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A CHANGING CLIMATE: MANAGING WATER FOR
HEALTH
MAP ConferenceSeptember 27, 2019
PRESENTERS:
Claire Karner, AICP, Beckett & RaederAaron Ferguson, MICHAP
Kris Olsson, Watershed Ecologist, HRWC
KEY TOPICS
• Where Does our Water Come From?
• Climate Change, Water & Public Health
• The Planner’s Role – Local Policy Options
WaterPublic Health
ClimateChange
Project Focus:1. Rural Populations2. Zoning / Policy Solutions
INPUT PROCESS
Literature Review Water Protection Survey
21 in-depth stakeholder interviews
4 Focus Groups &
community forum
Demo and Refine mapping platform
WHERE DOES OUR DRINKING WATER COME
FROM?
• 72% of Michigan residents get their water from public municipal water systems, 28% rely on private wells.
• Of municipal supplies…• 42% are surface water (blue)• 58% are groundwater (green)
• Municipal surface water supplies can be further broken down…
• Great Lakes (blue)• Rivers (green)• Inland Lakes (purple)
www.managingwaterforhealth.org
PUBLIC DRINKING
WELLS
• While municipal groundwater wells are found throughout the state, there are certain areas with high concentrations
• Wellhead protection boundary
• Pink= Type 1 (municipal), Green=Type 2 (institutional)
www.managingwaterforhealth.org
PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD
WELLS BY COUNTY
Oakland County – 35,000 private wellsSource: Welllogic, which provides online platform for entering well drilling records (private and municipal)
www.managingwaterforhealth.org
• Federal/ State /Local Partnership• Integrating Climate Adaptation into
Public Health Practice• Promote Adaptation Strategies to
Protect Public Health
Project Funders:Michigan Climate & Health Adaptation Program
(MICHAP)
CDC CLIMATE-READY STATES AND CITIES INITIATIVE
Resilience: The capacity of a community, business, or natural environment to prevent, withstand, respond to, and recover from a disruption.
Source: City of Calgary Climate Program (modified)
CLIMATE CHANGE BASICS:DEFINITIONS
• Weather - Short-term conditions at a location (temperature, wind, rain, etc)
• Climate - Long-term average of weather for an extended period of time at a certain location
• Climate change - Long-term continuous increase or decrease to average weather conditions or range of weather.
OBSERVED INCREASE IN PRECIPITATION
EXTREME PRECIPITATION
The amount of precipitation falling in the heaviest 1% of precipitation events increased by 37% in the Midwest from 1958 to 2012.
NOAA NCDC / CICS-NC
Winter+10 to 20%
Spring+0 to +15%
Fall+0 to +15%
Summer-5 to 0%
3-6%state yearly
average
Projected Precipitation Changes, 1971-2000 to 2041-2070
WHAT DO THOSE CHANGES REALLY MEAN?
Courtesy GLISA, 2015, modified from Hayhoe et. al.
PRIORITY CLIMATE‐RELATED HEALTH IMPACTS
1. Respiratory conditions
2. Heat Illness
3. Storm –related Injury, CO poisoning
4. Water – borne diseases
5. Vector – borne diseases
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN TO PUBLIC
HEALTH?
As temperatures rise, bacteria growth in water sources is enhanced.
Increase in heavy precipitation leads to flooding and runoff, increasing contamination from failing septic systems, and increasing urban and agricultural runoff.
Reduction in summer rain can put pressure on both surface- and ground-water recharge.
Each of these scenarios has the potential to increase people’s exposure to waterborne diseases and mental stress.
DRINKING WATER
PROTECTION
What is the Planner’s Role?
• Education• Where does it come from?
• What puts it at risk?
• How can we protect it?
• Local Policy Changes
SEPTIC AND PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY INSPECTION ORDINANCES
• Heavier rain events can exacerbate failing septic infrastructure.
• MSU Study found 100% of inland lakes in Michigan are compromised by leaking septic systems.
• Michigan is the only State in the County without a uniform state septic code
Michigan Communities with Point of Sale Septic Inspection Ordinances…• 5 Townships (0.4%)• 2 Villages (0.8%)• 10 Counties (12%)
Community Name
Type of Government
UnitCounty Type of Ordinance Health Department Permitted to Conduct Inspections
Does the Community
conduct certification
training?
Milton Township Township Antrim TOT Well and Septic Health Department of Northwest Michigan Health Department Sanitarians or contracted Evaluators
Barry County* County TOT Well and Septic Barry-Eaton District Health Department Health Department Registered Evaluators Yes
Benzie County County TOT Well and Septic Benzie-Leelanau District Health Department Health Department Sanitarians N/A
Eaton County* County TOT Well and Septic Barry-Eaton District Health Department Health Department Registed Evaluators Yes
Long Lake Township Township Grand Traverse TOT Septic Grand Traverse Health Department Township Registered Evaluator No
Kalkaska County County TOT Well and Septic District Health Department #10 Health Department Registered Evaluators Yes
Glen Arbor Township Township Leelanau TOT Well and Septic Benzie-Leelanau District Health Department Health Department Sanitarians N/A
Empire Village Leelanau TOT Septic Benzie-Leelanau District Health Department Heath Department Sanitarian or Liscensed Sanitarian No
Manistee County County TOT Well and Septic District Health Department #10 Health Department Registered Evaluators Yes
Shiawassee County County TOT Well and Septic Shiawassee County Environemental Health Division Health Department Registed Evaluators Yes
Washtenaw County County TOT Well and Septic Washtenaw County Environemtal Health Division Health Department Registered Evaluators Yes
Elk Rapids Village Antrim TOT Well and Septic Health Department of Northwest Michigan Health Department Sanitarians or contracted Evaluators
Macomb County County TOT Well and Septic Macomb County Health Department Health Department Registered Evaluators No
Isabella County County TOT Well and Septic Central Michigan District Health Department Health Department Registered Inspectors No
Ingham County County TOT Well and Septic Ingham County Health Department Health Department Registered Evaluators Yes
Brooks Township Township Newaygo TOT Septic District Health Department #10 Township Registered Evaluator No
Wayne County County TOT Septic Wayne County Health Department Heath Department Registered Evaluator No
Ottawa County County TOT Well and Septic Ottawa County Health Department Health Department Sanitarian N/A
Secord Township Township Gladwin TOT Well and Septic Central Michigan District Health Department Health Department Sanitarians or Registered Evaluators No
SEPTIC INSPECTION
FINDINGS
• Village/Township Police Power through IGA with LHD• County, enacted and enforced by LHD and County Board
Two types:
• Public Health – generally older, more political support, inspection requires certain level of functionality
• Environmental – seem to place more burden on property owners, must meet sanitary code
2 main reasons for enacting:
• Registered inspector, certified by LHD• Some require inspections are conducted by LHD staff • Many LHD have training programs or require licensing / credentials
Who conducts inspections:
• Public Awareness • Political support
Barriers
Realtor support & opposition
LEELANAU COMMUNITY FORUM:
A CASE STUDY
• A number of factors created a “perfect storm” for septic contamination risk
• Rising great lakes water levels increase septic contamination risks
• Many inland lakes are hydrologically connected
• Septic systems not designed for current uses
• More pressure on septic systems short-term rentals, more people moving “up north”
• New pharmaceuticals
• Barriers to adopting local ordinances:
• Political climate
• Private property rights, Frequent turnover of elected, lack of long-term foresight
• Health Departments have limited funding and capacity
• Information: Data & Education
• Need to take a Watershed approach, tied to permanent funding, implement watershed plans
WELLHEAD PROTECTION ORDINANCES
Community Name
Type of Government
County Enforcement of WHPA
Briley Township Monmorency Overlay District
Allegan City Allegan Overlay District Battle Creek City Calhoun Overlay District Evart City Osecola Overlay District Fenton City Genesse Overlay District Gladwin City Gladwin Site Plan Review Hartford City Van Buren Site Plan Review Ispheming City Marquette Overlay District Kalamazoo City Kalamazoo Overlay District Manistee City Manistee Overlay District
Niles City Cass and Berrien County Overlay District
Plainwell City AlleganOverlay District and Site Plan Review
Rockford City Kent Stormwater Permit Review Whitehall City Muskegon Overlay District
Williamston City InghamSpecial Land Use Review in Wellhead Overlay Areas
A total of 17 townships, 14 cities, and 3 villages have adopted wellhead protection provisions in their zoning ordinance.
WELLHEAD PROTECTION
INTERVIEW FINDINGS
• Purpose: protect drinking water aquifers
• Many communities had specific threats to aquifers which initiated ordinance (geologic and/or land use based)
• Within Zoning Ordinance – regulate land use as opposed to an activity
• Less opposition, Easier to enforce
• Overlay zones
• Generally include site plan review requirements; especially for more intensive uses
• Boundary Development
• Most common: Use MDEQ’s established 10-year time of travel for groundwater WHPAs
• More aggressive: Tiered system with boundary that extends beyond 10-year time of travel.
• Less common: geometric circle around municipal well
QUICK BREAK
Discussion Questions
• Is there a situation you could see using this mapping tool?
• Who would be a good audience for this tool?
• Any suggested improvements? New data layers?
Huron River Watershed
Water Quality and Land Use
Top Ten Things Local Governments can do:
Zoning Ordinance: Minimize impacts on water cycle on the site level:
10. Include natural features in zoning map
35
Zoning Ordinance: Minimize impacts on water cycle on the site level:
9. Open space zoning
37
Zoning District
Within Water/Sewer Service District
Density Multiplication Factor
Required DedicatedOpen Space
Minimum Lot Size (Acre)
A‐1 ‐ 0.1 80% 0.5
A‐R No 0.2 65% 0.5
R‐C ‐ 0.2 65% 0.5
R‐1 ‐ 0.3 60% 0.5
R‐1A ‐ 0.5 50% 0.5
R‐2 No 1.0 50% 0.5
R‐2 Yes 1.0 50% 0.25
R‐3A Yes 2.27 50% 0.25
Table 1. OPEN SPACE REQUIREMENTS
38
Zoning Ordinance: Minimize impacts on water cycle on the site level:
8. Overlay districts
41
Zoning Ordinance: Minimize impacts on water cycle on the site level:
7. Setbacks and buffers
43
(d)Setback standards. The following setbacks shall apply:(1)A 25-foot non-disturbance setback from the boundary or edge of a protected wetland, as defined and regulated in chapter 26 of Article IV, wetlands protection.(2)A 25-foot non-disturbance setback from the ordinary high water mark of a watercourse.(3)In addition, no building or construction shall occur within the greater of (i) 100 feet from the high water mark of any watercourse or (ii) within the 100-year floodplain.
Sec. 74-684. - Steep slope protection.(1)
Prohibitive steep slopes : Steep slopes identified as prohibitive steep slopes in this section shall be sustained and cared for as natural areas. No disturbance is allowed unless the Township determines it is in the public interest to do so. In that case, the standards of precautionary steep slopes shall apply.
(2)Precautionary steep slopes : Steep slopes identified as precautionary steep slopes in this section shall be disturbed to the least extent possible. Alteration of the landform and/or vegetation will only be considered for approval if it is proposed in accordance with the following standards:
Sec. 74-683. - Natural feature setback.
44
6. Stormwater
Zoning Ordinance: Minimize impacts on water cycle on the site level:
46
Stormwater management conveyance, storage and infiltration measures and facilities shall be designed to prevent flood hazards and water pollution related to stormwater runoff, to prevent accelerated soil erosion from the proposed development, and shall conform with the requirements specified in the County Rules. Additionally, infiltration facility testing and design shall conform to the requirements in section 26-508(b) and 26-508(c) below.
(3)Unless otherwise approved, stormwater runoff shall be conveyed through swales and vegetated buffer strips so as to decrease runoff velocity, allow for natural infiltration, allow suspended sediment particles to settle, and to remove pollutants.
(4)Runoff rates from detention basins shall conform with the requirements specified in the County Rules.
Developments with a percent stormwater impact surface greater than 20 will be required to establish special mitigation procedures to retain on-site or infiltrate that portion of cumulative water volumes in excess of that produced by a 20 percent stormwater impact surface using a coefficient of runoff of 0.95. Special mitigation methods shall include best management practices such as retention basins, infiltration systems, permeable pavement and green roofs.
The Township requires the use of infiltration facilities as integral components of stormwater management plans. Site runoff for the first flush rainfall event, defined as the first 0.5 inches, must be infiltrated on-site, except for facilities listed below, as long as all the other conditions of this section are met.
Washtenaw County Water Resources Commissioner
Rules and Guidelines
Procedures & Design CriteriaFor Stormwater Management SystemsIssued - August 6, 2014Revised - October 17, 2016
47
5. Wetlands ordinance
Zoning Ordinance: Minimize impacts on water cycle on the site level:
4. Site Plan Review to reduce Impervious surface:
Best Management Practices
Site Design for Low Impact Development
Zoning Ordinance: Minimize impacts on water cycle on the site level:
Local GovernmentsWHERE development happens
HereNothere
3. Green Infrastructure Planning
Master Plan: Minimize impacts on water cycle at the landscape level
54
2. Future land use map determines pattern of land use
Master Plan: Minimize impacts on water cycle at the landscape level
56
Master Plan: Minimize impacts on water cycle at the landscape level
1. Protect natural areas, guide development to compact communities: Smart Growth
WAYN
E
OAKLAND
WA
SHTE
NAW
LIVING
STONIN
GH
AM
JACKSON
MONROELENAWEE
LIMA
LODI
SCIO
NOVILYON
IOSCO
GENOA
SALEM
HURON
MARION
SYLVAN
SHARON
WATERLOO
OCEOLA
LYNDON
PUTNAM
SUMPTER
ASH
WEBSTER
FREEDOMROMULUS
HAMBURG
HIGHLAND
SUPERIOR
UNADILLA
HARTLAND
VANBUREN
BRIGHTON
WHITELAKE
GREEN OAK
NORTHFIELD
WATERFORD
DEXTER TWP
MILFORD TWP
PITTSFIELD
BERLIN
COMMERCE
YPSILANTI TWP
W. BLOOMFIELD
STOCKBRIDGE TWP
WIXOM
BROWNSTOWN
CITY OF ANN ARBOR
ANN ARBOR TWP
FLAT ROCK
WOODHA
GIBRA
CITY OF YPSILANTI
CHELSEA
ROCKW
SOUTH LYON
CITY OF
BRIGHTON
ORCHARD LAKE VILLAGE
WALLED LAKE
S. ROCKWOOD
PINCKNEY
VILLAGE OF
MILFORD
BELLEVILLE
WOLVERINE LAKE
VILLAGE OF DEXTER
STOCKBRIDGE VILLAGE
Ann Arbor Greenbelt Program
County Natural Areas Preservation Program
Local Government Preservation Programs
Land Protection Policies and Funding on the Local Level
Local Government Funding• 5 of its local governments (out of 67) have property tax funded
land preservation programs
• 10,000 acres of natural areas and farmland protected
Other Tools for Smart Growth for Local Governments?
THANK YOU!