s e p r e s s u r e i n t h e s e p a r a t e d f l o w

    ( F ig . 1 ). T h e t w o t u b e s o f i n n e r d i a m e t e r 4 5 d a r e c o n n e c t e d t o

    a d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e g a u g e w h o s e r e a d i n g c a n b e c a l i b r a t e d i n

    t e r m s o f t h e a i r f l o w v e l o c it y .

    B e c a u s e o f i ts s m a l l e x t e n t i n f l o w d i r e c t i o n t h e p r o b e i s

    a p p r o p r i a t e f o r b e i n g u s e d i n t h e a f o r e - m e n t i o n e d s w i r l i n g

    f l ow s e x i s t i n g , e. g ., i n a c y c l o n e s e p a r a t o r . A p r o b e h a s b e e n

    b u i l t w i t h b r a s s t u b e s o f o u t e r d i a m e t e r d - - 2 m m . T h i s a l l o w e d

    t o i n t r o d u c e t h e p r o b e i n t o t h e f l o w t h r o u g h 4 m m h o l e s

    d r i l l e d i n t h e w a l l o f th e c y c l o n e .

    3

    C al ib r a t io n o f t h e p r o b e

    T h e m e a s u r e d p r e s s u r e d i f f e re n c e

    A p ~ -

    (Plolal --P base )

    i s se t p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e d y n a m i c p r e s s u r e :

    1 w 2

    w i t h p b e i n g t h e f l u i d d e n s i t y a n d w t h e f l o w v e l o c i ty . F o r

    a P r a n d t l t u b e o n e h a s K = 1 . S i n c e th e b a s e p r e s s u r e i s u s u a l l

    l o w e r t h a n t h e s t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n t h e f r e e s tr e a m , t h e K - v a l u e f o

    t h i s p r o b e s h o u l d b e s m a l l e r t h a n o n e . T h e v a l u e s o f K t h a t

  • 5/19/2018 A Differential-pressure Probe for Velocity Measurements in Swirling Air Flo...

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    i

    NI -

    \

    r o = D / 8 r s = 0 , 1 s / ( s / 2 )

    I D - - ,

    Fig. 1. Design of disk prob e

    - - - - - - - @ - -

    ~ - - - - - D - . - _ . ~

    0 . 8 5

    0 . 8 0 -

    K = 0 . 7 6

    /

    9 & A / 9 & 9

    v . 0 . 7 5 - 9

    0 . 7 0

    0 .6 5 ~.~ ~ ~ ', . . . . ', , . : , , i . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

    l x l 0 4 3 x 1 0 ' * 5 x i 0 4 ' 7 x 1 0 4

    R e

    Fig. 2. C alibration of factor K versus R eynolds num ber

    m u s t b e d e t e r m i n e d b y c a l i b ra t io n a r e e x p e c t e d t o d e p e n d o n

    t h e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r ,

    R e .

    A s t r o n g d e p e n d e n c e o n

    R e

    h o w -

    e v e r, w o u l d b e o f g re a t i n c o n v e n i e n c e ( O w e r a n d P a n k h u r s t

    1 9 7 7 ) . A n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t K m i g h t b e i n d e p e n d e n t o f R e

    f o r c e r t a in r a n g e s o f t h e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r i s g i v e n b y t h e

    o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e d r a g o f a d is k e x p o s e d n o r m a l l y t o t h e

    f lo w is a l m o s t c o n s t a n t f o r R e - n u m b e r s a r o u n d 1 0 4 t o 1 0 5 (see,

    e .g ., De b l e r 1990) a n d b y t he f a c t t ha t t he d r a g o f s uc h a d i s k i s

    a l m o s t t o t a l l y it s b a s e d r a g .

    K - n u m b e r s h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d b y t a k i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s

    i n t h e f u l l y d e v e l o p e d a i r f lo w i n a p i p e a t R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s

    1 . 1 . 1 0 4

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