30 April 2014

Commissioned by the Food Agriculture and Natural resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN)

A Comprehensive Scoping and

Assessment Study of Climate Smart

Agriculture (CSA) Policies in Madagascar

Authors: Dr RAKOTONDRASOA Lovanirina Olivia

Mrs RATOVO Olitina

Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Country overview of agriculture, land, and food security issues .................................................. 1

1.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 2

2. FARMING SYSTEMS AND CSA TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES ...................................... 2

2.1 Agriculture sector ......................................................................................................................... 2

2.1.1. Conservation agriculture (CA) ............................................................................................. 2

2.1.2. System of Rice cultivation Intensification (SRI) .................................................................. 5

2.1.3. Others techniques ................................................................................................................. 6

2.2 Forestry sector ............................................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Livestock sector ............................................................................................................................ 7

2.3.1. Research program ................................................................................................................. 7

2.3.2. Regional network of expertise on dynamic adaptive systems ruminant to a changing

environment (ARChE_Net) ............................................................................................................ 8

2.4 Fishery sector ................................................................................................................................ 8

2.5 Constraints on CSA ...................................................................................................................... 9

2.6 Action undertaken to Food security ............................................................................................ 10

3. CSA POLICY FRAMEWORK: EFFECTIVENESS AND EQUITY .............................................. 11

3.1 International conventions and regional collaborations ............................................................... 11

3.2 Policies and strategy at a national level ...................................................................................... 12

3.2.1 Climate change policy ......................................................................................................... 12

3.2.2 Agricultural policies ............................................................................................................ 14

3.2.3 Natural resources policies .................................................................................................... 15

3.3 The key institutions relative to CSA ........................................................................................... 16

3.4 Policies and gender equity .......................................................................................................... 17

3.4.1 Society and gender .............................................................................................................. 17

3.4.2 Policy and gender ................................................................................................................ 17

3.4.3 The Gender Network in Madagascar ................................................................................... 18

3.4.4 CSA and gender ................................................................................................................... 18

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................ 19

4.1 The key challenges to implementing CSA in Madagascar ......................................................... 19

4.1.1. On existing Policy and strategy .......................................................................................... 19

4.1.2. On CSA .............................................................................................................................. 19

4.2 Recommendations: ...................................................................................................................... 19

4.2.1. On existing Policy and strategy .......................................................................................... 19

4.2.2. On CSA .............................................................................................................................. 20

4.2.3. On Food security ................................................................................................................ 21

BIBLIOGRAPHIE ................................................................................................................................ 22

APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................................... 23

TABLE LIST

Table 1: Climate change policy : objectives, institutions, instruments ................................................. 12

Table 2: Agriculture policies ................................................................................................................. 14

Table 3: Natural resources policies ....................................................................................................... 15

Table 4: DCC services........................................................................................................................... 16

FIGURE LIST

Figure 1: Institution arrangement .......................................................................................................... 17

APPENDIX LIST

Appendix 1 : Liste of institution visited ................................................................................................ 23

Appendix 2 : Presence list ..................................................................................................................... 25

Appendix 3: Examples of current climate change adaptation projects being implemented in

Madagascar ( WWF) ............................................................................................................................. 26

Appendix 4: GSDM members and partenaires projects ........................................................................ 28

Appendix 5: SRI Statictic (GSRI, 2013) ............................................................................................... 30

Appendix 6: Details of research topic (WWF et al, 2013) .................................................................... 31

Appendix 7 : Policy and program faced to climate change ................................................................... 32

ACRONYMS

ACCA: Adaptation au Changement Climatique en Afrique

AD2M: Appui au Dévelopement de Menabe et Melaky

AFD: French Agency for Development

ANAE: National Association of Environmental Actions

AP: Protected Areas

ASJA: Private Agronomic University

AVSF: Agronomes et Vétérinaires Sans Frontières

BNGRC: Disaster Risk Management Office

BV-PI : Watershed-Irrigated area

CA : Conservation agriculture

CARWG : Regional Conservation Agriculture Working Group

CBO: Community Based Organization

CDM : Clean Development Mechanism

CI: International Conservation

CIRAD: Center for International Cooperation in Agronomic Research for Development

CIRAGRI: Agricultural Service Center

CNOSRI : National Orientation SRI Committee

COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

COP: Conferences of the Parties

CSA: Climate Smart Agriculture

CT REDD : Thematic group of REDD

DCC: Climate Change Directorate

DMC : Direct seeding Mulch-based Cropping system

DNA: Designated National Authority of the Kyoto Protocol CDM

DPPSC : Direct Planting on Permanent Soil Cover

DRR : Disaster Risk Reduction

EP : Environment Program

EPP-PADR : Permanent Pilot Team for the Rural Development Action Plan

ESSA : Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques/ School of Agronomy

FAFIALA : Centre d’Experimentation et de diffusion pour la gestion paysanne des Tanety

FANRPAN: Food Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network

FAO: Food Agriculture Organization

FAPBM: Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity

FEKRITAMA: Malagasy Farmers Confederation

FFEM: French Fund for World Environment

FIFAMANOR: Malagasy Norwegian Agriculture and Livestock

FOFIFA: National Center for Applied Research on RuralDevelopment

FORECA: Forêts Engagées dans la Réduction des Emissions de Carbone

GCF: Gestion contractualisée des forêts –

GCM: Global Climate Models

GELOSE: Gestion locale sécurisée

GIZ: Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit

GRET: Research Group andTechnological Exchanges

GSDM: Direct seeding group of Madagascar

GSRI: Group on System or Rice Intensification

GTCC: Thematic group on climate change

ICPM: Common Initiative Advocacy on Disaster Risk Reduction in Madagascar

IHSM : l’Institut Halieutique des Sciences Marines de Toliara

INSTAT: National Institute of Statistics

IOC: Indian Ocean Commission

IRACC : Regional Climate Change Initiative Agro Ecology

IRD: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement

KfW: Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau

LPDR: Rural Development policy brief

LRI: Laboratory Research on Isotopes

MNP: Madagascar National Parks

MOPH : Ministry of Public Health

MPA: Marine Protected Area

MRV: Monitoring‐ Reporting‐ Verification

NAMA : National Appropriate Mitigation Actions

NAPA: National Action Plan for Adaptation

NCATF : National Conservation Agriculture Task Force

NEAP : National Environnemental Action Plan

NGO: Non-Governmental Organization

NSRD: National Strategy for rice Development

NSS: National Seed Strategy

ODR : Rice Observatory

OMD : Millenium developpement Goal

ONE: National Environment Office

ONN : National Office of Nutrition

PACA: Agricultural Production in Ankililoaka basin/valley and Antseva corridor

PADR: Action Plan for Rural Development

PANA: National Action Plan of Adaptation

PANAGED: National Action Plan for Gender and Development

PANSA : National Action program on Food security

PNLCC : National Policy on Climate Change

PNPF: National Policy of Women Promotion

PNVA : National Program of Agricultural Popularization

PSASA: Seed Supply Securing Project for Androy

RDNP: Rural Development National Programme

REDD: Reduction of emission due to degradation and deforestation

ROR: Rural Observatory Network

R-PP : REDD Readiness Plan

SACC: Service of Attenuation of Climate Change

SADC: Southern African Development Community

SAECC: Service of Adaptation to the Effects of Climate Change

SCRID: Researcher team for Sustainable Upland Rice -

SDMad: Semis Direct de Madagascar

SGBD: Service of Database Management and Climate Modelling

SRI: System of Rice cultivation Intensification

UNFCCC: United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund

VCUs : Voluntary Carbon Units.

VERAMA: VERgers d’Anacardes de Masiloka

WCS: Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS);

WFP: World Food Programme

WUA Water Users Associations

WWF: World Wild Fund for nature

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Country overview of agriculture, land, and food security issues

With 59 million hectare of surface, Madagascar are covered with 8% agriculture land, 21% of

forest, 57% of pasture. Three (03) issues persist in Madagascar, soil degradation and

exhaustion, biodiversity degradation and human environment degradation (MEF, 2003).

First, the agriculture problems according to the PADR (Action Plan for Rural Development)

in 2001 are: institutions and rules, empowerment of civil society and production system. To

tackle the issues, the government opts for decentralization to find solution for each 22 regions

of Madagascar. In addition, the ministry of agriculture developed the green revolution since

2007 to improve land use techniques.

Secondly, the country’s natural resources have the potential to generate substantial and

tangible economic benefits but their management is affected by a lack of sustainable

financing mechanisms and poor governance (Wolrd Bank, 2013). However, the environment

is among the priorities of the Government of Madagascar in its strategy of development and

poverty reduction. Thus, there are many international treaties that Madagascar had adopted

and much more local policies to reach the development goal according to the Millenium

Development Goals (MDGs).

Finally, with 19 million of habitat, 72 % of Malagasy population depend to the agriculture

and live in a vulnerable area in the countryside. Nevertheless, the decline in agricultural

production causes a rise in malnutrition rates and food insecurity. For instance, the first

alarm in food security in Madagascar was in 2004 with the rice crisis. Since then the

government in collaboration with International Organization such FAO (Food Agriculture

Organization) try to solve the problem in both national level and in local level (family and

individual). Thus, the PANSA (National Action Programme on Food Security) had been

adopted in 2005.

Beside these issues, climate change has the real potential to halt or undermine economic

development in Madagascar and is threatening the achievement of the Millennium

Development Goals (WWF & al, 2013). Therefore, Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is one

approach that is being widely promoted as the future for Agriculture (agriculture, livestock,

forestry) and as a viable answer to climate change. FAO considers CSA as a combined

policy, technology and financing approach to enable countries to achieve sustainable

agricultural development under climate change. The CSA approach involves the direct

incorporation of climate change adaptation and mitigation into agricultural development

planning and investment strategies (FAO, 2012).

In this context, FANRPAN programme (Food Agriculture Natural Resources Policy Analysis

Network) promotes CSA in Africa. The overall objective of the FANRPAN CSA policy

programme is to increase agricultural productivity and strengthen the resilience of vulnerable

smallholder farmers to the impact of climate change. This study is initiated by FANRPAN in

collaboration of the ministry of agriculture in Madagascar to seek to:

- Conduct comprehensive reviews of the existing CSA policy context in Madagascar;

- Analyze gaps in the existing policy frameworks;

- Identify relevant policy recommendations;

- Develop and share policy recommendations (briefs) at national and regional levels.

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1.2 Methodology

The adopted methodology covers:

Data collection and compilation, which consist on collecting, compiling and synthesizing

literature on CSA in Madagascar

Key-informant interviews to have an idea, appreciations, visions, of the policies and

strategies in order to know how they relate the main opportunities and threats for

developing CSA. In all, about 20 institutions were visited. Moreover, our team had

discussion with the responsible of environment department in each ministry and the

person responsible of climate change programme in the different Non Governmental

Organization (NGO) and finally visited farmers organization. The list of visited

institutions are given in appendix 1

To have effective strategies and recommendations at national level in term of

conservation agriculture policy development at the end of the first part of our

intervention, we organized a meeting work that held in the meeting room of the ministry

of agriculture with all persons visited at. A brief presentation of the result of the data

collection was done and after that, there was a discussion time to improve the draft and to

discuss about the policies and institutions concerning CSA in Madagascar. The list of the

person present is recorded in the appendix 2.

2. FARMING SYSTEMS AND CSA TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES

To tackle the issues of climate change, Madagascar has undertaken adaptation and mitigation

actions. Many actions were developed especially in the natural resources areas (some

examples are given in appendix 3). However, as our study is more focused on agriculture, the

next section will give information about that.

2.1 Agriculture sector

In Madagascar, the sector most affected by climate change is agriculture. Thus, many entities

and organizations had been promoting new techniques and researches in this area from 1990

until now. Actions and initiatives on CSA have been undertaken for several years to reduce

vulnerability or to adapt to adverse climate change effect. The techniques that support CSA

developed in Madagascar were: a) Conservation Agriculture (CA), b) SRI (System of Rice

Intensification), c) Watershed management and others (Agro forestry, best agricultural

practices, reforestation ...)

2.1.1. Conservation agriculture (CA)

The CA aim is to promote food sufficiency, poverty reduction, and value added production

through improved crop and animal production, and production in relation to market

opportunities (National resource team of Madagascar, 2013).

Conservation Agriculture emerged in Madagascar under Direct Planting on Permanent Soil

Cover (DPPSC) system in the early 1990s. The aim at the beginning was to create a

«reference farms» by settling reference sites in order to master and disseminate a range of

Conservation Agriculture compared with labor traditional system, in term of technical and

economical performances.

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Principles

The CA consists of three keys principles: a) permanent soil coverage, b) minimum soil

disturbance, c) crop rotations and associations to improve soil fertility and to break the soil

pan layer (National resource team of Madagascar, 2013).

Advantages

The CA brings three benefits: a) Improve mineral balance, soil physical properties, and

biological balance, b) promote micro climate (the vegetation cover buffering climate risk),

micro economy (rise the production and decrease day work and field work), c) reduces weeds

infestation and diseases by darkness and allelopathy. (Michel Raunet,

www.agrobiologie.cirad.fr)

Technical and sensitize programmes

Two platforms lead CA activities in Madagascar:

- GSDM (Groupement Semis Direct de Madagascar/ direct seeding group of

Madagascar) is the focal point of promoting CA in Madagascar which effectively and

actively up scale the CA. It was created in 2001. In addition, there are 15

organizations members. All the project realised by each member of GSDM are

resumed in the appendix 4

- NCATF (National Conservation Agriculture Task Force) help for a national

coordination of all actions on CSA and for broadening the area of intervention to

CSA. It involves 40 members (Ministry of environment, Ministry of Agriculture,

National and International NGO, seeds producers, research organisms and producers,

aims to coordinate the actions of the CA, play an advocacy role for the CA and CSA

and mobilize resources…) and was created by the initiative of FAO in 2009 and

regroups. This national platform in CA is part of the Regional Task Force on

Agriculture Conservation CARWG network (Regional Conservation Agriculture

Working Group) in the region of Southern Africa. It also promotes the agro-ecology

(combining best agricultural practices in valuing ecological processes) project

initiated by the IRACC (Regional Climate Change Initiative Agro ecology) affecting

the islands of the Indian Ocean. Thus, GSDM is the focal point of NCATF and the

Ministry of agriculture is the focal point of the Agro-ecology platform.

These two platforms promote the CA/CSA at both institutional and operational level. They: i)

progressively identify individual and collective skills in CA/CSA (an almost exhaustive

survey was produced during the workshop IRACC, project) ii) promote the exchange of

information and knowledge between operators achievements with some involvement of

members through working groups, iii) open up trade with Administration officials and

organizations involved in environmental protection, iv) identify the training needs of different

members that whether in terms of Conservation Agriculture with an organization training

conducted at the GSDM or good agricultural practices managed by the IRACC project.

In addition, the two platforms organize exchange and field visits very favourable to

knowledge sharing on achievements in CA/CSA Madagascar. Till now, this NCATF is

supported by the Agro-ecology project managed by the GSDM. It is still functional but this

project ended on December 2013.

4

Projects promoting Conservation Agriculture in Madagascar

PLAE project (Anti Erosive Program) 1998-2006: the project, funded by KfW

German, is to carry out related actions to anti-erosive in sensitive sites of watersheds

of the irrigated perimeters of Marovoay (1998), Soavina Amoron'i Mania (2005) and

Bezaha (2006). In partnership with GSDM and TAFA, reference sites and

demonstration plots on CA system are put in place in its three localities.

Conservation of Mahafaly Plateau Project: 1st phase: 2002-2008 and 2

nd phase: 2009-

2012 under FFEM/AFD funds and implemented by WWF, the project's mission is to

accompany the extension of Tsimanapesotsa National Park and to reduce pressures by

using CA for sustainable agriculture and livestock production systems. TAFA NGO is

in charge of the implementation of CA reference sites (Satrampaly and Itampolo)

while “la Maison des Paysans” was responsible for the CA dissemination from TAFA

based results.

BVPI project (watershed and Irrigated perimeters) at Alaotra lake: 1st phase: 2003-

2008 and 2nd

phase: 2008-2013. Funded by AFD and the Malagasy State and

implemented by CIRAD, in the vision of transforming the landscapes on watersheds

in deterioration, the project objective is to contribute farmers’ incomes improvement,

watershed natural resources preservation and downstream investments by supporting

CBOs’ for their autonomy in the development management. GSDM supports the

project in the Conservation Agriculture implementation. The other partners such as

BRL, AVSF, ANAE, SD - Mad provide dissemination.

National Project conducted by GSDM: Phase 1: 2004-2008 under "Support to

dissemination of Agro-Ecological techniques in Madagascar" project and phase 2:

2008-2013 under "Support to National agro-ecology", co funded by AFD, Malagasy

State, European Union, KfW and Region La Reunion, and in partnership with other

agencies working on Conservation Agriculture, the project missions involve - a wide

range CA techniques development adapted to different agro-ecological and socio-

economic situations, - a wide scale agro-ecological techniques dissemination, - an

active agro-ecological network implementation, - Training tools development for

training of managers, technicians and farmers - and put in place conditions to the

development of the CA techniques.

Project implemented by GRET and GSDM in the Androy Region: Phase 1: 2005-

2008 under the FASARA project "agricultural value chain and food security

improvement of Androy Region" and phase 2: 2008-2010 under the PSASA project

"Seed Supply Securing Project for Androy". In collaboration with TAFA and

FOFIFA, the project aims to ensure the households food security in the semi-arid area

with strong wind erosion of Androy by increasing local production of the main food

crops by the sustainable production system through Conservation Agriculture.

PACA Project (Agricultural Production in Ankililoaka basin/valley and Antseva

corridor): 2006-2010, co- funded by the European Union and GSDM and

implemented by TAFA NGO as leader, SD - Mad and HASYMA, the objective is to

increase food and cash crops productions through Conservation Agriculture in the

South West fertile region.

5

South East High Plateau Watershed and irrigated perimeter Project under AFD

funding, in partnership with institutions such as SD - Mad, FAFIALA and AVSF, the

project covers the irrigated perimeter of Vakinankaratra, Amoron'i Mania, Vatovavy

Fitovinany and South East regions and tried to achieve watersheds management by

implementing CA techniques diverse climates.

INTERREG Project: Funded by “La Reunion Region” and with partnership between

CIRAD, La Reunion and Malagasy Organization involved in CA, integrated with the

livestock (FIFAMANOR, TAFA and GSDM), the project objective is to

produce/develop French and Malagasy technical leaflets on production and use of

fodder and livestock integration with CA farming.

Around the National Park of Andasibe funded by Conservation International, ANAE

disseminates among other activities around Andasibe National Park the Conservation

Agriculture.

AD2M: with the support of GSDM, the AD2M project under IFAD funding started

dissemination agro-ecological sites in the district of Miandrivazo, Mahabo and Belo sur

Tsiribihina in the Menabe Region (Ouest of Madagscar)

2.1.2. System of Rice cultivation Intensification (SRI)

Principles

The basic strategy with SRI is to create soil, water and nutrient conditions that accelerate the

growth of rice seedling.

The central principles of SRI are: a) rice field soils should be kept humid rather than

continuously saturated, minimizing anaerobic conditions, as this improves root growth and

supports the growth and diversity of aerobic soil organisms, b) rice plants should be planted

singly and spaced optimally widely to permit more growth of roots and canopy and to keep

all leaves photosynthetically active, c) rice seedlings should be transplanted when young, less

than 15 days old with just two leaves, quickly, shallow and carefully, to avoid trauma to roots

and to minimize transplant shock (GSRI, 2010).

SRI principles and practices have been adapted for rain-fed rice as well as for other crops

(such as wheat, sugarcane …), with yield increases and associated economic benefits.

Advantages

The SRI advantages are (GSRI, 2010):

- Seeds saving offered by single seedling transplantation: 1ha of rice field

only requires 6kg of seeds compared to 80kg for the conventional system.

- Water saving: maintenance of a certain level of water and alternation of dry

and irrigated condition reduce water consumption of the rice field when

compared to that of conventional system which is in a submerged condition.

- Less dependence to external resources: SRI methods rely on the respect of

the physiology of the rice plant so it can express its tillering potentiality.

Farmers that are mostly constrained by the lack of cash-flow for the purchase

of improved seeds or chemical fertilizer can adopt SRI in order to at least

double their rice yield.

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Technical and sensitize programmes

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been promoted in Madagascar since 1998. The

Ministry of Agriculture entered the actions with the PNVA Project (National Program of

Agricultural Popularization), and by the encouragement of the farmers to participate in one

regional and national compete. The initiative called MAP (Madagascar Action Plan)

presented also the SRI as a main tool to reach the objective of doubling the rice production in

2010 and promoted the distribution of the SRI.

The Group on SRI (GSRI), led and coordinated by a permanent Secretariat, has been created

in 2008 with 13 organisms’ members, including umbrella organizations and actors of rural

development. The GSRI currently consists of 267membersin the 22 regions of Madagascar.

Regions participate in the SRI distributions. The "Regional offices of the Rural

Development" train farmers with NGOs, "Districts of the Agriculture (Farming) ", CIRAGRI,

“Agricultural Service Center”. In principle, they have a knowledge base about the SRI from

NGO since 1990 and thus speak about it with full knowledge of the facts.

(Source: GSRI website: http://groupementsrimada.org)

SRI Adoption

All the 22 regions in Madagascar practice the SRI. While the mean surface cultivates per

farmer is about 0.31 ha the production per hectare with SRI (4t/ha) is twice more than the

production with the traditional techniques (2t/ha) (GSRI, 2013). The statistic showing the

number of farmers and the surface cultivates with SRI is shown in appendix 5.

Even though the SRI is already known as a solution to the food security in Madagascar,

mastering of the technique needs more investment. Lack of materials (weeder, fertilizer) and

irrigation infrastructures, the farmers opt for traditional technique instead of SRI. Moreover,

the local price of rice is very low.

SRI is more use by many development projects or conservation project as alternative

livelihoods. However, as many project interventions are in a short term and depend to the

abroad funding, often, there are no monitoring after the post project and the farmer don’t

have perseverance to continue due to the lack of incomes.

2.1.3. Others techniques

Some other CSA techniques are developed by various programmes/projects such as:

- Adaptation of agricultural calendar according to the rainfall period

- Promoting short-cycle and drought or inundation-resistant seeds (rice)

- Promoting short-cycle and drought-resistant seeds (sorghum, maize)

- Diversification of cultures (cowpea, groundnut, bean, yam…)

- Promoting hydroponics techniques, small scale irrigation systems, market

gardening

- Plantation of tree fences made of “Vetivers”, “Agaves”, Euphorbia stenoclada

and others (Tephrosia, Cajanus cajan…) to protect soils from being eroded or

blown away by increased and long sustained winds and to increase water

retention and infiltration.

- Promoting sorghum cultivation: (launched in 2008). Sorghum is a plant

adapted to dry regions such as the south of Madagascar. It requires a minimum

of water and fertilizer.

- Promoting traditional Rice cultivation with fish breeding

- Promoting Off-season conservation agriculture

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2.2 Forestry sector

Forestry sector actions resume on:

- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD)

It consists mainly REDD projects. Madagascar has five REDD projects. Three of them

(managed by CI and WCS) are located in the eastern part of Madagascar, in the rain forest,

and aim at producing carbon credits. The two others (managed by GTZ / Intercoopération,

and WWF / Good Planet) have several different sites, and are more focused on methodology.

They mainly tried to produce specific approaches and tools (e.g., reference scenario,

allometric equations) adapted to the Malagasy context. It must be underlined that the group of

technicians involved in these projects, as well as national administration and technical bodies

(as the ONE, National Environment Office) have been willing to work together and created

the CT – REDD (national technical committee for REDD), and helped producing the ‘R -

PIN’ (Readiness Project Idea Note) to allow Madagascar to benefit from World Bank funds

to work on a national approach for REDD.

Now there also is ‘REDD+’, which includes a broader scope that includes sustainable forest

management, conservation and enhancement of carbon stocks. REDD + concernes the

reduction of deforestation, degradation of the forest, and in the same way promotes

alternative livelihoods and development for the resident communities through carbon selling.

In this way, the project will generate Voluntary Carbon Units (VCUs). Income from the sale

of these VCUs will be used by the project and the Government of (the Republic of)

Madagascar GoM to partially finance the management of the protected area and to expand

economic opportunities for local communities (CSA, health care…).

- Use of renewable energy and management of energy wood: (hydro power, biofuel, solar

in Agronomic Research for Development), WWF (World Wide for Nature) and the Tany

energy). Many organism work on that, such as CIRAD (Center for International Cooperation

Meva Foundation

2.3 Livestock sector

2.3.1. Research program

In collaboration with its partners, the Ministry of Livestock conducts research on improving

farming techniques to climate change. In addition, researchers at the Department currently are

working on the modeling of biomass flows, greenhouse gas emissions and carbon in livestock

farms.

The main partners of the Ministry of Livestock include FOFIFA and FIFAMANOR.

- FOFIFA is an applied research centre oriented towards rural development created in

1974; it is the most important agricultural research institute in Madagascar. It has

different research departments, as a department for livestock and veterinary sciences.

- FIFAMANOR is a research center for rural development in agriculture and livestock,

based in Antsirabe. It contributes to the diffusion of agro-ecological techniques in the

Vakinankaratra region thanks to an important network of extension officers. It is also

involved in the development of cropping methods helping the soil fertility’s

regeneration and in the slash-and-burn farming in highlands. There are two examples of

its research topics: (1) improving feed and conduct dairy farming: determination of

food composition values of forages and provender; (2) genetic improvement of dairy

cows: artificially inseminated, selection of dairy cows, broadcast spawners.

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2.3.2. Regional network of expertise on dynamic adaptive systems ruminant to

a changing environment (ARChE_Net)

The ARChE_Net project is a multi-partner regional project funded by the Reunion Regional

Council, the EU and the French Government. It aims to define regional strategies to manage

the ruminant production systems’ adaptation to agro-ecological and socio-economic changes

thanks to the implementation of innovative monitoring tools and to the reinforcement of skills

exchange within the Indian Ocean. These tools will allow to propose alternative ways and

innovative technical strategies to improve technical and environmental performances of

production systems, animal production quality and farms economic viability. They should

help to anticipate the necessary changes on farming advisement, in a context where the

economic, societal and environmental issues have an increasing importance.

The ARChE_Net’s Malagasy partners are:

- School of agronomy- University of Antananarivo

- FIompiana FAmbolena MAlagasy NORveziana (FIFAMANOR)

- FOibem-pirenena ho an'ny FIkarohana ampiharina ho FAmpandrosoana ny eny

Ambanivohitra (FOFIFA)

- Groupement Semis Direct Madagascar (GSDM)

- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)

- Radio-Isotopic laboratory (LRI)

2.4 Fishery sector

We can mention the following projects:

- Projet d’appui aux communautés des pêcheurs (PACP) or Project to support

fishing communities in the south of Madagascar (Atsimo Andrefana Region between

Soalara and Morombe).

One component of this project is the development and sustainable management of resources.

This component is related to climate change adaptation initiatives in the sector. Establishment

of marine reserves, improvement of information on traditional fishing, exploitation of new

areas fishing and development of aquaculture activities are part of these initiatives. PACP

intervene with 92 villages of coastal, affecting approximately 70000 inhabitants (including

19.500 fishermen). Four platforms of associations fishermen are implemented, in partnership

with Institute of Marine Sciences of Toliara and international NGOs (Blue Venture, WCS and

WWF). Each platform manages the reserves, deciding the dates of opening and closing of

fishing. There is also GAPCM (Association of Fishermen and Farmers of Shrimp in

Madagascar) which ensures good practice managements resources and makes proposals for

the implementation of a rational policy on management of shrimp activity in all its aspects,

including the monitoring of resources, regulation, quality control and monitoring.

- African Environmental Monitoring for Sustainable Development (AMESD).

As part of the partnership between AMESD and the Mauritius Oceanography Institute

(MOI), a receiving station was installed in the premises of fisheries Monitoring Centre within

the Ministry of fisheries and Marine resources. It aims to produce oceanographic maps for the

detection of potential fishing zones, monitor the physical oceanographic variables…

9

- Implementation of a development and management plan of natural resources

used in traditional fisheries sectors in the districts of Mitsinjo and Soalala

(Boeny Region)

Boeny region, by its geographical position facing the extent of the Mozambique Channel, is

the leading seafood purveyors in the national market. About 2800 families, or 98% of the

population of the coasts, live by fishing (fish, shrimp, crabs and sea cucumbers) in this region

Boeny. But traditional fishermen found that programs to protect the marine and coastal

ecosystem of operating traditional fishing areas are not sufficiently effective or are not yet

exist.

Therefore, all relevant (including traditional fishermen, collectors fish products, local

authorities, district rural development, agricultural service center, NGO Asity and

Madagascar National Park) are agreed to establish a development and management plan of

resource. The agreed plan is a major awareness campaign on the laws governing traditional

fishing one hand. On the other hand, local controllers by sector, after training and capacity

building support local communities. The establishment of Dina1 designed by local initiatives

strengthens sanctions to be applied to those who violate the laws and texts or do not conform

to the plan.

2.5 Constraints on CSA

The limits may be technical and / or related to the production environment.

At the technical level:

- Effects of slow and not immediate ecological processes on agricultural productions.

- Possible need for additional space to manage the crop rotation system and fallow.

- The CSA uses a knowledge-intensive and is based on techniques which are not

provided directly by the search but developed from the knowledge and experience of

farmers.

- Lack of agricultural knowledge.

- Difficulties managements of crop residues.

- Competition between livestock biomass, ground cover necessary for the formation of

bedding and other uses ( fuel , materials, ... ) .

- Temporary reduction possible and yields during the installation phase.

In the point of view context and environment of agricultural production:

- The broadcasting (distribution) is limited to project beneficiaries

- The change of scale in the distribution of CSA seems difficult and requires numerous

efforts both institutional and operational levels.

- Required to bring the information, the knowledge of the CSA at all levels of the

different actors through various appropriate means, to ensure interdepartmental

coordination.

- The support for CSA requires a good understanding of political decision-makers and a

few key elements to guide them.

1 Collective agreement between the communities of one or several villages, including regulations and sanctions.

10

- The implementation of the CSA requires time and skills at all levels, from the farmer

to the engineers including the technicians and supervisory pilot farmers.

Constraints in target farmers (who are mainly the most poorest):

It is found that many difficulties are based on the fundamental problem of the nature of the

interventions and beneficiaries. The poorest people can not constitute a dynamic steering

wheel of the private sector susceptible to take the relay in driving term of the development.

Indeed, the targeted beneficiaries are usually under difficult conditions, for which the risk-

taking is necessarily limited. Means of financing or credit support should be considered for

agricultural development; protection of the environment has a cost, shares this goal must be

supported. Finally, food security justifies social measures, different and well beyond the

means necessary for rural development

In addition, any operation of environmental protection has a cost and can only be undertaken

if it can quickly provide supplementary income or food self-sufficiency, thereby contributing

to the twin goals of food security and environmental protection. But sometimes we ask

farmers to think about the management of their watersheds and infrastructure protection

downstream where sometimes different types of operations are affected by upstream and

downstream. In this context, the CSA systems develop very difficult without support and

subsidies from the project but are against inconsistent with the principle of development

required for the project.

2.6 Action undertaken to Food security

Situations

Half (50%) of Malagasy households faced a significant food security shock in 2010. More

alarming, it is estimated that over 2/3 of Madagascar may be affected by locusts by the 2013–

2014 season’s planting period, and exposure to locusts will be widespread in Madagascar if

the control program is not fully funded and implemented to scale. Households that are

extremely poor reported facing shocks more often (59% of households) than poor households

(46%), who in turn faced shocks more often than non-poor households (40%)(GOM

2011a).More rural households reported facing shock than urban households (53% vs. 41%,

respectively) (USAID, 2013).

Principe

Madagascar government principle is that food security and country development are

dependent. As Madagascar is one of the poorest country where malnutrition is widespread,

one programme called PANSA (National Action programme on Food security) adopted in

2001 try to fight against malnutrition till 2015. The ultim goal is to reduce 50% of the

vulnerable person, to be self-sufficient in rice production, and to export excess rice

production to the Indian Ocean market. However, in 2010 National Periodic Household

Survey found that more than three-quarters (77%) of households fell below the national

poverty line and an estimated 92% of the country’s population now lives on less than US$2

per day (World bank ,2013).

Advantages

- decentralization of its health system and food and the services

- A national Nutrition Action Plan lead by the ONN (National Office of

Nutrition) are currently in phase II for 2012–2015 and defines the main

activities that should be implemented to make this policy functional.

11

Technical and sensitize programmes

These are the actors acting in Nutrition in Madagascar

- National Institute of Statistics (INSTAT)) from the Ministry of Agriculture

and the population, that provides data base. Because of the lack of mean the

data from this institution is not updated and not credible.

- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Food

Programme (FAO/WFP) work in several region of Madagascar and give data

about rice, energy, food products, clothing, basic utilities and housing, health

care, and other categories of expenses, for seven major cities.

- The Rural Observatory Network (ROR) and notably the Rice Observatory

(ODR) collect market price data from throughout the country

- Permanent Pilot Team for the Rural Development Action Plan (EPP-PADR)

conducts national household surveys on a range of variables, including

work/employment, agriculture, off-farm activities, remittances/transfers,

health, education, consumption/expenditure, poverty, vulnerability, and

opinions/beliefs

- UNICEF

- ONN

- Ministry of Public Health

In addition there are some specific programmes such as (USAID, 2013)

- Early Warning System or Système d’Alerte Précoce (SAP) that is limited due

to lack of funding,

- USAID-funded Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) aims

to establish a remote monitoring system for early warning in Madagascar,

starting with a desk review and a livelihood zoning workshop in 2013.

- Strengthening and Accessing Livelihood Opportunities for Household Impacts

(SALOHI) Project to implement a community-based early warning funded

with USAID.

- National Community Nutrition Program (or Programme National de Nutrition

Communautaire) (PNNC)

3. CSA POLICY FRAMEWORK: EFFECTIVENESS AND EQUITY

3.1 International conventions and regional collaborations

The ratification of the UNFCCC on December 18, 1998 and the Kyoto Protocol on

September 3, 2003 shows Madagascar’s commitment to cope the issues related to

environmental disturbances, particularly climate change. These two treaties lead Madagascar

intervention nowadays.

In addition, being a State member of both the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), the Common

Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Southern African Development

Community (SADC), Madagascar integrates in the work and thoughts of these entities

12

The IOC programme called ACCLIMATE help the countries member to finalize the

adaptation strategies to climate change. The goal is to enhance the ability to respond to risk

factors such as a rise in sea levels, strong exposure to extreme climatic events, unpredictable

storm levels and changes to natural conditions that can affect agriculture and tourism (IOC,

2014).

The Programme on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the COMESA-EAC-SADC

region is a five-year initiative that started in 2010 that aims to inject Africa’s Unified Position

on Climate Change into the post-2012 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) global agreement so as to unlock resources for promoting strategic

interventions that sustain productivity and livelihood improvements for millions of climate-

vulnerable people in the region. The Programme is linked to the AU-NEPAD CC Adaptation-

Mitigation Framework and its Investment Platform for Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)

(National resource team of Madagascar, 2013).

3.2 Policies and strategy at a national level

There are two types of policies or strategy or action plan that rules the CSA in Madagascar:

Climate change policies and the main sectors policies (Agricultural policies, forestry

policies).

3.2.1 Climate change policy

The National Policy on Climate Change (PNLCC) was adopted in 2011. This policy is the

only references of climate change interventions in Madagascar. The table 1 below gives us

the details

Table 1: Climate change policy: objectives, institutions, instruments

Year 2011

Policy National Policy on Climate Change (PNLCC)

Objectives

- To promote measures to reduce the vulnerability of Madagascar

to climate change and emissions of

greenhouse gases,

-To develop behaviors that aid in the combat against climate change.

Institutions

-Ministry in charge of environment

-Directorate of Climate Change (DCC)

-Designated National Authority (DNA) of the Kyoto Protocol CDM

-Thematic group on climate change (GTCC) established in 2010 (GTCC

is a platform for discussion, sharing, mutual reinforcement)

-Meteorological department

- Disaster Risk Management Office (BNGRC)

-CT REDD (Thematic group of REDD)

Instruments

- National Action Plan of Adaptation (PANA) (2006)

-National strategy related to CDM with 17 projects registered and

approved by DNA

- First and second national communication in 2003 and 2010 contains

13

the inventory of Green House Gases, Vulnerability assessment and

Adaptation and Cross cutting issues. (the third document is ongoing

actually)

-On COP 15 in Copenhagen (December 2009), Madagascar proposed a

list of National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA).

-30 new climate stations established the vulnerable areas of Madagascar

in collaboration with organisms working on food security (WFP, WWF,

UNICEF…)

NB: Information on the various components of these instruments are given in Appendix7

Even thought Madagascar was considered as a leader in natural resources policies in Africa,

the key critiques leveled at policy development processes include a lack of:

- Participation by civil society and communities in the preparation of policies,

- Multi-agency input and poor cross-sector coordination resulting in duplication and

contradiction amongst policies,

- Dissemination of adopted policies (World Bank, 2013).

In addition, Madagascar effort focuses are divided in three (03) parts:

According to the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) demand,

- The first and second national communication had already done in 2003 and 2010.

These documents contain the inventory of Green House Gases, Vulnerability

assessment and Adaptation and Cross cutting issues (the third document is

ongoing actually).

- The National Action Plan of Adaptation (PANA) was adopted in 2006

- After the COP 15 in Copenhagen (December 2009), Madagascar proposed a list of

National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA).

- The action plan of the PNLCC is on going

According to Kyoto protocol demand,

- Strategy of Adaptation and mitigation effects and impacts of climate change

adopted in 2010 with DNA as a focal point.

Integration of climate change in different sectors

- Creation of environmental unit in each Ministry to integrate environmental level

and climate change in their policies and programme.

- Creation of a platform of discussion about climate change such as GTCC,

- Partnership development: Partnership with Meteorological department,

Elaboration of the Climate Change National strategy: agriculture - livestock -

fishery sector in 2010

In general, Madagascar government has focus more on disaster instead of addressing climate

changes issues. All efforts are currently put in small pilot project in a vulnerable area such as

the coast and marine areas (Morondava). According to the actions undertaken, the priority for

Madagascar is to improve understanding on future climate change projections, the associated

economic and social effects of climate change, and the costs and benefits of different

adaptation approaches (World Bank, 2013). Moreover, most of environmental units now

suffer from a critical lack of resources.

14

3.2.2 Agricultural policies

Madagascar effort to developpe the agriculture had been starting from 2000 til know. Many

steps and many policies and strategies with action plan were developped and resume in the

table 2.

Table 2: Agriculture policies

Year 2001

Policy Rural Development policy brief (LPDR) and Rural Development National

Programme (RDNP)

Objectives To speed up the growth of rural economy

Institutions

- Ministry of agriculture

- Civil society

- GSDM

-FOFIFA

-Farmers organizations

Instruments

- Action Plan for Rural Development (PADR) (2001),

- Poverty Reduction Strategy Document in 2003

-National Seed Strategy (NSS), National Strategy for rice Development

(NSRD)

- Madagascar Action Plan (MAP) for the period 2007-2012

- Climate Change National strategy: agriculture - livestock - fishery sector

(2013)

- Note of Political Orientation Policy paper in support of the Agriculture

Livestock and Fisheries Sector Programme (NOP PSAEP) (2013)

- Policy letter on BV-PI (Watershed-Irrigated area)

- Green revolution strategy

NB: Information on the various components of these instruments are given in Appendix7

The Malagasy government has launched a number of important agricultural and rural policy

initiatives since 2000. The policies initiatives focused on reducing poverty, protecting the

environment, ensuring good governance, and stimulating economic and export growth. All of

them acknowledge that, agriculture plays a key role and in the national economic. Thus, all

policies and strategies in the table below were contributed to these goals. Nevertheless, a new

step was developed in 2007 with the “Green revolution strategy”. The ministry of agriculture

changed his approach by creating ASC (Agricultural Service Center) and FRD (Agriculture

Development Fund) per region to help the farmer’s organizations to access to a new

techniques, ameliorate seeds, water control, fertilizer, agricultural tools and a financial

support.

Since 2012, the effort of the ministry of agriculture had been producing positive effect such

as:

- The new techniques are already developed by GSDM and hid partners (see

paragraph 2.1)

15

- Seed production by FOFIFA (National Center for Applied Research on Rural

Development) and his partners: all the actions are undertaken within the

framework of the National Seed Program.

- Madagascar is the second country in sub Saharan Africa in term so irrigated area

with a million hectares, representing 30% of agricultural land (Card and al., 2005).

Therefore, more effort is required to build irrigation infrastructures. However, the

creation of Water Users Associations (WUA) was helping the small farmers to

manage their irrigation area.

- According to the MAP, all agriculture interventions have to respect the

environment. While the use of biology fertilizer is already developed, much more

effort (technical training for preparing biologic fertilizer) is required.

- Agriculture tools aims to boost mechanization agriculture by facilitating the

acquisition of agricultural implements by farmers. There are much partnership

collaboration with the ministry of agriculture and the donors in this area to give

materials and training to the farmers. Despite the positive result, more investment

are needed in this area especially in creation adaptive tools to the land use in the

countryside

- Funding support provides rural funding by a micro-finance service. It is very

helpful for the farmers. However, micro finance and technical institutions have to

collaborate to increase the production if not the farmers will perish.

Briefly, the policy and strategies in agriculture are efficient till now but more efforts

are required to fight the food security and the poverty especially in the countryside.

3.2.3 Natural resources policies

Table 3: Natural resources policies

Year 1990-1997 2010

Policy Environment Charter Malagasy

forest policy Updated in 2010

Policy of sustainable development of

coastal and marine

Objectives

to promote conservation and

community based natural resource

management

to promote sustainable development

of coastal and marine areas through

the implementation of integrated

management

Institutions

-Ministry of environment and its branches

-Madagascar National Parks (AP I, II, II, IV)

- Civil Societies : national and international NGO:AP V et VI

- trust funds : Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity (FAPBM) and

the Tavy Meva. Foundation

-ONE

- Ministry of environment

Instruments

- National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)

- Protected areas

- Management transfer to local communities (GELOSE, GCF)(1990)

NB: Information on the various components of these instruments are given in Appendix7

16

Due to the conservation policies, Madagascar has 144 protected areas nowadays. Moreover,

the local communities are involved in the protected areas management through GELOSE

(Gestion locale sécurisée) and GCF (Gestion contractualisée des forêts – a form of

community based natural resources management contract. Thus, all the farmers around the

parks benefit alternative livelihoods (CA, SRI, training, new incomes…) to slash-and-burn

agriculture. In this area, the national and international NGO invest more to improve the socio-

economical conditions of the population. However, the short coming of conservation projects

in Madagascar is the fact that they depend entirely in abroad funding.

3.3 The key institutions relative to CSA

All interventions about climate change is under the function of ministry of environment and

forest. To address climate change, the Government introduced a specific branch in charge of

environmental management and climate change: the Climate Change Directorate (DCC), to

facilitate the control of national policy, and for the preparation of negotiations at international

level.

DCC is an institution under the auspices of the General Directorate of Environment of the

Malagasy Ministry of Environment and Forests and was created by Decree No. 2010-043 of

February 9, 2010. Therefore, the DCC is relatively a new department that is still in the

process of establishing its identity and role under the ministry of environment and the three

(03) services including in this department are given in the table 4.

Table 4: DCC services

Services Mission

Adaptation to the Effects of

Climate Change (SAECC)

- Coordinate and supervise Government led adaptation

projects in Madagascar ( implementation of NAPA and

collaboration with partners)

- Develop the capacity of stakeholders working on climate

change adaptation projects

Attenuation of Climate Change

(SACC)

- Work on projects targeted to reduce GHG emission

Database Management and

Climate Modeling (SGBD)

- Collects and manages database relevant to climate change

adaptation and attenuation,

- Furnishes climate modelling data and projections to the two

other services.

Source: DCC department

Under the lead of Ministry of Environment and Forests work other entities such as Ministry of

Agriculture, Ministry of Fisheries and the Ministry of livestock, International and National NGO, And

the platform of discussion about climate change GTCC and the institutional arrangement is resumed

in the figure 1.

17

Figure 1: Institution arrangement

(Source: WGCC, 2011)

3.4 Policies and gender equity

3.4.1 Society and gender

Typically, a family’s land in Madagascar is principally under the control of the man, who is

responsible for social obligations related to family tombs. Men are also responsible for the

agricultural production. Final decisions always belong to men and accessibility to

information, training and resources are mainly to men. In addition, the main fields for food

and cash crops tend to be primarily the responsibility of men. A woman role is to maintain a

backyard garden. Women generally are responsible for poultry/fowl (chickens, ducks, and

geese) and can manage small livestock (goats, sheep, and pigs), while men manage the cattle

and often the small livestock (USAID, 2013).

3.4.2 Policy and gender

The National Policy of Women Promotion (PNPF)

The National Policy of Women Promotion was established in 2000 with the principal

objective to reduce the disparities between men and women, and between rural and urban

dwellers in order to establish balanced development, particularly between women and men.

PNPF has five components, mainly concerning the economic status of women:

- Improvement of the income and economic state of women, particularly the most

deprived (rural women, women-headed household, etc.)

- Improvement of the level of education and training of girls and women

- Promotion of the right to health and women’s rights on reproductive health

- Reinforcement of women’s rights and of their participation in decision-making

18

- Improvement of the institutional system for the promotion of balanced

development between men and women. (Ramiaramanana et al,2013)

The National Action Plan for Gender and Development (PANAGED)

By adopting the Beijing Platform of Action during the 4th World Conference on Women in

1995 in Beijing, the Malagasy Government signatories accepted the equality of the sexes and

the emancipation of women as fundamental principles of human and durable development.

Therefore, since then Madagascar, committed himself to integrate a gender dimension in all

the development interventions and implement specific policies.

Due to this National commitment integration of gender issues are mandatory in all project or

programme working in Madagascar. Moreover, some donors (USAID programme, European

Union) require the promotion of gender equity in Madagascar.

3.4.3 The Gender Network in Madagascar

The actors in gender development in Madagascar are:

- Southern African Development Community (SADC) is taking the lead on

establishing policy and strategy frameworks for reducing gender inequality in

Madagascar, under the umbrella of the SADC Protocol on Gender and

Development (SADC Southern Africa Gender Protocol Alliance 2013).

- A number of organizations (national and international) are members of the

national Network.: FFE (Friedrich Erbert Foundation), CARE, FORMGED

(Training gender and development), USAID, ONE (Environment national Office,

SAHA (Sahan’Asa sy Fampandrosoana), MINPOP (Ministry of Population), …

- In addition, there are organizations working on CSA and gender approach (Tany

Mena Foundation). They help improve some households for women to get

orientation. Some NGOs promote truck farming and breeding at a short cycle

within women

3.4.4 CSA and gender

According to the PANAGED, all projects have to consider gender issues and gender

equity in their schedule. Many projects promoting the CSA in Madagascar consider the

gender issues such as:

- FOFIFA: it is one institution integrating gender in their research. With

participatory approach research, gender issues are considered according to process

imposed by the partnership and convention

- All the conservation or development projects help farmers organizations. In

general, in mixed farmers’ organizations, women represent 25 % of the members

At a national level, achieving gender balance remains a work in progress such as:

- Gender mainstreaming in the organizations at local, regional and national levels

- Technical capacity building

- Improving access to resources

- Facilitating access to information (help women in recognized leadership positions

(Sacau, 2013)

19

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 The key challenges to implementing CSA in Madagascar

4.1.1. On existing Policy and strategy

Madagascar has numerous policies and strategies connected to the CSA. Despite the national

commitment, there is a need to recognize Madagascar’s inability to mobilize the necessary

financial means to meet its needs and to face challenges regarding climate change. For

example, Madagascar developed its NAPA in 2006 and its implementation is far waiting

funding.

The coordination of existing initiatives remains a major challenge of the " frame (executive)

of implementation " face of climate change:

- As the ministry of environment has a leading role to play he has do opt to a

consensual manner approach with the others stakeholder concern by climate

change (NGO and others ministry) .

- Nevertheless, dynamism, implication and involvement of non-state actors must be

better incited, facilitated and encourage. Such are the issues of coordination for a

better synergy of actions, in a context of insufficiency of financing for the

country.

In addition, the policies are not efficient because the existing policy do not affect or convince

the farmers.

4.1.2. On CSA

Some possible causes the delay in the adoption of CSA in Madagascar

- There is no National CSA Investment framework in Madagascar

- No national Policy targeting scaling up of CSA at the national level;

- Lack of sensitization of policy makers on CSA

- Too much focus on CA extension among small scale farmers, scaling up limited because

average size of farm less than 0.5 ha;

- All projects depend to abroad funding. Currently, the policy crisis in 2009 stopped many

interventions in Madagascar.

4.2 Recommendations:

4.2.1. On existing Policy and strategy

One specific policy resumes all the different policies needs to be developed to promote CSA

in Madagascar, according to the stakeholder working in the CSA , they are lost with the

several policies existing nowadays. In addition, the following points are recommended:

- the translation into concrete action plans and the implementation of the sectorial

policies;

- the development of adaptation strategy and specific mitigation to every sector;

- the scalability and replicability of best practice and pilot projects;

- the continuous strengthening capacity of the human-key resources;

20

- the continuity of communication efforts and education at all level, so that all the

actors increases their implications in the adaptation to the climate change;

- increased mainstreaming through the integration of the actions of mitigation and

adaptation to the climate change, in the municipal and regional plans

Furthermore, the financial instability of all Malagasy institutions needs a real solution: for

instance, a consensual priority of action in CSA is recommended and a strategy of autonomy

and financial sustainability has done be developed.

4.2.2. On CSA

From the general point of view, it is recommended:

- Integrating the farmers right from the beginning of research

- Stronger capitalization of the results

- Creating an appropriate framework for the donors

- Research should be made more in a simple form for some people to understand,

especially the farmers.

- Supporting farmers from the beginning

- Farmers should carry on the CSA activities even after the donor funded projects

end.

- Elaborate a strategy or an approach at local or regional levels, targeting gender

aspect and CSA

- Strengthen the capacity of current and future stakeholders through training

institutions as IHSM, School of agronomy …

Agriculture sector

- Promoting traditional Rice cultivation with fish breeding

- Expanding upland rice cultivation in the Midwest

- Improving SRI and seeding agriculture systems.

- scalability and replicability of best practice and pilot projects;

- Capacity building at all levels (local, regional and national).

Forestry sector

- Equitable sharing of benefits arising from the payment of

environmental services among all stakeholders (government, NGO

manager, local community)

- Promote the use of renewable energies.

Livestock sector

- Implementation of mobility strategies for the sustainable management

of biomass and water resources in arid zones (pastoralism),

- Creation and strengthening of animal health services in rural areas to

reduce the impact of emerging diseases,

- Developing livestock diversity by selecting animals in order to

privilege local species and races that can resist heat and diseases,

- Diversification of livestock and agricultural activities.

21

Fishery sector

- Improve production in respect of the maintenance of ecosystem

functions and reproduction of the species;

- Collaborate with the Ministry of Health for a joint advocacy on toxic

marine animals.

4.2.3. On food security

According to the PANSA, food security needs four (04) criteria: food availability, food

accessibility, food quality and food stability. Malagasy government has to ensure food

security inter-annual fluctuation and seasonality with the consideration of these four (04)

criteria. Thus, the efforts to do are:

- Improve access to clean and safe water and food sources, latrines, a clean

household environment.

- Focus more in the region hit by chronic food insecurity :the deep south

(Anosy and Androy regions), the southern highlands (Haute Matsiatra,

Amoron’i Mania, and Ihorombe regions), the east and southeast (Atsimo

Atsinanana, Atsinanana, and Vatovavy Fitovinany regions) and the southwest

(Atsimo Andrefana region)

22

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

1. Card, David and Ethan G. Lewis, 2005. “The Diffusion of Mexican Immigrants in the

1990s: Patterns and Impacts.” UC Berkeley Center for Labor Economics Unpublished

Working Paper, February.

2. FAO, 2012, Developing a climate-smart agriculture strategy at the country level:lessons

from recent experience, Background Paper for the Second Global Conference on

Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change ,Hanoi, Vietnam, 3-7 September 2012,

46 pages

3. FAO, 2013, Climate smart agriculture source book, 570 pages

4. GSDM database, Cdrom Conservation Agriculture

5. GSRI website:http://groupementsrimada.org

6. GSRI, 2010. Le SRI à Madagascar, un levier de la sécurité alimentaire, de la croissance

économique et du développement durable ». Rapport atelier National SRI. 37p.

7. GSRI,2013, fiche technique SRI

8. MICHEL Raunet, www.agrobiologie.cirad.fr

9. NATIONAL RESOURCE TEAM OF MADAGASCAR, 2013,Climate Change

Programme Baseline Report, 36 pages

10. RAMIARAMANANA D,RANDRIAMBOLANORO L,RABARY B .,

RAZAFIMADIMBY S, 2013, Challenge for gender mainstreaming in Centre National de

Recherche Appliquées au développement rural (FOFIFA) , Madagascar, 21 pages

11. USAID, 2013, Food security country framework for Madagascar fy 2015-2019, 89 pages

12. WGCC, 2011, Madagascar facing the climate change challenges, capitalization of

experiences, 31 pages

13. WORLD BANK ,2013, Madagascar country Environmrnt Analysis, 164 pages.

14. WWF,NORAD ,MEF, 2013 ,Climate Change Adaptation In Madagascar :Challenges,

Responses & Future Priorities, publication, madagascar, 16 pages.

15. IOC, 2014, Magasine N°2 Seychelles-Mauritius, 16 pages

16. COALITION FOR AFRICAN RICE DEVELOPMENT (CARD) Madagasca, 2005,

National strategy for the development of rice growing (NSDR) , 27 pages

17. SACAU, 2013,GENDER IN AGRICULTURESYNTHESIS REPORT FOR

MADAGASCAR, MALAWI SOUTH AFRICA, ZAMBIA AND ZIMBABWE, Regional

Conference on Gender and Youth in Agriculture,Pretoria, 26 pages

23

APPENDIX

Appendix 1 : List of institution visited

N° Institution Contact person

01 Ministry of Environment and Forestry Mrs RAZANAMIHARISOA Jane

+261 34 05 621 52

jrazanamiharisoa@ymail.com

02 Ministry of Agriculture Mrs ANDRIAMAHAZO Michelle

+261 34 05 610 31

michelleandriamahazo@gmail.com

03 Ministry of Livestock Mrs LAHIMASY Ampiza

ampizalahimasy@yahoo.fr

04 Ministry Fisheries and Marine resources Mrs. RANAIVOSON Samuline

+261 33 40 612 96

sranaivo@gmail.com

05 Ministry of Tourism M. RABENASOLO Eric

+261 34 05 620 51

eric.rabenasolo@meeft.gov.mg

06 Metereology service Mrs RAHOLIJAO Nirivololona

+261 34 05 560 94

niriraholijao@gmail.com

07 FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) Mrs RAHARINAIVO Volantiana

+261 33 13 313 63

volantiana.raharinaivo@fao.org

08 WWF (World Wide Fund) Mrs RAKOTONDRAZAFY Harisoa

+261 34 49 803 70

hrakotondrazafy@wwf.mg

09 WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society) M. BURREN Christian

cburren@wcs.org

10 CI (Conservation International) M. RAJASPERA Bruno

brajaspera@conservation.org

11 GSRI (Group on System or Rice

Intensification)

M. RAZAFIMAMISOA Rojoharilala

groupementsrimada@moov.mg

+261(0)20.26.359.90

+261(0)32.05.225.89

12 GSDM (Direct Seeding Group of

Madagascar ) M. RAKOTONDRAMANANA + 261

32 071 29 96 gsdm.de@moov.mg

24

13 CIRAD (Center for International

Cooperation in Agronomic Research for

Development)

M. MONTAGNE Pierre

montagne@cirad.mg

14 School of Agronomy, University of

Antananarivo

M. RAMAMONJISOA Bruno

+261 340878334

bruno.ramamonjisoa@gmail.com

15 Tany Meva Fundation

Mrs RAJAOBELINA Miara

m.rajaobelina@tanymeva.org.mg

16 SDMAD (Direct Seeding of Madagascar) sdmad@moov.mg

17 FOFIFA (National Center of Applied

Research for Rural Development)

Mrs RAKOTOARISOA Jacqueline

+261341495002

Ds.fofifa@blueline.mg

18 FIFAMANOR (Malagasy Norwegian

Agriculture and Livestock)

it.fifamanor@moov.mg

www.fifamanor.com

19 VERAMA (VERgers d’Anacardes de

MAsiloka)

+261 62 239 97

cajou.metz@unima.mg

20 FEKRITAMA: Malagasy Farmers

Confederation fekritama@moov.mg

21 Farmer organizations M. RAMAROSON Ignace

+261 33 11 013 66

22 ODR ('Observatoire du Riz or Observatory

Rice)

M. RIVOLALA Bezaka

+261 34 05 950 51

odr.rivolala@blueline.mg

23 DRDR Analamanga (Regional Directorate

of Rural Development of Analamanga)

M. RAKOTO Joseph

+261 34 05 610 80

drdranala@yahoo.fr

24 BVPI (watershed and Irrigated perimeters

project)

M. RAMAROSON Lantonirina

+261 34 05 610 31

cpnbvpi@blueline.mg

25 Farmers M. RANDRIAMAHAZOMANANA

Philbert

+261 33 85 896 83

Mrs RAMAROMANANA Emilienne

+261 32 58 641 45

25

Appendix 2 : Presence list

26

Appendix 3: Examples of current climate change adaptation projects being

implemented in Madagascar ( WWF)

Organization/

Institution

Project title Objective

CI, WCS, WWF Climate Change Adaptation

for Conservation in

Madagascar

- develop an action plan for maintaining and

restoring forest connectivity in priority areas, and

for reducing pressure on natural forests.

- build the key knowledge about coral and mangrove

systems in Madagascar, develop effective

approaches for building resilience in these systems

and to work with the Malagasy government to

incorporate that knowledge into conservation

planning.

- engage with the government of Madagascar to

incorporate climate change considerations into both

terrestrial and marine natural resource management

planning.

GRET PSASA (Projet de

sécurisation de

l’approvisionnement en

semences pour l’Androy)

- Improve food security in Androy Region

- Minimize the impacts of periods of food insecurity

-Improve the quality of life of vulnerable

households

ESSA, LRI, IRD Vulnerability and

adaptation of agricultural

systems to climate change

- Improve the understanding of the climate change

vulnerability of the Malagasy agricultural system

- Facilitate exchanges between ACCA researchers

and stakeholders at different levels

- Disseminate project results to enable sharing of

knowledge related to climate change vulnerability of

agricultural systems

- National capacity building in terms of climate

change adaptation.

Ministry of

Agriculture

Rural Development

Support Project

- Reduce the vulnerability of rural areas and

maximize preservation of natural resources base

- Contribute to the improvement of food security

- Increase the productivity and incomes of small-

scale farmers within the 22 regions

Watersheds and Irrigation

Project

- 50% Average increase of agricultural production

using irrigation and pluvial techniques in 4 sites.

- 30% increase of land surfaces benefiting from

sustainable land management system.

Program for the

improvement of resilience

for food insecurity

- Facilitate increased production while ensuring

dissemination of the techniques to a larger

population alongside in a sustainable manner

Tany Meva Community afforestation

project for timber, wood

fuel, and restoration of

degraded land

- The protection of watershed , valorization of

degraded land and contribution to the combat

against greenhouse gas through the storage of

carbon in the biomass;

- Establishment of a “pilot experience” in the high

land area of Madagascar regarding large community

reforestation, in sustainable finance for local

communities environmental and social project

27

through carbon offset;

- Production of wood fuel, timber and fruit to

improve local communities’ livelihood.

WWF Climate Change Adaptation

Capacity in Madagascar

- WWF MWIOPO integrates climate change

adaptation in its conservation work and is able to

support its conservation partners in this area.

- Awareness on climate change impacts on

biodiversity and livelihoods is increased within

Malagasy conservation community, decision-makers

and targeted local communities.

- Climate change adaptation strategies and measures

are implemented within WWF MWIOPO priority

ecoregions.

Building Resilient MPAs in

Madagascar

Climate change responses are integrated into MPA

design and management, and sound monitoring

programmes are developed

- Key stakeholder capacity to be effective

marine/coastal resource managers is strengthened

- Feasible sustainable financing mechanisms for

Nosy Hara are identified

- A knowledge base for marine biodiversity and

MPAs is developed and used by all stakeholders and

as an educational tool.

Climate Change Adaptation

Capacity in Diana Region

The capacity of Diana regional actors is developed

to enable them to design and implement adaptation

policies to enhance the resilience of marine and

coastal priority areas

- Adaptation approaches are developed and

implemented in two priority areas for conservation

and one natural resources management project.

- Climate change integration is implemented into

Diana Regional Plan and lessons from Diana are

shared at the national level.

28

Appendix 4: GSDM members and partenaires projects

Institution Topics

WWF

Detailed vulnerability analysis of various natural ecosystems and social

& economic systems

Feasibility and costing studies on key aspects of forest restoration

Feasibility study to assess current conditions of gallery forests in

Madagascar

Analyses of change of crop suitability with climate change

Identification of sustainable and resilient livelihood activities

SCRID : FOFIFA,

CIRAD and University of

Antananarivo

(2009 to 2013)

CA systems with high biomass production for livestock; Rice breeding

under CA, mid-West Vakinankaratra;

Integrated control of rice blast based on CA;

Effects of CA systems on soil biodiversity

Biological control of Striga asiatica based on CA

Socio economic aspects of CA Training

LRI (Laboratory

Research on Isotopes),

Antananarivo University

2010 to now

Nitrogen and Phosphate uptake under Stylosanthes cover (Middle east

of Vakinankaratra)

ESSA (2010) Performance of CA on Carbon sequestration

GSRI+ESSA Constraints to SRI adoption : tree decisions

ACCA + LRI + ESSA +

IRD

study on vulnerability and adaptation of agrosystems to Climate

Change

DCC+ESSA Impact of pollution on agriculture

DCC+ESSA What should we do against negative effects of Agriculture on Climate

Change

DCC + Faculty of

Science -University of

Antananarivo

Impact of Climate Change on water resources in the Analamanga

region.

AGRISUD /LRI/Good

Planet/IRD

Impact carbone des Pratiques Agroécologiques de la Région Itasy–

Madagascar: empreinte carbone, cartographie et modélisation

29

GSDM members

Activities Area Financement

AD2M disseminates agro-

ecological

Miandrivazo, Mahabo

and Belo sur

Tsiribihina in the

Menabe Region

IFAD

ANAE disseminates agro-

ecological

around Andasibe

National Park

International

conservation

INTERREG Project/

FIFAMANOR ,TAFA

Integration of

agroecology and

livestock

Antsirabe CIRAD

South East High

Plateau Watershed and

irrigated perimeter

Project/ SD - Mad,

FAFIALA and AVSF

watersheds

management by

implementing CA

techniques diverse

climates

irrigated perimeter of

Vakinankaratra,

Amoron'i Mania,

Vatovavy Fitovinany

and South East regions

AFD

PACA Project

(Agricultural

Production )

Increase food and cash

crops productions

through Conservation

Agriculture

Ankililoaka

basin/valley and

Antseva corridor

European Union and

GSDM

GRET and GSDM in

the Androy Region:

Phase 1: 2005-2008

under the FASARA

project "agricultural

value chain and food

security improvement

of Androy Region"

and phase 2: 2008-

2010 under the PSASA

project "Seed Supply

Securing Project for

Androy". In

collaboration with

TAFA and FOFIFA

ensure the households

food security in the

semi-arid area with

strong wind erosion of

Androy by increasing

local production of the

main food crops by the

sustainable production

system through

Conservation

Agriculture

Androy

GSDM: Phase 1: 2004-

2008 under "Support

to dissemination of

Agro-Ecological

techniques in

Madagascar" project

and phase 2: 2008-

2013 under "Support

to National agro-

ecology"

Developpement of CA

techniques adapted to

different agro-

ecological and socio-

economic situations, -

Implementation of an

active agro-ecological

network, development

of a training tools for

managers, technicians

and farmers

AFD, Malagasy State,

European Union, KfW

and La Reunion

Region

BVPI project Contribute to farmers’ Alaotra AFD

30

(watershed and

Irrigated perimeters) at

Alaotra lake: 1st phase:

2003-2008 and 2nd

phase: 2008-2013/

CIRAD

incomes improvement

Watershed natural

resources preservation

and downstream

investments

PLAE project (Anti

Erosive Program)

1998-2006

Carry out related

actions to anti-erosive

in sensitive sites of

watersheds of the

irrigated perimeters

Soavina Amoron'i

Mania, Bezaha,

Marovoay

KFW

Conservation of

Mahafaly Plateau

Project: 1st phase:

2002-2008 and 2nd

phase: 2009-2012

mission is to

accompany the

extension of

Tsimanapesotsa

National Park and to

reduce pressures by

using CA for

sustainable agriculture

and livestock

production systems

Tsimanapetsotsa FFEM/AFD/WWF

Appendix 5: SRI Statictic (GSRI, 2013)

Year Surface SRI (ha) Participant Member/partenaires of GSRI

2008 : Creation

of GSRI

unknown unknown 13

2009 10.000 65.000 70

2010 112.000 159.000 130

Middle- 2011

(1er semestre)

63.714 218.155 230

31

Appendix 6: Details of research topic (WWF et al, 2013)

Organization/I

nstitution

Project title Objective

Climate Change

Directorate

(DCC) /

Ministry of

Environment

and Forests

Promoting climate resilience

in the rice sector

- To strengthen the capacities of Malagasy

authorities to analyze and

manage climate risks to the rice sub-sector;

- To implement and disseminate a series of

changes to the rice

production practices;

- To determine further adaptation options for the

rice sub-sector;

-To restore and maintain ecological services

around rice ecosystems.

Pilot project strengthening

local communities and natural

ecosystem resiliencies facing

climate change

- Reduce local communities’ vulnerability;

- Apply agriculture adaptation measures;

- Sustainably manage natural resources and

diminish ecological

footprints;

- Mitigate extreme poverty;

- Transfer technologies.

Adapting coastal zone

management to climate

change considering

ecosystem and livelihood

improvement

- Develop institutional capacity to address climate

change impacts;

- Restore and protect coastal zones;

- Mainstream adaptation measures to sectoral

policies in coastal zones.

32

Appendix 7 : Policy and program faced to climate change

National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) (1990): Environmental policy in Madagascar

is informed by the NEAP. This document came into force through Law 90-033 on 21st

December 1990 and served as the strategic framework for all who are involved in

environmental action for a period of 15 years divided into three phases known as EP-1, EP-2

and EP-3. The first phase of the NEAP under Environment Program 1 (1991 – 1997) aimed at

creating a proper policy, regulatory and institutional framework. The second phase under

Environment Program 2 (1997 – 2003) consolidated first-phase programs, putting national

institutions more firmly in the pilot site. But its stated development objective to reverse

environmental degradation was too ambitious within the time frame. The third phase under

Environment Program 3 (2003 – 2008) aimed at mainstreaming the environment into

macroeconomic management and sector programs that focus on results at the regional and

field levels. Within Environment Program III strategy, DMC system was recognized as

agricultural techniques to be used at protected area and priority intervention zones. CA could

be highlighted in the actual reviewed Environment Chart.

Malagasy forest policy (1997): Six basic principles guide this policy: i) compliance with

national development policy , ii) conservation of forest resources through appropriate

sustainable management iii ) limiting ecological risk iv ) contribution of the forestry sector to

economic development ; v) empowerment of local stakeholders in the management of forest

resources and vi ) adaptation of forestry activities to the realities of the country.

Policy Letter of Rural Development (2001) provides a clear vision of the objectives pursued

by the government and intervention procedures to ensure efficiency of the actions undertaken

to achieve these objectives.

National Strategy for Risk and Disaster Management (2003), established in 2003,

represents an important step in the identification and management of risks and hazards in

Madagascar. It sets policy and priorities of the Government in reducing risk and the relative

institutional framework. Its implementation is provided by the National Bureau of risk

Management and Disaster.

Policy Letter of Livestock Sector (2003). Its targets are to increase and improve the

competitiveness of animal production and agri -livestock integration , improve the situation

and the vigilance of the national herd and the hygiene of products of animal origin,

appropriate by civil society the processes involved and the disengagement of the state and the

productive functions and take into account environmental aspects.

Vision Madagascar Naturally (2004), gives the general framework of development and

defines particularly the main principles governing rural development.

National Action Plan for Rural Development (2005). This National Action Plan for Rural

Development established in order to speed up the growth of the rural economy. Government’s

priorities include integrating rural production into the market economy through institutional

environment improvement, rural development sector actor capacity building and sustainable

infrastructure and resources management. As amply demonstrated in these strategic

documents, the government clearly recognizes the linkage between the environment and

sustainable development.

National Program for Rural Development (2005). Its development refers in the "Vision

Madagascar Naturally" and Poverty Reduction Strategy Document. PNDR is an intersectorial

national program, which should allow to harmonize and to coordinate the sectorial and

regional interventions.

Land Policy Letter (2005): This policy aims to land management suitable to private

investment in agricultural production , management and protection and renewal of natural

resources , development of decentralized communities through the provision of tools

33

territorial and fiscal management, and strengthening social cohesion at local and municipal

level.

Policy Letter of watersheds and irrigated perimeters Development (2006) indicates a

specific manner of modes of intervention and means of achieving on watersheds and irrigated

areas, particularly in areas with high agricultural potential

Madagascar Action Plan (MAP) (2006): Reference Document on development for 2007-

2012 , derived from the " Vision Madagascar Naturally". MAP, in its Commitment 7, has

challenges on climate change (Challenge 1: Conduct a study to determine the value of

ecosystem services in Madagascar including absorption / sequestration of carbon dioxide by

plants ; Challenge 2 : promoting the development and use of alternative energy such as

biofuels ; and Challenge 3: ensure the implementation of international conventions on the

environment ratified by Madagascar, such as the Kyoto Protocol ).

National Action Plan for Adaptation (NAPA) (2006), its principal objective is to identify

priority activities that respond to the urgent and immediate needs allowing them to adapt to

climate variability and climate change. NAPA has identified 15 priority projects that address

five vulnerable sectors (Agriculture, Health, Water Resources, Forestry, and Coastal areas ).

National Seed Strategy (2008) which aims to promote the utilization of improved seed

varieties to achieve a rapid development of the seed market.

Agricultural Sector Programme (2008 - current update) aims to modernize the

agricultural sector in Madagascar, improving in a sustainable manner the performance of key

stakeholders.

National Rice Development Strategy (2009) aims to ensure the development of rain fed rice

as an option for the disappearance of the tavy from 2013 , and a substantial increase of the

area of irrigated rice to 2018.

Strategy of Adaptation and mitigation effects and impacts of climate change (2010). Its

vision is "Responding to climate change to promote sustainable agriculture , guaranteeing

food security in Madagascar ."

National Environment Policy (2010) serves as a reference for environmental management in

Madagascar and its main objective is restoring a sustainable and harmonious balance between

the needs of human development and environmental concerns. It presents an overview

highlighting the fight against climate change as a national priority.

National Climate Change Policy (PNLCC) (2010) : This policy is part of the National

Environment Policy and focuses on five areas: (1) strengthening adaptation measures to

climate change taking into account the real needs of the country, (2) the implementation of

mitigation measures for the country development, (3) the integration of climate change at all

levels, (4) the development of instruments for sustainable financing, and (5) the promotion of

research, development and technology transfer and adaptive management

Policy of sustainable development of coastal and marine (2010): This policy aims to

promote sustainable development of coastal and marine areas through the implementation of

integrated management

National Strategy for Clean Development Mechanism (2010): This document defines the

general framework of the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in

Madagascar. It is based on five strategic areas: (i ) improving the governance of sustainable

development , (ii) strengthening national capacity to benefit countries the opportunities

offered by the CDM, ( iii ) strengthening institutional synergies , (iv) improving the database

on the environment and (v ) launch marketing campaign.

Climate Change National strategy: agriculture - livestock - fishery sector 2012 - 2025

(2012): The vision is that " By 2025, Madagascar sustainably developed with the Agriculture

-livestock- fishery sector as pillar of a green economy to agricultural vocation, resilient to the

34

effects of climate change, contributing significantly to GDP, ensuring food self-sufficiency

rural and urban, expanding to foreign markets, and using modern techniques respectful of its

environment and its socio-cultural identity."

Note of Political Orientation Policy paper in support of the Agriculture Livestock and

Fisheries Sector Programme (NOP PSAEP) (2013)

This document summarizes the policy and strategic framework PSAEP. It will serve as a basis

for negotiating the installation of the program, and whose short-term (recovery strategy) game will be

integrated into the "National Recovery Strategy Development." It will also serve as reference for the

formulation of the letter of interdepartmental policy Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries.