A cross-cultural comparison usingMMPI profiles from college students

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Authors Penn, Mary Pamela, 1939-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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A GROSS “CULTURAL COMPARISON USING MMPI PROFILES

FROM COLLEGE STUDENTS

by

Mary Pamela Penn

A Thesis Subm itted to th e F a c u lty of th e

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY

In P a r t i a l F u lf illm e n t o f th e Requirements For th e Degree o f

MASTER OF ARTS

In th e Graduate College

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

19 6 3

STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This th e s is has been subm itted in p a r t i a l fu lf i l lm e n t of r e ­quirem ents fo r an advanced degree a t th e U n iv ersity of Arizona and i s deposited in The U n iv ersity L ib rary to be made a v a ila b le to bor­rowers under ru le s of th e L ib ra ry .

B rie f q u o ta tio n s from th i s th e s is a re allow able w ithout sp e c ia l perm ission , provided th a t accu ra te acknowledgment of source i s made. Requests fo r perm ission f o r extended q u o ta tio n from o r reproduction of th i s m anuscript in whole or in p a r t may be granted by th e head of th e major department or th e Dean of th e Graduate College when in th e i r judgment th e proposed use of th e m a te r ia l i s in th e in te r e s ts of s ch o la rsh ip . In a l l o th er in s ta n c e s , however, perm ission must be obtained from th e a u th o r•

SIGNEDI

APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR

This th e s is has been approved on th e date shown below:

^6-e-cv—& Q . \ "So,R. G. THARP Date

A ss is ta n t P ro fesso r of Psychology

Acknowledgments

The au thor w ishes to express h er g ra titu d e to D r@ Tharp fo r

h is constan t encouragement and a s s is ta n c e throughout th e course of

th i s study®

Dr® H ertz and Dr® Meadow should a lso be thanked f o r th e i r

p a t ie n t read ing and c o n s tru c tiv e c r i t ic is m o f th e p re lim in ary d ra f t

o f th e study®

An in v e s tig a tio n l ik e th i s would be im possible w ithout th e

cooperation o f co n sc ien tious subjects®

iii

Table Of ContentsPage

Acknowledgments i l l

L is t of Tables v

L is t o f E igures v i

In tro d u c tio n 1

Methods 4

Problem and Hypothesis 9

Method 10

S ub jec t 10

Procedure 15

R esu lts . 16

Conclusions 28

P ro f i le d e sc rip tio n s 33

D iscussion 45

Summary 48

B ibliography 50

iv

List of TablesTable

lo Means from Nine S tu d ies on Male College S tudents

2s Means from 17 S tu d ies on Female College S tudents

3o Standard D eviations from Nine S tu d ie s on College Males

4® Standard D eviations from 10 S tu d ie s on College Females

5o Comparison o f Means Between Male Mexiean-Ameriean and Male Heterogeneous College S tudents

6 « Comparison o f Means Between Female Mexiean-Ameriean and Female Heterogeneous College S tudents

7® Comparison o f V ariances between Mexiean-Ameriean and Heterogeneous American College S tudents

8 ® Number of Mexiean-Ameriean S tuden ts Receiving T Scores Over 70

9® Comparison o f Means Between Sexes o f Heterogeneous American College S tudents

10® Comparison o f Means Between Sexes of Mexiean-Ameriean College S tudents

Page11

12

13

14

21

22

23

25

30

32

v

List of FiguresFigure

1«,. Range, mean, and mode f o r Mexiean-Ameriean eo lleg e males

2o Range, mean, and mode fo r Mexican-American eo lleg e fem ales

3o Goaparison of means between male Mexiean-Ameriean and male heterogeneous eo lleg e stu d en ts

4° Comparison of means between fem ale Mexiean-Ameriean and fem ale heterogeneous eo lleg e stu d en ts

5® Number of Mexiean-Ameriean s tu d en ts rece iv in g T scores above 7© on each of th e e l in i c a l sca le s

Page

17

18

19

20

26

vi

Introduction

The study of c u ltu re -a n d -p e rso n a lity i s th a t d is c ip l in e which

seeks to describe each so c ie ty ’s unique combination o f t r a i t s and m otives,

and th e method by which th e so c ie ty im parts t h i s combination to i t s in d i­

v id u a l members- During th e 1920’s , c u l tu r a l an th ro p o lo g is ts concen trated

th e i r e f fo r ts towards d escrib in g v ario u s p rim itiv e s o c ie tie s - In 1937

Kardiner and L inton suggested a ’’b as ic p e rso n a li ty s t r u c tu r e ,” thus

in troducing a psychodynamic approach in to th e a rea- They defined th i s

s tru c tu re as ’’th a t p e rs o n a li ty co n fig u ra tio n found in an y -so c ie ty which

i s shared by th e bu lk o f th e s o c ie ty ’s members as a r e s u l t of th e e a r ly

experiences which th ey have in common” (Sargent & W illiam son, 1958, p ,

67 ). Hewes (1954) in d ica ted th a t a f t e r World War I I , a t te n t io n s h if te d

to th e d e sc rip tio n of modal p e r s o n a l i t ie s in n a tio n a l s ta te s - ”Modal

p e rso n a lity ” r e fe r s to th e ’’most freq u en t or c h a ra c te r is t ic p a tte rn s -

appearing among members of a c u l tu ra l group” (Sargent & W illiamson, 1958,

p . 7 0 ). Thus a tendency towards d e sc rip tio n of th e most common person­

a l i t y type rep laced attem pted d e f in it io n s o f th e dynamics co n trib u tin g

to p e rso n a li ty form ation w ith in c u ltu re s - Accompanying th i s change was

an emphasis on la rg e r , more complex c u l tu ra l groups r a th e r than th e more

sim ple p rim itiv e s o c ie t ie s .

A thorough understanding of th e Mexican p e rso n a li ty i s d e s ira b le

because of Mexico’s p rox im ity to th e U nited S ta te s , and because of th e

in flu en ce th a t th e Mexican-Americans e x e rt as a prominent southw estern

su b c u ltu ra l group«, Mexieo su ffe red a psychic trauma during th e Conquest

(1519-1521 a f t e r which th e e n t i re Mexican people was subjugated to th e

conquering Spaniards® Hewes (1954$ Po 217)' b e liev es t h a t "a n a tio n a l

in f e r io r i ty complex was th u s born9 to be n u rtu red fo r th re e ce n tu rie s o f

C olon ial dom ination®11 The cu rren t dominant Mexican ty p e i s th e m estizo „

a name used to d esigna te th e Spanish"Indian c u ltu ra l blend® This r a th e r

complete tra n sp la n tin g of Spanish c u ltu re to an Ind ian popu la tion has

re s u lte d in p resen t-d ay Mexico® In a thorough d e sc r ip tio n o f f iv e

Mexican fa m ilie s 9 Lewis (1959)' lu c id ly p o rtra y s th e extreme poverty

p re v a ilin g in Mexico City® Ramos (Hewes3 1954) fu r th e r e lu c id a te s th e

Mexican*s d e s t i tu t io n by a sc rib in g ' to him th e name uelado — nobody®

The uelado f in d s h im self in a h o s t i le environmentg a g a in s t which he

t r a d i t io n a l ly r e a c ts w ith v e rb a l violence® This v io le n t re a c tio n i s

not always v e rb a l $ however, f o r “Mexico has a n a tio n a l homicide r a te

exceeded only by I t a l y 8s tt (Hewes, 1954, p° 217}'o Tavera (Hewes, 1954)

claim s th a t th e uelado ® fin d in g h im self a t th e n ad ir o f th e so c ia l system ,

b o ls te r s h is ego by becoming th e r u le r of women, c h ild re n , and domestic

animals® In a gen era l d e sc rip tio n o f h is Mexican countrymen, I tu r r ia g a

claim s th a t th ey a re “sen tim en ta l, in tro v e r te d , in d e c is iv e , seldom

pun c tu a l, u su a lly vague in th e i r n o tio n s o f space and tim e , and unable

to a r r iv e a t p o s it iv e conclusions11 (Hewes, 1954, p@ 221)®

N early a l l observers of Mexican c u ltu re e lab o ra te upon th e acu te

emphasis on m asculine v i r i l i t y — macho® Concomitant w ith macho i s th e

subservience and i n f e r io r i ty o f females® Male v i r i l i t y i s evaluated

by th e Mexicans in term s o f sexual po ten tia l® Humphrey (1948) re p o rts

th a t seduction becomes a male goal and game®

A prim ary aim o f Mexican p u b lic education , says Diaz-Guerrero

(1955 )'s i s to fu r th e r acquain t th e c h ild w ith h is expected ro le as a

male or femaleo The same au thor claim s th a t th e r a th e r re ce n t p ra c tic e

o f allow ing a Mexican g i r l to a tte n d a u n iv e rs i ty had le d to boys

remarking th a t such a g i r l has “m issed sev e ra l periods o11 Bather than

meaning th a t she i s p regnan t, th ey in ten d to imply th a t she i s becoming

m asculinee

J u s t as th e Mexican male a ttem pts to prove h is v i r i l i t y , th e

Mexican fem ale8 s c h a s t i ty i s w ell-guarded by a l l h e r male r e la t iv e s e

A ll ch ild re n must le a rn to obey t h e i r f a th e r s , bu t th e id e a l female

m ain tains t h i s subm issive, obedient r o le throughout h er l i f e 0 A fra id

th a t h is w ife w i l l become a p r o s t i tu te i f she experiences s a t is f a c t io n

in th e sexual sph ere , th e Mexican male devaluates h er as a sexual o b je c t ,

w hile t r e a t in g h is lo v e r w ith L a tin f in e s s e = The rampant drunkenness

which c h a ra c te r iz e s Mexico i s a Mexican, not a Spanish , t r a i t (Hewes, 1954-)®

This drunkenness f u r th e r in te n s i f ie s th e i n s t a b i l i t y o f Mexican marriages®

D iaz-Guerrero s ta t e s th a t d esp ite th e ab so lu te p a te rn a l a u th o r ity , th e

“mother i s th e fam ily a f fe e t io n a l f ig u re to such an ex ten t th a t l a t e r in

l i f e , love and devotion to o n e 's mother may in te r f e r e w ith th e expected

degree o f love and devotion shown to o n e 's w ife" (Fernandez-M arina,

M aldonado-Sierra, & T ren t, 1958, p® 48)= These au th o rs argue th a t th e

w ife 's in a b i l i ty to rep la ce th e mother r e s u l t s in her husband 's abuse

and b ru ta l trea tm en t toward her®

Bamirez and P arres (1957) attem pted to d efine psychodynamic

p a tte rn s in Mexican fam ilies® During th e f i r s t year o f an in f a n t 's l i f e ,

th e re i s an in te n se m other-ch ild re la t io n s h ip 0 They m ain ta in th a t t h i s

4F i r s t p o s it iv e re la t io n s h ip i s probably b as ic to many o f th e p o s itiv e

values in th e Mexican c u l tu re . In c o n tra s t to th e in ten se m other-ch ild

r e la t io n s h ip , th e em otional, i f not p h y s ic a l, d is s o lu tio n o f th e f a th e r -

c h ild re la t io n s h ip i s typical® These same au thors re p o r t th a t th e f a th e r

i s absen t from 32% o f th e Mexican fam ilies® Furtherm ore, 70% of th ese

abandonments co incide w ith th e w ife ’s pregnancy® The th i r d im portant

p a t te rn i s th e sudden, traum atic ru p tu re o f th e m other-ch ild tie® This

ru p tu re i s p re c ip i ta te d by th e b i r th o f th e next sibling® The Mexican

male ap p aren tly seeks th e re -e s tab lish m en t o f th i s ru p tu red re la t io n s h ip

throughout th e rem ainder o f h is existence® During ado lescence, when he

i s seeking a p o te n t ia l m ate, th e Mexican male f i r s t f in d s an " id ea l"

g i r l whom he w i l l marry® Having found an id e a l mate, he regards a l l

o th er g i r l s as o b jec ts o f seduction®

Bringing w ith them th e i r Mexican c u l tu ra l p a t te rn s , immigrants

to th e U nited S ta te s a re confronted w ith a unique s e t o f problems® Upon

reaching school age , th e Mexican c h ild le a rn s English and th en f e e ls

su p e rio r to h is p a ren ts by v ir tu e of th e f a c t th a t he i s th e c h ie f t r a n s ­

la to r and in te rp r e te r to h is parents® The dichotomous s i tu a t io n of being

a lo y a l American a t school and a lo y a l Mexican a t home c re a te s fo r th e

c h ild an alm ost in so lu b le conflict® The lo y a l Mexican must bow to

p a re n ta l a u th o r ity and co n trib u te to f a m il ia l support® On th e o ther

hand, th e American id e a l d ic ta te s th a t "d u tie s a re owed la rg e ly to one’s

s e l f , and th a t th e main ends of l i f e l i e in th e realm o f enjoyment"

(Humphrey, 1945, p® 74)®

Methods» C ro ss -c u ltu ra l comparisons have been made by many

in v e s t ig a to rs , through th e use of a v a r ie ty o f techniques® Most of

5th ese s tu d ie s 5 however5 have employed p ro je c tiv e t e s t s as th e re sea rch

to o l « Sandberg (1956) advocates th e use of s tru c tu re d t e s t s fo r in t e r -

c u l tu ra l in v e s tig a tio n s because of t h e i r g re a te r am en ab ility to s t a t i s ­

t i c a l tre a tm e n t«

Since i t s p u b lic a tio n in 194-0$ th e Minnesota M ultiphasic Person­

a l i t y Inventory (MMPl) has become one of th e most w idely-used of a l l

p e rso n a li ty in v en to rieso I t i s unique because i t i s one of th e few

em pirica lly -dev ised in stru m en ts» From an o r ig in a l l i s t of more than a

thousand q u e s tio n s? th e authors Hathaway and McKinley se le c te d 550

questions which, in t o t o . "provide an estim ate of symptomatic syndromes

commonly recognized among persons w ith c l in i c a l problems" (Hathaway &

McKinley, 1951» p « 22)» Besides fo u r v a l id i ty s c a le s , th e MMPI con ta ins

n ine o r ig in a l c l in i c a l s c a le s . Most o f th e se sca le s were constructed by

■ comparing h o sp ita liz e d p a tie n ts (with th e ap p ro p ria te c l in i c a l d iagnoses)

to " n o r m a l s T h e p a t ie n ts were in th e p sy c h ia tr ic u n i ts of th e Uni­

v e r s i ty of Minnesota h o s p ita ls . The "normals" were m arried v i s i to r s a t

th e h o s p ita ls and c l in ic s ; and co lleg e s tuden ts from th e U n iv ersity of

Minnesota were a lso used .

The Minnesota M ultiphasic P e rso n a lity Inventory Manual (Hathaway

& McKinley, 1951$ Oh. 4-) provides th e fo llow ing d e sc rip tio n s of te n of

th e c l in ic a l s c a le s i

1 . The Hypochondriasis S cale (Hs) = The Hs s c a le i s a measure of amount.of abnormal concern about b o d ily fu n c tio n s . . . .

2. The D epression Scale (D)» The D sca le measures th e depth o f th e c l in i c a l ly recognized symptom or symptom complex, depres­sion . . . . A high D score in d ic a te s poor m orale of th e emotional type w ith a fe e lin g of u se le ssn ess and in a b i l i ty to assume a normal optimism w ith regard to th e fu tu re . . . .

3 . The H ysteria Scale (Hy). The Hy sca le measures th e degree

6

to which th e su b jec t i s l ik e p a t ie n ts who have developed conversion- type h y s te r ia symptoms « • « •

4® The Psychopathic D eviate S ca le (Pd)'e The Pd sca le measures th e s im i la r i ty o f th e su b jec t to a group of persons whose main d i f f i c u l ty l i e s in t h e i r absence o f deep em otional response^ th e i r in a b i l i t y to p r o f i t from experience j, and th e i r d is reg a rd o f s o c ia l 2B.03T@S3 © 0 0 0

5® The In te re s t S ca le (Mf)® This sc a le measures th e tendency toward m ascu lin ity o r fe m in in ity o f in te r e s t p a t te r n | sep ara te T scores a re provided f o r th e two sexes® In e i th e r case a high score in d ic a te s a d ev ia tio n o f th e b a s ic in te r e s t p a t te rn in th e d ire c t io n o f th e opposite sex ® ® ® ®

60 The Paranoia S cale (Pa)® The Pa sca le was derived by c o n tra s tin g normal persons w ith a group of c l in ic p a t ie n ts who were ch a rac te rize d by susp ic iousness s o v e r s e n s i t iv i ty and de lusions o f persfecutioBj, w ith or w ithout expansive egotism ® ® ® ®

7® The Psyohasthenia S cale (PtJ® The P t s c a le measures th e s im i la r i ty of th e s u b je c t8s responses to those p a t ie n ts who are tro u b le d by phobias o r compulsive behavior ® ® ® ® F requen tly a psychasthenic tendency may be m anifested merely, in a m ild depressionj, excessive worry, lack o f confidence, o r in a b i l i t y to concen tra te ® ® ® ®

8 ® The Schizophrenia S cale (Sc)® The Sc sc a le measures th e s im i la r i ty o f th e s u b je c t8s responses to those p a t ie n ts who a re c h a ra c te r is e d by b iz a r re and unusual thoughts or behavior ® > « ®

9® The Hypomania S cale (jfeJ® The Ma sc a le measures th e p e rso n a li ty f a c to r c h a ra c te r is t ic of persons w ith marked over- p ro d u c tiv ity in thought or a c tio n » ® ® ®

10o The S o c ia l I® E® S cale (S ilo The S i sca le aims to measure th e tendency to withdraw from s o c ia l con tac t w ith others®

I t should be noted th a t th e S i s c a le was s tandard ised on co llege s tu d e n ts ,

and u n lik e th e o th e r s c a le s , th e T sco res a re th e same f o r both males and

females® .

A fte r th e MMPI i s scored , th e raw scores a re converted to T

sco res according to th e form ula

T = 50 * IQ te i - Ml SD

where XL is th e raw sco re , and M and. SD a re th e means and th e standard

d e v ia tio n . o f th e raw sco res in th e p a r t ic u la r sca le f o r th e Minnesota

normative group® T scores shove §0 a re in c reas in g ly , s im ila r to th e

c l in ic a l groups which were used fo r th e sc a le construction® Dahlstrom

and Welsh (i960)' re p o r t t h a t T sco res above 70 a re o u tsid e o f th e “normal11

range and a re th e re fo re “in t e r p r e t a b l e tl

MMPI s tu d ie s using co llege s tu d en ts have uniform ly found d is ­

crepancies between means o f th e co lleg e s tu d en ts and th e published norms

based on th e s tan d a rd iza tio n p o p u la t i o n T h e r e i s a lso a marked sex

d iffe re n c e in MMPI means among co lleg e s tu d en ts =, On th e average $ co lleg e

fem ales earn T sco res n earer to 5© th an do co llege males® In an attem pt

to f in d a reason f o r th e e lev a ted co lleg e means s G il l i la n d and Oolgin

(1951» p® 456) claim th a t “I t i s p o ss ib le th a t co lleg e s tu d en ts a re le s s

in h ib ite d and f r e e r to g ive answers which in d ic a te d ev ia tio n from normality®

This does not n e c e s sa r ily imply g re a te r honesty^ bu t th e y have le s s a t

s tak e th an h o s p ita l p a t ie n ts 2 a p p lic a n ts .f o r jo b s9 and a p p lic an ts fo r

en trance to co lleg ea“

Goodstein (1954) in te g ra te d th e r e s u l t s from s tu d ie s which had

randomly te s te d more th an 100 males from n ine schools (Maine s Pennsylvania

S ta te 5, Iowa$, Minnesotaj, Wisconsin^ Montana S ta te^ Mew Mexico^ and Utah

S ta te ) to determ ine whether re g io n a l d iffe re n c e s might account fo r

d if f e r in g mean scores® He concluded th a t th e re i s “no evidence to support

th e n o tio n th a t geographical d iffe re n c e s a re s ig n if ic a n t determ inants o f

MMPI means18 (1954, p® 440)»

In an e m p iric a lly -v a lid a ted t e s t , such as th e MMPI, th e re i s an

is su e of i t s being culture-bound ® I t i s reasonable to q u es tio n th e

v a l id i ty o f extending th e t e s t beyond i t s s ta n d a rd iza tio n population®

The MMPI i s being used in te rn a tio n a lly , however, f o r in 1959 th e re were

th re e o f f i c i a l t r a n s la t io n s of th e MMPI (French, Spanish , and I ta l i a n ) ;

and experim ental v e rsio n s were being s tu d ied in 14 o th e r languages

(A ustrian , Chinese, Czechoslovakian, Dutch, French Canadian, German,

I r a q i , Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, P o lish , Portuguese, P h ill ip p in e

.Spanish, and Welsh]*

Reports of th re e c ro s s -c u ltu ra l MMPI s tu d ie s a re a v a ila b le in

th e l i t e r a t u r e (Sm dberg, 1956; T a f t , 1957; Torres-G onzalez, 1956)«

Sundberg (1956) conducted h is re sea rch a t th e U n iv e rs ity o f Marburg*

He adm in istered th e German t r a n s la t io n o f th e MMPI to 120 advanced

s tu d e n ts , and then compared h is r e s u l t s to American co lleg e s tu d e n ts9

mean scores o Sundberg rep o rted s ig n if ic a n t (a t th e 1% le v e l ) c r i t i c a l

r a t io s fo r a l l s c a le s except L and Hg f o r women, and f o r a l l sc a le s

except K fo r men* He concluded th a t th e se d iffe ren ce s could be due

e i th e r to th e German t r a n s la t io n of th e t e s t or to r e a l psycholog ical

d isc rep an c ies between th e two groups*

T aft (1957) a lso s tu d ied co lleg e students® His su b jec ts were

132 f i r s t year psychology stu d en ts who were en ro lled a t th e U n iv ersity

of W estern A ustralia® The A u s tra lia n means were compared to American

co lleg e means, and th e only s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e which emerged was

on Mf fo r both males and females® T a ft th e re fo re concluded th a t th e

Mf sca le " is th e one most su sce p tib le to c u l tu ra l in flu en c es" (1957, p®

163)0 He f u r th e r s ta te d th a t th i s s u s c e p t ib i l i ty could probably be

a t t r ib u te d to th e f a c t th a t th e Mf sc a le was construc ted to d is tin g u ish

between m asculine and fem inine in te r e s t s r a th e r than among p e rso n a lity

c r i t e r i a as were th e o th e r scales® This l a t t e r o bservation which T a ft

c i te d i s undoubtedly an ap p ro p ria te one, bu t i t does no t n e c e ssa r ily

m erit h is deducing therefrom th a t th e Mf sca le i s th e most c u l tu ra l ly

su sc e p tib le of th e c l in i c a l scales®

l a 1956s Torres-Gonzalez pub lished h is f in d in g s from a Cuban

study on th e Spanish t r a n s la t io n of th e MMPIS He te s te d 1^197, Cubans,

most o f whom were co lleg e s tu d en ts =. The f i n a l groups w hile not neces­

s a r i ly ty p ic a l of th e Cuban p opu la tion in g en e ra ls was re p re se n ta tiv e

o f th e se Cubans to whom th e t e s t could be adm in istered — those w ith

enough form al education to enable them to complete th e Inventory® -A

d iffe re n c e in means was noted fo r a l l th e s c a le s 3, bu t e s p e c ia lly fo r

Dg Scj, and Ma® From th e se r e s u l t s $ Torres-Gonzalez concluded th a t a

tendency e x is ts in th e Cuban means towards th e psychotic type of p r o f i le

ra th e r th an towards th e n eu ro tic type® Recognizing th a t th e re a re psy­

ch o lo g ica l d iffe re n c e s between th e Cubans and th e North-Americans*1

Torres-Gonzalez devised new norm fo r use w ith th e Cuban population®

Problem and hypothesis o According to Bahlstrom and Welsh (i960) ̂

th e MMPI i s designed " to provide an o b je c tiv e assessm ent of some of th e

major p e rso n a li ty c h a ra c te r is t ic s t h a t a f f e c t p erso n a l and s o c ia l a d ju s t­

ment" (1960s, p=> 3)0 I t i s reasonable to assume, th e n , t h a t d if fe r in g

c u l tu ra l backgrounds should be r e f le c te d in MMPI p ro files® I t i s th e re ­

fo re hypothesized th a t a Mexican-Ameriean co lleg e s tu d en ts w il l p resen t

a MMPI p r o f i le which d i f f e r s from th e heterogeneous American co llege

s tu d e n ts9 mean profile®

-kche th re e s tu d ie s c ite d above, a s w ell as th e g re a t m ajo rity o f s tu d ie s on co lleg e s tu d e n ts , have used th e K correction® The K sca le p u rp o rts to measure th e s u b je c t8s te s t - ta k in g a ttitude® A high K re v e a ls a defensive a t t i tu d e w hile a low K r e f l e c t s unusual frankness® The K sc a le was em p irica lly derived by "co n tra s tin g item freq u en c ies of abnormal persons showing normal MMPI p r o f i le s and e lev a ted L sco res w ith th e reco rd s of u n se lec ted normals" (Meehl & Hathaway, p® 39) ® The a p p lic a tio n o f th e K c o rre c tio n to th e ap p ro p ria te s c a le s in c reases th e t e s t 8 s d is ­crim inato ry powers between normals and abnormals® The K -corrected sc a le s a re Hst0®5K, Pd+0=4K, Pt+IK, Sc+IK, and Ma-K3o2K®

Method

Sub.i e o ts « 'E igh ty -five Mexiean-American s tu d en ts from th e Uni­

v e r s i ty of Arizona vo lun teered to “p a r t ic ip a te in a psycholog ica l ex p eri­

ment ®tt Of th e se 85, th e re were 4-3 fem ales and 42 males® For each sex

th e modal age was 19 and th e modal co lleg e c la s s i f ic a t io n was th e f re s h ­

man year® The fem ale group8s mean age was 19*27 and th e mean co lleg e

year was 1 *86® For th e m ales, however, th e mean age was 20*40 and th e

mean co lleg e year was 2*42®

The Ss were considered to be of a t l e a s t average in te ll ig e n c e

s in ce th ey had each completed a minimum o f one sem ester in a u n iv e rs ity

setting® The Ss rep resen ted a homogeneous group s in ce th ey were a l l

of th e same su b c u ltu ra l group* They were a l l U nited S ta te s r e s id e n ts ,

bu t each S re p o rte d th a t a t l e a s t one of h is p a ren ts and /o r grand­

p aren ts had been born in Mexico* A ll o f th e f in a l 85 Ss were ab le to

meet t h i s c r i te r io n of Mexican ancestry®

The scores of th e heterogeneous American co lleg e s tuden ts which

were used in th i s s tudy rep re sen t w eighted mean sco res from a v a r ie ty o f

s tu d ie s (Black, 1956; ..Clark, 1954; G oodstein, 1954; L oth , 1948) ® These

s tu d ie s and th e i r re sp e c tiv e f in d in g s fo r males and fem ales a re summarized

in Tables 1 and 2* These weighted means a re based on co lleg e samples from

various s c io n s o f th e U nited S ta te s , and from v a ried academic f ie ld s *

S im ila r ly , s tan d ard d ev ia tio n s from a v a r ie ty o f s tu d ie s (B lack,

1956; Brown, 1948; C a u ff ie l & Snyder, 1951? C lark , 1954? Dobson, 1951?

Sopchak, 1952; G oodstein, 1954; Hampton, 1947; Doth, 1948; Lough, 1947;10

Table 1Means from Nine S tud ies on

Male College S tudents

School I Hs 1 J z Pd Mf P t Ec. Mas.

Maine N - 316

53*0 53.0 55.0 55.0 59.0 50,0 56,0 55.0 60.0

Pennsylvania S ta te N - 121

53*4 53.5 56.3 57.0 59.6 52,2 58.0 57.1 60,2

Iowa N - 403

15 o3 53*0 53.0 56.0 57,0 58,0 54,0 56.0 57,0 58.0

Minnesota N - 1,321

14*4 51*1 51.8 54.2 5606 56,9 52.6 56.8 56.9 58.1

Wisconsin N - 1,422

14*5 51*2 52.2 55.0 56.0 59.0 53.0 56.7 56.0 58.0

Montana S ta te N - 456

14*2 50,5 52.5 54.5 56.0 58.0 54=1 56.9 56.9 59.0

New Mexico N - 149

16 ®4 54*1 53.9 57.8 58.1 62.7 53.4 56=8 57.2 59.2

Utah S ta te N = 842

13*8 51,5 50.2 52.9 54,3 54.9 53.0 53,6 52.4 55,8

U n iv ersity of C a lifo rn ia N - 707

52.5 53.1 56.3 55.9 58,0 51.2 54,6 55,5 56,6

Weighted Means 14*45 51*68 52.12 54.79 55,97 57.75 52.68 55=96 55.75 57,79N - 5,74-2For K, N - 4,593

Notei A ll s tu d ie s include K co rrection^ except p o ss ib ly C lark who does not in d ic a te whether he used it. :

| 12- I

Table 2 i

Means from 17 S tu d ies on FemaleCollege S tudents '

School K Hs D Pd Mf Fa P t Sc Ma

S tanford N - 206

16.5 50.5 51*0 56.0 54*5 47 .0 55*0 5#.0 55*5 56.0

Minnesota N — 366

46.7 49.9 52.9 53*8 53*0 52.2 48*3 49*2 54*7

Utah S ta te A gric . C o ll . N - 310

15*3 48 .0 47*0 51*0 51*0 51 .0 55.0 52*0 52.0 54*0

Pennsylvania S ta te C o ll. N - 115

50.8 50.8 56.1 54*6 48 .4 53*5 54*6 56.2 59.0

Western College N - 407

45.6 46.9 52.4 48.5 54*7 51.5 48 *4 48.7 52*3

Minnesota N - 489

15,3 49,0 49 .0 53.0 54*0 48*0 54*0 54*51

54*0 54.5

Wisconsin N - 760

15.3 50.0 50.0 54*5 54*5 50.0 54*5 54*5 55*0 55.0

Montana N - 249

14*8 50.0 48.0 53*0 54*0 50*5 55*0 55*5 55*0 55*0

New York N - 185

47.1 48 .4 52.7 49 .7 50.3 52*2 48.7!

51*4 54*6

New York N - 155

45.8 46.9 52.3 49 .6 53*9 50*3 46*6 48 .4 54*8

Minnesota N - 151

15.9 48.7 49.9 53*7 5606 50.9 52.2 54*5 55*6 57.5

Maine N - 166

50.0 49 .0 54*0 53*0 51=0 50.0 53*0

4I.O

55*0 58*0

Pennsylvania S ta te N - 172

4 6 .0 51.0 55*0 53.0 4 9 .0 . 53*0 50.0 57*0

Minnesota N “■ 808

17.8 50.6 49.5 54*5 54*8 49*3 53*3 5 |*0 54*5 57*4

Minnesota N - 475

16.5 50.0 48.3 54*5 54*3 48*6 54*3 5|*1 54*5 57*4

Minnesota N - 110

44*6 47*9 52.0 48 .8 51.8 49 .9 48.7i

48 .9 52*6

U n iv e rs ity o f C a lifo rn ia N - 763

49*7 49.7 54*5 54*7 49*5 52.7 5$*1 54*0 54*1

Weighted Means N - 5,887

15.5 49.51 49.13 53*78 53.43 50.18 53.24 5^*56 53.23 55,3(

For K, N - 3,44-8

Notes A ll s tu d ie s include K c o rre c tio n , except p o ss ib ly C lark who does not in d ica te whether he used i t . ‘ ! ‘

Table 3 -Standard D eviations from Nine S tud ies

on College Males

School K Hs S Bz Pd Pa Pb Se Ma

Maine N - 316

8=5 12=1 7=7 10=8 10=6 9=1 12=6 12=2 11=1

Pennsylvania S ta te N - 121

8=3 11=8 7=7 9=5 8=6 9=6 10=8 8=9 9=6

Iowa N - 408

4o8 8=2 11=6 8=2 9=8 10=8 7=9 12=8 11=6 11=0

Minnesota N.- 1 ,3 2 1

4®6 8.1 10.3 7=3 9=7 9=7 8=6 10=4 10=8 10=3

Wisconsin N - 1,422

4*4 7=2 10=5 7=7 9=7 10=6 7=9 9=4 10=1 10=6

Montana S ta te N - 456

4*5 10=0 12=1 7=8 9=6 10=2 8=0 10=1 8=9 9=6

New Mexico N - 149

9=4 8=7 10=5 7=8 10=4 9=9 7=8 10=2 10=5 10=0

Utah S ta te N - 842

4=4 7=1 9=0 7=9 8=8 9=1 9=0 9=5 10=7 9=2

U n iv ersity of C a lifo rn ia 8=3' 10=0 7=7 9=5 11=6 7=6 9=3 9=3 10=1N - 707 ■ •Weighted Means Standard

D eviationN - $,742 For K, N - 4,598

4=66 7=95 10=49 7=68 9=62 10=22 8=29 10=15 10=36 10=21

Table 4

Standard D eviations from 10 S tud ies on College Females

School K ... M . B. .

S tanfo rd N == 206

4® 23 3®02' 4=06

MinnesotaN - 366

7e04 ' 8.73

Utah S ta te JLgric® College N - 310

4®26 3®95 4=31

New York N - 74

7®91 12=06

New YorkN - 54

8®73 8,84

Minnesota N - 86

8 O60 7,36 8,73

Maine N - 166

5,90 9=90

Minnesota N - 110

5,68 8=67

U n iv ersity of C a lifo rn ia N “= 7 63

5.91 8=01

Pennsylvania S ta te College N - 51

4®03 2,17 3,89

Weighted Means Standard 4®Sl 5=65 7=74D eviation

N - 2,593 For K, N - 653

m . , M Mf . B So J k

4=34 3=90 4=16 2=67 4=92 4=72 3=74

7=71 8084 9=50 8,48 8=35 7=88 9=60

4=46 3=81 4=76 3=37 5=17 5=63 4=32

9=03 12=87 9=25 8=46 8 ,90 9=32 8=31

8=31 10=25 10=99 10=09 8=43 8=23 8=92

8=07 .9=73 7,66 7,06 8=22 8=09 10=15

7,40 9=00 10=60 9=00 7=70 5=10 11=90

6=96 9=77 9=47 8=31 8=36 7=95 9=32

7=20 8,73 9=33 7=41 7=41 7=11 9=72

2=75 3=72 5=33 2=12 5=62 5=67 3=45

6=85 8=00 8=53 7=08 7=47 7=06 8=58

15Rosen5, 1951) were weighted according to t h e i r re sp e c tiv e I s and th e

mean standard d ev ia tio n f o r each sca le was then computedo These r e s u l t s

a re summarized in Tables 3 and 4o

Procedure o The book le t form of th e MMPI was adm in istered to

each S | and a l l Ss were te s te d during th e f i r s t two weeks o f th e second

sem ester o A ll Ss were te s te d in th e same room, and th e re were between

th re e and 15 persons tak in g th e t e s t sim ultaneously0 The average t e s t -

tak in g tim e was approxim ately 90 m inutes, although in d iv id u a l s tu d en ts

v a rie d between one and s l ig h t ly over two h ours» In sid e each MMPI b o o k le t,

b esid es th e answer s h e e t, was a sh ee t ask ing th e S 8s name, age, co lleg e

c la s s i f ic a t io n , b ir th p la c e , b ir th p la c e o f each p a re n t, and b irth p la c e

of each grandparent® The answer sh ee ts were hand-scored, and p ro f i le s

were co n stru c ted fo r each S«

(

R esu lts

The ranges 9 means $ and modes o f th e Mexican-Ameriean males and

fem ales a re p resen ted in F igures 1 and 2 , re s p e c t iv e ly 0 Comparisons

between th e Mexiean-American and th e heterogeneous American means fo r

males and fem ales a re g ra p h ic a lly p resen ted in F ig u res 3 and 4o I t i s

apparent th a t th e Mexican-Amerlean p r o f i le f o r each sex has a p o s it iv e

slope©

A s e r ie s o f tw o - ta ile d t t e s t s were run to determ ine whether

o r no t th e re was a s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e between th e Mexiean-Ameriean

sample and th e heterogeneous group on each of th e MMPI scales® These

d a ta a re presented^ f o r each sex, in Tables 5 and 6 ®

For th e m ales, th e mean Mexiean-Ameriean T score was s ig n if ic a n t­

ly h igher th an th e heterogeneous groupss on Pd, Pa, P t , S c , and S i (a t

th e 0o05 le v e l or less)® The Mexiean-Ameriean fem ale means were s ig n i­

f ic a n t ly h igher th an th e heterogeneous American fem ale group8s on a l l o f

th e c l in i c a l s c a le s except M£ and Pa® <$f th ese d if fe re n c e s , Hs, D, Hy,

Pd. P t . S c, and & were s ig n if ic a n t a t th e 0.01 le v e l ; and S i was s ig ­

n i f ic a n t a t th e 0.0$ l e v e l . The K sc a le mean of th e Mexiean-Ameriean

fem ales was s ig n i f ic a n t ly lower (a t th e 0.01 le v e l) th an th e h e te ro ­

geneous fem ale Americans8 @

16

SC

OR

ES

85

70 -

55 -

50

h-40 -

RANGEMEANMODE

25

Mf ScPa PtL D Pd Ma SiF K Hs

MMPI SCALES

F ig . 1 . Range, mean, and mode fo r Mexican-American co llege m ales.

SCO

RE

S

o RANGE « MEAN -x MODE

100 -

70 -

H- 55 -

40

25

L F K Hs D Pd Mf Pa PtHy Sc Ma Si

MMPI SCALES

F ig . 2 . Range, mean, and mode fo r Mexican-American co llege fem ales.

SCO

RE

S

65 i

o MEXICAN-AMERICANS

* HETEROGENEOUS AMERICANS

60 -

55 -

50

45 -

DK Hs Pd Mf Pa Mo

MMPI SCALES

F ig . 3 . Comparison of means between male Mexican-American and male heterogeneous American co llege s tu d e n ts .

SC

OR

ES

65 -|

o MEXICAN-AMERICANS

* HETEROGENEOUS AMERICANS

60 -

55 -

H 50

45 -

Hs 0 MfK Pd Po Pt Sc Mo

MMPI SCALES

F ig . A* Comparison of means between female Mexican-American and female hetero geneous American co llege s tu d e n ts •

21

Table 5Comparison o f Means between Male Mexican-American and

Male Heterogeneous American College S tudents

S eale Mexican-Ameriean Heterogeneous American tN = ,

I42

SB 'N a

. M ..5,742 ..........H

£ 3«17 2=02 1r e p o rted ”

F 5o55 3=35 not re p o rte d -

I 14 064 5=03 14=45 4=66 0=02

Hs 53olQ 8=65 51=68 7=95 1=06

s 54^38 11=78 52=12 10=49 1=24

57o07 8=42 54=79 7=68 1=75

M 59®10 9=62 55=97 9=62 2=10*

m 58=76 11=50 57=75 10=22 0=57

£a 56=43 9=61 52=68 8=29 2=5^*

P t 62=36 7=16 55=96 10=15 5=77***

Se 62=40 8=62 55=75 10=36 4=96***

m 57=98 8=71 57=79 io = a 0=14

S i 53=24 9=27 48=42 8=07 3=11***

^•^S ign ificance a t 0o01 le v e lS ig n ifican ce a i t 0=02 le v e lS ig n ifican ce a t 0=05 le v e l

Notes N fo r heterogeneous Americans on K sc a le , 4$ 5980 Data fo r S i f o r heterogeneous Americans from two s tu d ie s rep o rted by Eosen (l95lJV w ith N o f 185®

Table 6

Comparison o f Means between Female Mexiean-American and

Female Heterogeneous American College S tudents

S cale Mexiean-American Heterogeneous American tI = 43 I = 4,887 N = 2,593

s . SB M SB

£ 3® 67 1*94 not rep o rted -

E 5®51 3.74 not re p o rte d -

I 13.79 3.60 16*00 4.81 -3.95***

Hs 53.70 9.46 49*51 5.65 2.89***

B 53.56 10*46 .49,13 7.74 2,77***

Hy 57.51 9.19 53.78 6,85 2,66***

Pd 58.16 10*42 ,53.43 8,00 2,97***

IE 50*53 9*38 ,50.18 8,53 0.24

Ea 55.51 8*82 53.24 7*08 1*68

Ei 57.84 9.35 52*56 7.47 3.69***

Sc 59.58 10.10 53.23 7.06 4.12***

ife 61*28 12*17 55.36 8.58 3.18***

S I 53.56 9.63 50.28 8*36 2.05*

^ ^ S ig n if ic a n c e a t 0,01 le v e l * S ig n ifican ce a t 0*05 le v e l

Notes N fo r heterogeneous Americans on K was 3,448 fo r M, and 653 fo r SB* Data fo r S i taken from two s tu d ie s by Rosen (1951) w ith N of 151*

Table 7Comparison of Variances between Mexiean-Ameriean and

Heterogeneous American College S tudents

Male Female

Scale Variance df Z V ariance . d f Z

m HA m HA m HA MA ' HA

E 25,30 a , 72 41 4,597 1,16 12,96 23,14 42 3,447 -1,79*

I§ 74,82 63,20 . 41 5,741 1,18 89=49 31,92 42 59886 2, 80*

2 138,77 110,04 41 5,741 1,26 109,41 59,91 42 5,886 1,83*

Hz 70,90 58,98 41 5,741 1,20 84,46 46,92 42 5,886 1 , 80*

M 92,54 92,54 41 5,741 1,00 108*58 64,00 42 5,886 1,70*

m 132,25 104,45 . 41 5,741 1,27 87,98 72,76 42 5,886 i , a

u 92,35 68,72 41 5,741 1,34 77,79 50,13 42 5,886 1,55

n 51,27 103,02 41 5,741=2 , 01* 87,42 55,80 42 5,886 1,57

Sc 74,30 107,33 41 5,741-1,44 102,41 49,84 42 5,886 2,05*

75,86 104,24 41 5,741 ”1,37 148,11 73,62 42 5,886 2 , 01*

S i 85,93 65,12 . 41 184 1<,32 92,74 69,89 42 150 1,33

^S ign ificance a t 0,02 le v e l

<s

... . . 24

Table 7 shows a comparison o f v a r ia n c e s$ and i t re v e a ls th a t f o r

th e males 3 th e Mexican-iimerican d a ta was s ig n if ic a n t ly le s s v a ria b le (a t

th e 0e02 le v e l) on th e P t sc a le th an was th e heterogeneous American

group8So The v a r i a b i l i t y of th e Mexiean-American fem aless howevers

tended to be g re a te r th an th e fem ales of th e heterogeneous Americans•

The fem ale Mexican-American v arian ces were s ig n if ic a n t ly h igher (a t th e

0*02 le v e l) than th e heterogeneous Americans on Hs, Ds Hy, Pd, Sc? and

Ma* The v a r i a b i l i ty of th e fem ale Mexican-Americans was s ig n if ic a n t ly

lower th an th e heterogeneous Americans on th e K scale*

I t i s in te re s t in g to note th e “extreme18 T scores® These a re T

scores of 70 or m o re /an d re p re se n t sco res which a re two o r more s tandard

d ev ia tio n s from th e mean* The c u ttin g o f f p o in t f o r an “extreme” sco re ,

th e re fo re , i s 70* This d a ta i s p resen ted in Table B and in F igure 5°

Table 8 shows th e t o t a l number of s c a le s on which s tu d en ts rece ived T

scores g re a te r th an 70®

F igure 5$ on th e o th e r hand, shows th e number o f Mexican-

American s tu d en ts rece iv in g T scores of 70 or more on each of th e 10

c l in ic a l scales® The manner in which th e MMPI sca le s were constructed

re s u l te d in skewed d is tr ib u t io n s f o r most of th e sc a le s * For some o f th e

s c a le s , th e re fo re , th e T d is t r ib u t io n s a re a lso skewed* Because o f t h i s

skewness, th e expectancy of ob ta in ing T scores above 70 on each of th e

s c a le s v a r ie s between 2% and 5$« Using th e most conserva tive of th ese

e s tim a te s , two Mexican-Americans of each sex might be expected to a t t a i n

% scores o f 70 o r more on each sca le *

F igure 5 re v e a ls th a t more th an two fem ales earned T scores

above 70 on seven of th e te n s c a le s | and more than two m ales a lso earned

25'Table 8

Number o f Mexican-American S tudents

Receiving T Scores over 70

Number of sc a le s Male

Number of Ss

0

1

23

4

5

6

7

8

19

13

4

1

3

2

Gumulo %

100 eO54*5

23 @6

14*1

. 11.8

4*7

0>0

OoO

0a0

Female

Number o f Ss

24

124

1

1

Gumulo %

100*0

44*1

16 o 2

6®9

6=9

4=6

2=3

2.3

2o3

NUM

BER

OF

STU

DE

NT

S26

1 0 -

9 -MALES8 -

FEMALES7 -6 -

5 -

4 -

3 -

2 -

Hs D Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si

MMPI SCALES

F ig . 5 . Number of Mexican-Americans earning T sco res above 70

on each of th e c l in i c a l s c a le s .

27T scores above 70 on seven of th e te a sc a le s o Tea males earaed T scores

above 70 oa sca le s P t a.nd Sc* and te a fem ales earned T sco res above 70

on sca le Mao The sc a le s on which two males earned T sco res above 70 were

Hs and S i | th e expected number of fem ales earned T sco res above 70 on

s c a le s B and S i* No fem ales scored above 70 on sca le Mf a I t must be

remembered, however, th a t th e above-discussed 5% i s th e number of T

scores above 70 which were expected in th e o r ig in a l norm ative group*

This m igh t.not be th e case w ith th e co lleg e samples s in ce th e se groups

earn T scores which a re uniform ly h igher th an th e o r ig in a l s tan d ard iza­

t io n group8 s ® Because d a ta concerning th e percentage of heterogeneous

American co lleg e s tu d en ts earning T scores above 70 i s no t a v a ila b le ,

th e s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e of th ese Mexican-Ameriean freq u en c ies was

no t determined®

Conclusions

On only one of th e c l in ic a l s c a le s was a M exiean-imerican mean as

low as th e heterogeneous American mean 0 This was on th e Ma sca le j, where

th e means o f th e males of both th e heterogeneous group and th e Mexican-

American group were th e same® In a l l o th e r in s ta n c e s» f o r both sexes,

th e Mexican-Ameriean means were h igher th an th e heterogeneous American

means#

For each sex§ th e Mexican-Ameriean means were s ig n if ic a n t ly

h igher th an th e heterogeneous American means on a t l e a s t one-half of th e

c l in ic a l scales# The Mexican-Ameriean males were h ig h er on Pd? P a. F t .

S e . and S i | and th e Mexican-Ameriean fem ales were s ig n if ic a n t ly h igher

on Hs# Ds Hy ̂ Pd3 Scg %g and Si® The Mexiean-American fem ales were

s ig n if ic a n t ly low er, howevers on th e K scale® This K sc a le fin d in g may

r e f l e c t le s s defensiveness in th e te s t - ta k in g a t t i tu d e o f th e Mexican-

Ameriean fem ale as opposed to th e heterogeneous American female co lleg e

studen t # An a n a ly s is o f variance f o r varian ces showed th a t th e female

Mexican-Ameriean group was more v a r ia b le on Hs? Ds Hy„ Pd. 8c . and Ifei

and le s s v a r ia b le on K th an th e heterogeneous American students® Thusg

b es id es having s ig n if ic a n t ly d if f e r e n t means on nine o f th e 11 s c a le s <,

th e fem ales of th e two groups were s ig n if ic a n t ly d i f f e r e n t in v ariances

on seven of th e 11 sca les# The Mexican-Ameriean m ales<» on th e o th er

hand5 had a s ig n i f ic a n t ly lower v ariance on sca le F t 0 Thus th e Mexican-

Ameriean males had means which were s ig n i f ic a n t ly h ig h er th an th e

heterogeneous m ales8 on f iv e of th e 11 sca lesg and a lower variance on, 28

one scale©

To determ ine whether th e o v e ra ll fem ale p r o f i le s o f th e two

groups were s ig n i f ic a n t ly more d isc rep an t than th e o v e ra ll male p ro f ile s ^

a t t e s t f o r th e d iffe re n c e s was made® In t h i s case® th e t t e s t was a

crude and in s e n s i t iv e t e s t fo r se v e ra l reasons® One of th e se reasons

was th e sm all N which resulted® The t o t a l N was 22® tw ice th e number

o f MEPI sca le s which were comparedo To do a t t e s t , i t was necessary

to assume th a t each of th e MMFI sc a le s rep resen ted an independent obser­

v a tio n © This was not t r u e , however, f o r th e d a ta was c o rre la te d since

th e fo u r means from each sca le were always data ob tained from th e same

fo u r groups® An a n a ly s is of v ariance would have been a more ap p ro p ria te

and s e n s i t iv e s t a t i s t i c a l measure, bu t th i s t e s t could no t be used s in ce

th e raw d ata was no t a v a ila b le fo r th e heterogeneous group© Nor could

th i s raw d a ta be e x trap o la ted , s in ce th e N fo r th e w eighted means and

th e weighted s tandard d ev ia tio n s d if fe re d fo r th e heterogeneous fem ales

(see Tables 2 and . . : .......

The t fo r th i s comparison was 0©2$© Since t h i s i s not s ig n i f i ­

c an t, i t can not be assumed th a t th e fem ales8 p r o f i le s in general showed

a g re a te r d iscrepancy th an th e m ales8 p r o f i le s did© However, i t has

a lread y been dem onstrated th a t on s p e c if ic s c a le s , s ig n i f ic a n t d i f f e r ­

ences were revealed©

A ll MMPI s tu d ie s on American co lleg e s tuden ts have d is tin g u ish ed

between th e means o f th e two sexes in t h e i r r e s u l t s © I t was mentioned

e a r l i e r in t h i s paper th a t th ese same s tu d ie s have found th a t female

co lleg e s tu d en ts earn T scores n ea re r to 50 than do males® In l ig h t of

th ese u n iv e rsa l m ale-fem ale f in d in g s , t t e s t s were run between th e two

30Table 9 .

Comparison o f Means between Sexes o f Heterogeneous

American College S tudents

S cales Males'N = 5,742

Females t

M SB M'N = 5,887

SBH = 2,593

K 14»45 4*66 16*00 4*81 -n.-e?***i s 51.68 7*95 49*51 5*65 8 . 36***

1 52®12 10*49 49.13 7*74 17 , 59***

J3X . 54*79 7.68 53.78 6*85 7 , 21***

55*97 9*62 53*43 8.00 14*94***

M 57.75 10*22 50*18 8*53 44*53***

U 52*68 8 . 3 53.24 7*08 ' -4*00***

p t 55.96 10.15 52*56 7*47 20.00***Se 55.75 19.36 53*23 7*06 14*82***

m 57*79 10,21 55*36 8*58 14.29***

S i 48*42 8*07 50*28 8.36 -2*07

^ ^ S ig n if ic a n c e a t 0 o01 le v e l

Hotel For m ales5 H fo r K was 4-»598s and N fo r S i was 185= For fem ales$H f o r K mean was 3,448, and H f o r S i mean and standard d ev ia tio n was 151 o The fem ale s tandard d ev ia tio n fo r K was based on N of 653o

31sexes on th e Mexican-American group to determ ine whether th e same obser­

v a tio n could be no ted . F i r s t , however, t t e s t s were run on th e h e te ro ­

geneous American co lleg e group to a s c e r ta in whether or no t th ese d i f f e r ­

ences in sex did in f a c t e x is t in th e sample used fo r t h i s s tudy . The

heterogeneous American group8 s t s a re summarized in Table 9®

Table 9 shows th a t , fo r th e heterogeneous American s tu d en ts , a l l

o f th e MMPI sca le means except S i a re s ig n i f ic a n t ly d i f f e r e n t between th e

two sexes® On two o f th e s c a le s , K and Fa, th e female means a re h ig h e r .

On th e rem aining s c a le s , however, th e fem ale means a re lower than th e

male means, I t i s no t su rp r is in g th a t th e re was no s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e

on th e S i s c a le $ fo r t h i s s c a le , u n lik e th e o th er MMPI s c a le s , was s ta n ­

dard ized ex c lu s iv e ly on co lleg e s tu d en ts ® On th i s o r ig in a l s tan d ard iza­

t io n group, no sex d iffe re n c e s were found, so th e T sco res a re th e same

fo r both males and females®

By comparing th e r e s u l t s found in Table 9 w ith th o se o f th e

Mexican-Americans in Table 10, i t i s apparent th a t th e sex d iffe ren ce i s

not noted on as many sc a le s f o r th e l a t t e r group, For th e Mexican-

Americans, th e males have means which a re s ig n if ic a n t ly h igher on only

th e Mf and th e F t scales® Thus, whereas th e re were s ig n if ic a n t d i f f e r ­

ences on te n of th e l l s c a le s fo r th e heterogeneous groups, fo r th e homo­

geneous group, only two o f 13 sc a le s had means which were s ig n if ic a n t ly

d ifferen t®

As w ith th e m ale-fem ale d isc re p a n c ie s , a t t e s t was made to de­

term ine whether th e Mexican-American male and female p r o f i le s were in

genera l more s im ila r th an were th e heterogeneous American male and fem ale

p rofiles® The same shortcomings app ly to th e s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t fo r t h i s

32Table 10

Comparison of Means between Sexes of

Mexiean-American College S tudents

Seale Males (N = 42)

M SD

L ■3.17 2® 02

Z 5,55 3=35

S 14=64 5=03

M 53=10 8=65

B 54=38 11=78

Bz 57=07 8=42

m 59=10 9=62

m. 58o76 11=50

Pa 56=43 9=61

Pt 62=36 7=16

Se 62=40 8=62

Ma 57=98 8=71

S i 53=24 9=27

Females <N = 43) t

i SB

3=67 1=94 —1=14

5=51 3=74 0=05

13=79 3=60 0.89

53=70 9=46 -0=31

53=56 10=46 0=34

57=51 9=19 -0=23

58=16 10=42 0=43

50=53 9=38 3=61**

55=51 8=32 0=46

57=84 9=35 2=51*

59=58 10=10 1=39

61=28 12=17 -1=44

53=56 9=63 -0=16

^^S ign ificance a t OoOl le v e l * S ig n ifican ce a t 0 o02 le v e l

, . 33

comparison as were ap p licab le to th e t t e s t which was summarized fo r th e

comparison between th e male and fem ale p r o f i l e s » In t h i s case , a t o f

0*18 was found, so i t can be concluded th a t th e t t e s t does not re v e a l a

s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n ce between th e o v e ra ll p ro f i le s o f th e heterogeneous

Americans as compared to th e Mexican-Americans« S ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e s

were noted on s p e c if ic s c a le s , however® We s h a ll now tu rn our a t te n t io n

to th e p a tte rn in g of th e sca le h e ig h ts , in term s of p r o f i l e a n a ly s is e

P ro f i le d e sc rip tio n s * The MMPI p ro f i le s a re o f te n coded fo r th e

sake o f convenience» By Welsh8 s method, each sca le i s accorded a d i g i t ,

as in d ic a te d above (Hs = 1 , D = 2, etc®)® These d ig i t s a re then recorded

in o rder of T score e le v a tio n , th e h ig h es t f irs t® E lev a tio n symbols a re

th en en tered according to th e fo llow ing schemes T sco res of tt90 and over

a re follow ed by 80 to 89 by tt, 70 to 79 by 60 to 69 by 50 to 59

by / , 40 to 49 by s , 30 to 39 by #5 a l l sco res 20 or lower w i l l appear

to th e r ig h t o f # M (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p® 1 9 )® Two or more d ig i t s

a re underlined i f th ey occur w ith in one T score p o in t o f each other®

The mean coded p r o f i le fo r Mexican-American m ales was 78-45936 210

FK/Lj and th e mean coded p r o f i le f o r heterogeneous American males was

59 4783 612/0® For fem ales, th e mean coded Mexican-Amer ican p r o f i le was

98-34761205 FKL/| and th a t f o r heterogeneous Americans was 934678 150/2®

The p r o f i le o f each S was coded and an attem pt was made to

d escrib e th e modal Mexiean-American male and th e modal Mexican-American

female fo r th i s sample ® This endeavor Was impeded by th e r e la t iv e ly

sm all N fo r each sex® In An MMPI Handbook* Dahlstrom and Welsh devote

Chapter 6 to "Major C onfigural Problems®" This chap ter s ta te s general

34-c h a ra c te r is t ic s which d if f e r e n t re sea rc h e rs have found to he ty p ic a l o f

Ss w ith th e d if f e r e n t co n fig u ra tio n a l p a t te r n s = A ll of th e ensuing d a ta

has been obtained from this chapter®S ix males (14$1 obtained T sco res of 70 or more on sca le 5 (sc a le

Hf)> and can th e re fo re be considered to be “high 516 males® Hathaway and

Meehl8 s “normal11 h igh 5 males were described by th e i r p ee rs as being

“s e n s i t iv e and prone to worry $ i d e a l i s t i c and peaceab les so c ia b le and

curious, and as having general aesthetic interests*. (Dahlstrom & Welsh,I960, p® 193?® The fo llow ing c h a ra c te r is t ic s were a lso revealed®

The high 5 males evaluated by th e judges a t IPAR were charac­te r iz e d as p y sch o lo g ica lly complex and in n e r-d ire c te d ® These men were described as bo th in te l l e c tu a l ly ab le and in terested® They were seen to value co g n itiv e p u rsu its and to d eriv e im portant s a t i s f a c t io n s from such work and achievements® They showed a concern w ith p h ilo so p h ic a l problem s, bu t not n e c e s sa r i ly in only an a b s tr a c t , d is in te r e s te d way® R ather, th ey f re q u e n tly took • s tan d s on moral is su e s and a t tim es showed a g rea t d ea l of s e l f - awareness and se lf-co n ce rn th a t was n e ith e r n eu ro tic nor immature®They were a lso seen as s o c ia l ly p e rcep tiv e and responsive to in te r ­p erso n a l nuances, and as ab le to draw dependable and p ra c t ic a l in fe re n c e s | th e se a t t r ib u te d showed up as good judgment and common sense® They were f re q u e n tly f lu e n t v e rb a lly , w ith a n .a b i l i ty to communicate ideas c le a r ly and e f fe c t iv e ly and to win o th e r people over to t h e i r p o in t of view (Block Ss B ailey , 1955)°

Gough, McKee, and Y andell (1955) rep o rted a long l i s t of a d je c tiv e s ty p ic a l of th e high 5 m ales, includ ing am bitious, capab le, c a u tio u s , c le a r - th in k in g , c le v e r , cu rio u s , e ffem inate , fa ir-m inded , fo re s ig h te d , fu ssy , im ag inative , in s ig h t f u l , in ­t e l l i g e n t , lo g ic a l , m ature, nervous, organized, p e rsev e rin g , p la n fu l , p re c is e , s e l f - to le r a n t j th ey were a lso sa id to have wide in te re s ts® ^

In terms o f s e lf -d e s c r ip t io n , th e h igh 5 male c a l ls h im self s e n s i t iv e ,

w orry-prone, a e s th e t ic a l ly in te re s te d , and in d iv id u a lis tic®

E ight males (19%) had h ig h -p o in t 7 8s .( s c a le P t ) 0 None of th ese ■

e ig h t had high 5 $s , however, and th ey th u s c o n s ti tu te a second group®

•%ahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p® 193o

35Peaks on sca le 7 a re no t very freq u en t s even among p s y c h ia tr ic popula-

tlons<- In an exam ination o f co lleg e eounseleess Mello and G uthrie r e ­

p o rted th a t peak 7 s tu d en ts “were c h a ra c te r iz e d by obsessive-com pulsive

rum inations and morbid in tro sp e c tiv e tre n d s 11 (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960,

p<, 200)'a Problems cen te rin g around “poor s tudy h a b its , poor personal

r e la t io n s , and d i f f i c u l ty w ith a u th o r ity f ig u re s ” (Dahlstrom & Welsh,

I960, p® 200) c h a rac te r iz e d th ese students® Homosexual im pulses con­

cerned many o f them, and th ey a lso showed concern over r e l ig io u s Values

and morality® Mello and G uthrie concluded th a t “As a group, th ese

c l ie n ts were th e most: s e r io u s ly d is tu rb ed o f th e co lleg e counselees in

th e study” (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p® 200}® During trea tm en t they

developed h o s t i l i t y towards both th e th e r a p is t and trea tm en t itse lf®

These c l ie n ts remained in therapy longer th an any o th e r group, and a

marked in c rease in dependency was found to be c o rre la te d w ith th e number

of interviews® Improvement in th e se counselees was slow® G uthrie

s tu d ied m edical p a t ie n ts w ith peak 7 8s and he concluded, th a t they were

“prone to w orry, anx ious, f e a r f u l , and r i g i d ” (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960,

p® 200}o T heir p re sen tin g m edical symptoms o ften C entered about t h e i r

h e a r ts , w ith g a s tr o in te s t in a l and g e n ito -u r in a ry d i f f i c u l t i e s a lso

rep re sen ted 11 (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p® 200)® G uthrie c laim s, however,

th a t th e s tr ik in g p e c u l ia r i ty in th e se eases was “t h e i r extreme concern

about t h e i r m edical d i f f i c u l ty ” (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p ® 200) ®

A g ita tio n and an x ie ty were th e c h ie f c h a ra c te r is t ic s of th e se patients®

D espite th e n a tu re of t h e i r problem, “th ey seemed as a group unable to

modulate t h e i r re a c tio n s to th e a c tu a l ev en ts , bu t r a th e r c h a r a c te r is t ic ­

a l l y o v er-reac ted ” (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p® 200)®

' ' . : 36

H igh-polnt 8 9s (sc a le Sc)' were earned by seven (l6%): o f th e males®

As w ith th e h ig h -p o in t 7 groupj, none of th e se males had h igh 5 8s«. I t has

been noted th a t , "Peak sco res on sc a le 8 a re q u ite r a r e in normal a d u lt

males and fem ales, bu t a re much more l ik e ly in younger su b jec ts and in

p riso n inmates® There i s a lso an in c rease o f th e se peaks in p sy c h ia tr ic

sam ples, p a r t ic u la r ly h o sp ita liz e d groups, and even in n eu ro lo g ica l

p a t ie n ts " (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p® 202)® H ello and G uthrie found

th a t th e problems of co lleg e counselees w ith peak sco res on sca le 8

cen tered around "peer r e la t io n s h ip s and group acceptance" (Dahlstrom &

Welsh, I960, p® 202)o Besides daydreaming a g rea t d e a l, a sexual p re ­

occupation accompanied by "sexual confusion , nymphomania ten d en c ies , and

b iz a r re f a n ta s ie s " (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p® 203) was a lso noted®

These counselees were r a r e ly psychotic® In trea tm en t th ey re a d ily

developed p o s it iv e tra n sfe re n c e s and th e i r continuance in th erap y was

exceeded only by peak 7 counselees® G u th rie8s m edical group seemed to

suggest " lon g -s tan d in g , s ta b i l iz e d , hypochondriacal tre n d s" (Dahlstrom

& Welsh, I960, p® 203)0 He found th e peak 8 group p r a c t ic a l ly in v a r ia b ly

to be "b o rd e rlin e p sy ch o tie s , whose psycho tic m an ife s ta tio n s were sh o rt­

liv e d p erio d s of confusion and d iso r ie n ta tio n " (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960,

p® 203)® As a group, th ey lacked in s ig h t , and a t t r ib u te d th e i r problems

to " tro u b le w ith t h e i r nerves®" Response to treatm en t was poor, p a r t i a l l y

because of th e in d e f in ite n e s s of t h e i r complaints® Although th ey s in ­

ce re ly sought t h e i r p h y s ic ian 8 s a id , t h e i r symptoms m erely s h if te d w ithout

being ameliorated® These p a tie n ts were not v io le n t , b u t "they were

described as d isag reeab le and th e i r home l i f e was sev e re ly d isru p ted

by th e poor co n tro l th ey m aintained over th e i r h o s t i l i t y " (Dahlstrom &

37Welsh, I960, p a 2O3 )®

The fo u r th group con ta ins te n males (24$) who had low 0®s (Si

scale}® Two o f th e se low -point Q8s occurred w ith high 5 6s , one w ith

h ig h -p o in t 7 , and one w ith h ig h -p o in t 8® Meehl and Hathaway app lied

th e terms "so c iab le" and " v e r s a t i le " to low 0 subjects® Block and

B a iley 8s IPAR f in d in g s on th ese persons a re summarized below®

These men were seen as ex p ress iv e , e b u ll ie n t , c o lo r fu l persons® They tended to be o s te n ta tio u s and ex h ib itio n is tic® They were a c tiv e and vigorous and com petitive w ith th e i r peers® They showed stro n g i n i t i a t i v e and took th e ascendant ro le in r e la t io n s w ith others® They appeared to possess h igh in te l l e c tu a l a b i l i t y and were v e rb a lly f lu e n t and facile® They were persu asiv e and o ften won o th e rs over to t h e i r viewpoint® They a lso m anipulated o thers in attem pting to gain t h e i r own ends, seeing th in g s r a th e r oppor­tu n i s t i c a l l y r a th e r th an being s e n s i t iv e to th e meaning and value o f th e se persons as in d iv id u a ls . These men were seen as poten­t i a l l y g u i le fu l and deceitfu l® They emphasized o ra l p leasu re in a se lf - in d u lg e n t way, seeking a e s th e t ic and sensuous impressions® They appeared unable to delay g r a t i f i c a t io n and o f te n ac ted w ith in s u f f ic ie n t thought and deliberation® This und erco n tro l of th e i r im pulses, combined w ith t h e i r ten d en c ies to g e t ego-involved in many d i f f e r e n t th in g s , le d to a c h a ra c te r is t ic agg ressiveness or h o s t i l i t y in t h e i r p ersonal re la tio n s® These men emphasized success and productive achievement as a means f o r achieving s ta tu s , re co g n itio n and power® They re a d ily became counter­a c tiv e in th e face o f f r u s t r a t io n and e a s i ly aroused h o s t i l i t y and resentm ent in th o se w ith whom th e y dealt®

The a d je c tiv e s found r e la te d to low 0 scores a t IPAR were a c t iv e , am bitious, and blustery® The men were a lso described as immature, h a s ty , qu ick , ingen ious, w itty , and having i n i t i a t iv e (Bahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p® 210)®

The Hathaway and Meehl s tudy w ith s e lf - r a t in g s found th e low 0 men

described as so c ia b le , e n te rp r is in g , e n th u s ia s tic , a f fe c t io n a te ,

resp o n siv e , courageous, and cheerful® They a lso describ ed them selves

as "hard-headed, fac in g l i f e , tem perate , and a d a p ta b le " . (Bahlstrom &

Welsh, I960, p® 211)®

A somewhat overlapping group a re th e low -point l 8s (sca le Hsl®

Cif th e se n ine m ales, th re e occurred w ith h ig h -p o in t 7 8s , one w ith h igh-

38

p o in t 8 , and one w ith h igh 5<? According to a study hy Hathairay and Meehls

f r ie n d s 5 d e sc rip tio n s of low 1 males showed th ese males to have “narrow

in te r e s t s ." Gough rep o rted th a t low l 5s (w ith K c o rre c tio n ) were ty p i­

c a l ly " a l e r t5, c h e e rfu l, capable , good-looking, re sp o n s ib le , and warm"

(Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p . 166) 0 The genera l p ic tu re emerging from

Gough5 s s tudy ch a rac te r iz e d th e low 1 male as having "freedom from

hampering, n eu ro tic in h ib i t io n s , from overvaluation o f o n ese lf and

one5s own problem s, and from undue concern about th e adverse re a c tio n s

o f o th e rs" (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p Q 166) <, These persons en e rg e tic ­

a l l y pursue those goals in which th ey have a s in ce re i n t e r e s t . In

Hathaway and Meehl5s s e l f - r a t in g com parisons, th e low 1 males described

them selves as " s e n s i t iv e , em otional, and so fth ea rted " (Dahlstrom &

Welsh, I960, p 0 166).

The above co n fig u ra tio n s tak e in to account 31 o f th e 4-2 males

from th i s sample0 Nine o f those 31 f e l l under two c a te g o r ie s ; two low-

p o in t 08 s were in th e high 5 groups one low -point 0 was in th e h igh-

p o in t 8 group, and one low -point 0 was in th e h ig h -p o in t 7 group. Of

th e low -point l 8s , th re e were in th e h ig h -p o in t 7 group, one in th e

high 5 group, and one in th e h ig h -p o in t 8 group. S ince approxim ately

7£% o f th e males from th i s sample were d iscussed in a t l e a s t one of th e

c o n fig u ra tio n a l p a t te rn s , a general d e sc rip tio n of th e Mexican-American

co lleg e m ale, as rev ea led through MMPI code a n a ly s is , seems m erited .

This male possesses a h igh i n t e l l e c t and he i s v e rb a lly f lu e n t , and

s o c ia l ly ag g ress iv e . He has a e s th e t ic in te r e s t s and he i s prone to

w orry, o f te n about m o ra lity . €>n th e o th e r hand, he i s p o rtray ed as

being h o s t i le and com petitive w ith a r a th e r inadequate form ation of

39in te rp e rso n a l r e la t io n s h ip s » He i s preoccupied w ith thoughts of sex and

he i s sensuous and im pulsive, He would be l ik e ly to show perseverance

in h is th e ra p e u tic endeavors,, although th e th erap y might be unrewarding

p ro g n o s tic a lly . When th i s modal MMPI p ic tu re i s compared to th e des­

c r ip tio n s of male Mexicans which appear in th e l i t e r a t u r e s a ra th e r

s tr ik in g s im i la r i ty appears®

Fourteen (33%) Mexican-Ameriean females® coded p r o f i le s showed

a h ig h -p o in t 9 (sca le Ma)® This s c a le was th e one which was most o fte n

th e peak in th e Minnesota normative samples® A peak on sca le 9ns a lso

th e one most common to co lleg e fem ales ® Black found th a t normal co lleg e

women w ith peak scores on sca le 9 were described by t h e i r peers as

^ e n te rp ris in g , e n e rg e tic , persevering and id e a l i s t i c " (Dahlstrom &

Welsh, I960, p® 205)o These same women were a lso described as “awkward

and in f a n t i l e , b o a s tfu l and showoffs, s e l f i s h , s e lf -c e n te re d , and in ­

f le x ib le " (Dahlstrom & Welsh, i960, p® 206)® These g i r l s were not por­

tray ed as m ature, lo y a l or popular® They had few a e s th e t ic in te r e s t s ,

and th ey were not described as being p a r t ic u la r ly honest or peaceable®

Mello and G u th rie8s co lleg e counselees w ith high 9®s were not hypomanic®

They were o fte n d is tu rb ed about p erso n a l r e la t io n s h ip s , and they were

concerned about t h e i r aggressive impulses® These s tu d en ts rep o rted

them selves to be " re b e llin g ag a in s t dominant parents®" As counselees,

th ey were not good in th e rap y as th ey were i r re g u la r In attendance and

o ften term inated early® Their a t t i tu d e towards th e th e r a p is t was one of

h o s t i l i t y and th e i r main defense was in te lle c tu a lisa tio n ® Black®s h ig h -

p o in t 9 women described them selves as " je a lo u s , ag g re ss iv e , and f l a t ­

tering® " They om itted th e a d je c tiv e s " r e l ia b le , generous, and c le a r -

. . 40

th in k in g o11 They sa id th ey were e n te rp r is in g and energetic j, as w ell as

being “e n th u s ia s t ic $ decisive^ se lf-confiden t^ , and so c ia b le Their

peers described th e se g i r l s as immature, bu t th e g i r l s described them­

se lv es as ^po lished , s o p h is tic a te d , p o ised , and w o rld ly ," They a lso

sa id th ey were independent and in d iv id u a l i s t ic . They c a l le d them selves

"re lax ed , peaceab le , and con ten ted ," bu t not in d ec is iv e and s e n s i t iv e .

Black re p o r ts th a t th e se co lleg e fem ales "described t h e i r temperament

as a f fe c t io n a te , good-tempered, la u g h te r fu l , and n a tu r a l . They saw

them selves as s e lf - c o n tro l le d and p o p u lar, cu rio u s, w ith a e s th e t ic

i n te r e s t s , bu t no t q u ib t , shy, o r s e e lu s iv e . They s a id th e y were

ad ap tab le , v e r s a t i l e , courageous, p r a c t ic a l , not u n r e a l i s t i c , and not

given to p a r t i a l i t y " (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p , 206),

About 19% (Bj- o f th e fem ales had h igh -po in t 4 8s (sca le Pd),

O bviously, none of th e se e ig h t had h ig h -p o in t 9 t s , T h is , to o , i s a

common h ig h -p o in t, S c h ie le , Baker, and Hathaway (1945) rep o rted th a t

"E arly in th e development of MMPI p a t te rn s , i t was d iscovered th a t peak

sco res on sca le 4» alm ost w ithout reg ard to th e ab so lu te e lev a tio n o f th e

p r o f i le , provided evidence of lack of s o c ia l conform ity o r s e lf - c o n tro l

and a p e r s is te n t tendency to g e t in to scrapes" (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960,

p , 188), B lack8s h ig h -p o in t 4 co lleg e women were " so c ia b le , a rro g an t,

f r iv o lo u s , in co h eren t, moody, and p a r t i a l , " The term s " p ra c t ic a l ,

c h e e rfu l, s e lf - c o n tro l le d , and conventional" were om itted in th e des­

c r ip t io n s , The g i r l s ra te d them selves a s " a p a th e tic , c y n ic a l, d ish o n es t,

c le v e r , l iv e ly , and w o rld ly ," bu t th e y neg lected to Use th e terms

"adap tab le , p r a c t ic a l , k in d , e a s i ly bored , f r ie n d ly , p eaceab le , and

n a tu ra l" (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, - p , 188), The counselees in th e

41group s tud ied by Mello and G uthrie were reb e llio u s^ re se n ted a u th o r ity ,

and were a n ta g o n is tic toward th e i r p a re n ts . Problems w ith th e opposite

sex a lso c h a rac te rize d th e se s tu d e n ts . These counselees were r e s i s ta n t

to th e rap y , and re so r te d to in te l le c tu a l iz a t io n as a defense during

tre a tm e n t, G u th rie8s m edical p a t ie n ts w ith peak scores on sca le 4 d is ­

played psychopathic f e a tu r e s . The women showed evidence o f having “gone

ag a in s t s o c ia l moresj th e y had h i s to r ie s o f re c u rre n t m a r ita l d i f f i c u l ­

t i e s , i l le g i t im a te p regnancies, and th e l ik e " (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960,

p® l89)o The b eh av io ra l problems o f th e se women overshadowed th e i r

symptoms,

Of th e 22 g i r l s having e i th e r h ig h -p o in t 9 8s or h ig h -p o in t 4 *s,

s ix had th e high 94/49 com bination, Dahlstrom and Welsh claim

th a t th e 49 p a tte rn i s c le a r ly a psychopathic one. People w ith th i s

p a t te rn "tend to be o v erac tiv e and im pulsive, ir re s p o n s ib le and u n tru s t­

worthy, shallow and s u p e r f ic ia l in t h e i r r e la t io n s h ip s ” (Dahlstrom &

Welsh, I960, p® 192)o T heir morals a re "easy", t h e i r consciences a re

e a s i ly circum vented, and th e i r e th ic a l values fluctuate® R esp o n sib ili­

t i e s and d u tie s do no t re ce iv e th ese persons* major e n e rg ie s . Being

f re e d o f " in h ib itin g a n x ie tie s and in s e c u r i t i e s , " th e se people o ften

c re a te fav o rab le s u p e r f ic ia l im pressions. They "are l iv e ly , conversa­

t io n a l , f lu e n t , and f o r th r ig h tf th ey e n te r w holeheartedly in to games,

o u tin g s , and p a r t ie s , w ithout being se lf-co n sc io u s or d i f f id e n t . How­

ever, t h e i r lack of judgment and c o n tro l may lead them to excesses of

d rin k in g , merry-making, o r teasing® They may be prone to continue

a c t i v i t i e s so long th a t th ey exceed th e p r o p r ie t ie s , n eg lec t th e i r

o b lig a tio n s , o r a l ie n a te o th ers" (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p® 192),

42G u th rie6s p a t ie n ts w ith 49 p a tte rn s su ffe red from, "ep isod ic periods o f

te n s io n , sweating and d iz z in e s s , and a n x ie ty s tr e s s " (Dahlstrom & Welsh,

I960, p<, 192)o T heir h is to r ie s included "m arita l problem s, d ivo rce ,

a lcoholism , and i l le g i t im a te pregnancies" (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p@

192)«. The p s y c h ia tr ic p a t ie n ts s tu d ied by Hathaway and Meehl were

seldom diagnosed as n e u ro tic » They "were ty p ic a l ly o v erac tiv e $ they

were re p o rte d as ex tro v e rte d , t a lk a t iv e , am bitious, and en e rg e tic ,

f re q u e n tly i r r i t a b l e , and o ccas io n a lly v io le n t" (Dahlstrom & Welsh,

I960, p® 142)® . The 948 s "showed poor fam ily adjustm ent and had problems

cen te rin g around th e i r sexual adjustm ent" (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p Q

207)®

Dow-point 5 as (sc a le Mf) ch a rac te r iz e d 14 (33%) o f th e female

p ro f ile s # Of these . 14 low -point 5 8s , only th re e occurred w ith h igh-

p o in t 9 ss and two accompanied h ig h -p o in t 4®s® Thus th e se low -point 5

g i r l s seem to re p re se n t a sep a ra te group# Black’s fem ale co llege s tu d en ts

w ith low -point 5 8s "were described by th e i r peers as w orld ly , popular,

d e c is iv e , and v e r s a t i le " (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p# 195).# In th e i r

s e lf -d e s c r ip t io n s th e se g i r l s claimed them selves to be % e lf - d is t r u s t in g ,

s e l f - d i s s a t i s f ie d , moody, p o lish ed , shy, s e n s i t iv e , n e u ro tic , u n r e a l i s t i c ,

t a lk a t iv e , sen tim en ta l, and having a e s th e t ic i n t e r e s t s #" S cale 5 i s o f te n

lowered among fem ale p sy c h ia tr ic p a t ie n ts , e sp e c ia lly when th e re i s an

e lev a tio n o f th e n e u ro tic tr ia d # In th e se cases, th e woman o ften d is ­

p lay s "a m asochistic tre n d " in h er a d ju s tiv e e f f o r t s , "w ith s e l f -

d e p re c ia tio n , lo n g -su ffe r in g s a c r i f i c e , and unnecessary assumption of

burdens and r e s p o n s ib i l i t ie s " (Dahlstrom & Welsh, I960, p# 195)#

E ig h t fem ales (19%) had low -poin t 0 8s (sc a le S i)# Of th ese e ig h t .

43fo u r occurred w ith h ig h -p o in t 4 !s s, and th re e accompanied h ig h -p o in t 9 8So

Hathaway and Meehl found th e se low 0 g i r l s described as ^ so c iab le , en­

th u s ia s t ic ̂ t a lk a t iv e , a s s e r t iv e , and adventurous" (Dahlstrom & Welsh,

I960, p 0 210)o They described them selves a s " so c iab le , e n te rp r is in g ,

and e n th u s ia s t ic , c h e e rfu l, ad ap tab le , and a ffec tionate® " They a lso

endorsed th e a d je c tiv e s " ta lk a t iv e , f r ie n d ly , fra n k , and v e rb a l0"

D escrip tions a lso included th e term s "e n e rg e tic , v e r s a t i l e , a s s e r t iv e ,

and adventurous, w ith wide in te r e s t s and good p h y sica l s tre n g th and

endurance®" They f u r th e r claimed them selves to be " r e l ia b le , conscien­

t io u s , balanced , and reasonable" b esid es being "re lax ed , t r u s t f u l ,

poised, s e lf -c o n f id e n t , and independent0“ .

The female co n fig u ra tio n s d iscussed above include 32 of th e 43

M exican-imerican g i r l s in t h i s sample® As w ith th e male sample, t h i s

re p re se n ts approxim ately 74% of th e females® Of th e se 32, 13 were

included in more th an one category® F ive f e l l under th re e o f th e con­

figurations® Accompanying th e h ig h -p o in t 9 8s were th re e lew -point 5 ss

and th re e low -point 0 ss® Twe low -poin t 5 $s and fo u r low -poin t 0$s

occurred in combination w ith th e h ig h -p o in t 4 ss® Three low -point 5*s

occurred w ith th e h igh 49/94 com bination, and two low -pdin t 0 8s occurred

w ith t h i s same high combination® As w ith th e m ales, a modal d e sc rip tio n

o f th e fem ale Mexiean-American from th i s sample i s merited® This g lo b a l

p ic tu re shows th a t compared to heterogeneous Americans, th e se Mexiean-

American g i r l s were c h a r a c te r is t ic a l ly described as e x tro v e rte d , ener­

g e t ic , ag g ress iv e , independent, s o c ia b le , and ta lkative® They a lso

tended to d isp lay p r o f i le s Which r e f l e c t im m aturity, s e lf is h n e s s , and

dishonesty® They lacked s a t is f a c to ry in te rp e rso n a l r e la t io n s h ip s , and

44f a m il ia l d isco rd was a prominent theme® T heir g en era l la ck o f conform ity

was noted in th e moral a re a y e s p e c ia lly regard ing sex® This fem ale8s

c h ie f psycho log ica l defense was in te lle e tu a lisa tio n ®

Discussion

The su b jec ts used in t h i s s tudy probably d id n o t rep re sen t a

random sample of th e Mexican-Amerleans en ro lled in th e U n iv ers ity of

Arizona o To achieve random sampling o f t h i s su b c u ltu ra l group s i t would

be necessary to have th e names o f a l l o f th e members o f th e group® This

inform ation could no t be secured,, so (w ith th e exception of one male!

th e i n i t i a l compiling o f a l i s t was made by no ting th e Spanish surnames

in th e S tudent D ire c to ry ® An attem pt was made to co n tac t each of th e se

s tu d e n ts s and th o se who vo lun teered were adm inistered th e t e s t ® The

f in a l 85 Ss were th e ones who met th e p rev io u sly -d iscu ssed c r i te r io n of

Mexican ancestry® I t i s u n fo rtu n a te th a t th e N was no t la r g e r , fo r th e

lim ite d N was a d e f in i te handicap when th e attem pt was made to describe

th e modal Mexiean-Ameriean profile® In th e comparison o f means by use

o f th e t t e s t , however, th e N was adequate s ince s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c es

d id emerge®

By comparing th e Mexican-American co lleg e s tu d en ts w ith th e

heterogeneous American co lleg e s tu d e n ts , a number of f a c to r s which were

thought to a f f e c t th e MMPT were controlled® These f a c to r s were age,

educational achievement and in te lligence® According to Dahlstrom and

Welsh (i960, p® 266) , above 65 o r so , " in te ll ig e n c e does not appear to

bear any c le a r r e la t io n to th e d ep en d ab ility of th e MMPI pattern® " One

v a r ia b le which might be e f fe c tiv e in th e se r e s u l t s i s th e probable lower

socioeconomic s ta tu s of th e Mexiean-Americans r e la t iv e to th e h e te ro ­

geneous American students®45

Compared to th e o th e r th re e cros s - c u l tu r a l MMPI s tu d ie s 5 th i s

Mexican-jbaerican in v e s tig a tio n bears c lo s e s t semblance to th e Cuban one0

The r e s u l t s were s i m i l a r b u t i t must be remembered th a t Torres-Gonaalez

(1956) was using th e Spanish t r a n s la t io n o f th e MMPI0 Furtherm ore,

because o f i t s , la rg e Negro f a c to r , th e Cuban popu la tion does no t seem

to resem ble th e Mexican popu lation d e sp ite th e prominent Spanish in flu en ce

which can be d iscerned in th e two coun trieso This p re se n t s tudy used th e

E nglish t r a n s la t io n o f th e MMPI0 I t would be in te re s t in g to adm in ister

th e Spanish t r a n s la t io n to Mexican-Amerieans i f th e se persons were adep t

in read ing Spanish0 For Am erican-educated Mexican-Amerieans, while

Spanish i s th e n a tiv e spoken language, E nglish i s th e n a tiv e reading

languagee

The e lev a ted T sco res of th e Mexican-American co lleg e studen ts

do in d ic a te a d ev ia tio n from th e heterogeneous American co lleg e norms o

This e lev a tio n was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t on e ig h t of 11 sc a le s fo r

th e fem ales, and on f iv e o f th e 11 s c a le s fo r th e males@ S ince th ese

Mexican-Amer lean T sco res were s ig n i f ic a n t ly h ig h e r« th e su b jec ts were

answering th e MMPI item s in a manner s im ila r to th a t in which th e o r ig in a l

c l in ic a l groups answered themu Thus on sc a le s Pd, Pa, F t , S c* and S i fo r

m ales, and on sc a le s Hs, D, Hy, Pd, £ t . Sc, Mg., and S i f o r fem ales, th e

Mexiean-American co lleg e s tu d en ts d ev ia ted from th e heterogeneous co lleg e

s tu d en ts in th e d ire c t io n o f psychopathology* In th e case o f each sex , a

p o s it iv e slope was noted* This fin d in g must not be construed to imply,

however, th a t ‘‘m ental i l l n e s s ," or even tendencies th e re to p re v a il among

Mexican-American co lleg e s tuden ts * I t i s in s te ad taken as an in d ic a tio n

o f th e n e c e s s ity o f d e fin in g both m ental i l ln e s s and normalcy as sp e c if ie d

47w ith in th e Mexican-American c u ltu re 0

From th e modal MMPI p r o f i le d esc rip tio n ^ i t was noted th a t th e

Mexican-American co llege , male as rep re sen ted in th i s sample d isp layed

p e rso n a lity c h a r a c te r is t ic s which resem bled those of th e Mexican male as

he i s described in Mexican c u l tu ra l s tu d ie s 0 Because o f th e f a c t th a t

a r t i c l e s reviewed in th i s s tudy d id no t p re sen t a w e ll-d e fin ed p ic tu re

o f th e Mexican fem ale ̂ i t i s d i f f i c u l t to compare th e Mexiean-American

co lleg e fem ale to th e Mexican female® Inform al d iscu ss io n s w ith an th ro ­

p o lo g is ts and p sy ch o lo g is ts in d ic a te , however, th a t th e p e rso n a lity

c h a ra c te r is t ic s ty p if ie d by th e fem ales in th i s study do no t d i f f e r from

th e noncollege Mexiean-American fem ale, re g a rd le ss of th e ex ten t of her

acculturation®

Extreme cau tio n must be ex erc ised in g en era liz in g th e r e s u l ts

which were rev ea led in t h i s s tudy to th e Mexiean-American popu la tion in

general® I t must be remembered th a t th e heterogeneous American co llege

s tu d en ts d i f f e r , on many o f th e MMPI s c a le s , from th e g en era l American

population® T h is , o f course , might be t ru e of Mexican-Americans also®

Only through fu r th e r s tu d ie s can an adequate d e sc rip tio n o f th e normal

Mexiean-American be made® The f a c t th a t s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e s were

noted on c e r ta in MMPI s c a le s fo r bo th sexes between heterogeneous

American and Mexiean-American co lleg e s tu d e n ts , however, in d ic a te s th a t

co n cen tra tio n should be focused on th e d e sc rip tio n o f th e "normal"

Mexiean-American personality®

Summary

The group form of th e MMPI was adm in istered to 85 undergraduates

from th e U n iv e rs ity o f A rizona 9 These s tu d en ts formed a “homogeneous"

group, s in ce each rep o rted th a t a t l e a s t one p aren t an d /o r grandparent

had been born in Mexico® Of th ese 85 s tu d e n ts , 43 were fem ales and 42

were males® The mean T scores of th e se s tu d en ts were compared to

weighted mean T sco res o f heterogeneous American co lleg e students® This

heterogeneous group was composed of s tu d en ts from v ario u s s ta te u n iv e rs i­

t i e s rep re sen tin g a v a r ie ty of re g io n a l areas®

Comparisons were made on 11 MMPI sc a le s (the v a l id i ty sd a le , K,

th e n ine o r ig in a l c l in i c a l s c a le s , and sc a le Si}® S ig n if ic a n t t s were

noted on sc a le s Pd, P a® P t , Sc, and S i f o r males? and on sc a le s Hs, D,

Hvo Pd, P t , Sc, Pa, S i , and K fo r females® On a l l bu t one of th ese

s ig n if ic a n t ly d i f f e r e n t s c a le s , th e Mexican-American s tu d en ts earned

h igher T scores th an d id th e heterogeneous students® Only on th e K

sca le d id th e fem ale Mexiean-Amerieans have a s ig n if ic a n t ly lower score®

In term s of v a ria n c e s , th e fem ale Mexican-American was more v a r ia b le on

Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Sc, and I&? and le s s v a r ia b le on K th an th e heterogeneous

American students® The Mexican-American males had a s ig n i f ic a n t ly lower

variance th an th e heterogeneous American males on sc a le P t ®

A d e sc r ip tio n o f th e modal Mexican-American co lleg e male and

fem ale, a s rev ea led through code ana lyses of th i s sample, showed th ese

males to possess a h igh i n t e l l e c t , a e s th e t ic in te r e s t s , v e rb a l flu en cy ,

and a proneness to worry® He was r a th e r h o s t i le and com petitive and48

lacked adequate In te rp e rso n a l re la tio n sh ip so The fem ales on th e o th er

handp was c h a r a c te r is t ic a l ly described as e n e rg e tic s aggressivej inde­

pendent j, s o c ia b le 9 and ta lk a t iv e <> She a lso re f le c te d tendencies towards

im m aturity , s e lf is h n e s s , and dishonesty® F am ilia l d isc o rd , inadequate

in te rp e rso n a l r e la t io n s h ip s , and a la c k o f conform ity in th e moral a rea

a lso ch a rac te rize d th i s female®

D espite th e r a th e r la rg e number o f s ig n i f ic a n t ly e levated T

score means among t h i s Mexiean-Ameriean co lleg e sample, cau tio n was

extended in a sc rib in g to th e se persons th e term “m ental i l ln e s s 0“

The need was in d ic a ted f o r fu r th e r s tudy of th e Mexiean-Ameriean person­

a l i t y befo re g e n e ra liz a tio n s can be made about th e c h a ra c te r is t ic s o f

“normalu Mexiean-Amer iean s ®

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