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A Case for Aflatoxin Control in Nutrition Strategy. Joyceline Kaganda , Director Nutrition and Education, TFNC. INTRODUCTION. Mycotoxin are secondary metabolites of moulds that exert toxic effects on animals and humans ( Mycotoxicosis ) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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A CASE FOR AFLATOXIN CONTROL IN NUTRITION STRATEGY
Joyceline Kaganda, Director Nutrition and Education, TFNC
INTRODUCTION Mycotoxin are secondary metabolites of moulds that exert
toxic effects on animals and humans (Mycotoxicosis)
Aflatoxins is one of the mycotoxins that frequently contaminate foods such as groundnuts, maize, rice and other cereals.
Contamination occurs if there are drought conditions during planting, and use of good agricultural practices that promote plant health is low, and when storage practice is not proper.
Perfect aflatoxin storm in sub-Saharan Africa
susceptible crops
susceptible climate
suboptimal production
systems
35o N & S
Toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and related species in several crop species
Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent of all toxins produced by Aspergillus flavus
It is considered as carcinogen –chronic exposure can result in liver cancer
It has been associated with immune suppression and stunting
Acute exposure can lead to death
Aflatoxin B1
Aspergillus flavus: Aflatoxin producing mold
Aflatoxins
• Aflatoxins are present in blood of pregnant women exposed to aflatoxins, neonatal umbilical cord blood, and in breast milk.
• HIV/AIDS and exposure to aflatoxin forms a fatal combination because aflatoxin on its own is immunosuppressive
• Liver cancer is 30 times more likely among HBV positive populations
Aflatoxins
Aflatoxin Prevalence in TanzaniaZone N
B1
Share >LOD Mean if detected (ppb)
MaizeEastern 40 58% 37.26North 65 15% 11.03South 40 3% 1.00Southern Highlands 99 12% 4.74West 30 70% 16.51National 274 24% 20.48
GroundnutsNorth 20 30% 14.42South 40 33% 11.80West 40 35% 10.72National 100 33% 11.82
LOD = Limit of Detection; ppb = Parts per Billion
Prevalence of Aflatoxin B1 in Groundnuts
Prevalence of Aflatoxin B1 in Maize
Health –Risk of Aflatoxin ExposureShare of Foods in Weekly Calorie
Intake of Households
• Maize constitutes a large share of Tanzanian diets.
• There is heavy reliance on maize-based porridges during a child’s weaning stage.
• Consumers’ level of aflatoxin knowledge is very low.
• A large share of maize consumption comes from own production for agricultural households
Sensitivity Analysis of Impacts
Zone
Maize and GroundnutConsumption (g/person(60kg)/day)
Aflatoxin Contamination (ppb)1 4 10 20 50 100
Central 367 9 36 90 181 452 903
Eastern 261 11 46 115 230 575 1,150
Lake 278 15 60 149 298 746 1,491
North 362 17 68 171 342 854 1,708
South 299 8 32 81 162 406 812
Southern Highlands
495 20 81 203 406 1,015 2,030
West 508 28 111 277 554 1,385 2,770
Zanzibar 66 1 2 6 11 28 55
National 521 109 437 1,092 2,184 5,460 10,920
Estimated the impact with varying contamination.Even at 10 ppb the current consumption levels of maize implies that 1092 out of 1209 liver cancer cases can be attributed to aflatoxins.
In another sensitivity analysis, we estimate that if HBV prevalence is reduced to zero, the total number of liver cancer cases attributed to aflatoxins would reduce 3-fold
Tanzania Aflatoxin Stakeholders’ Workshop3-4 December 2012• Over 50 participants from government, private sector, and
NGOs, and from agriculture, health, and trade sectors in Tanzania.
• Participants agreed to form a National Forum on Mycotoxins Control.
• Participants also agreed to form a National Steering Committee on Mycotoxins Control. TFDA will serve as secretariat.
• Attendees identified priority activities and strategies in pre-harvest, post-harvest, public health, trade, and policy.
• The new Steering Committee plans to meet in January 2013 to discuss next steps and make further plans.
Priority Public Health Strategies to Control Aflatoxin1. Work with representatives from the agriculture and
trade sectors to develop public awareness campaigns about the aflatoxins problem and how to reduce aflatoxins.
2. Promote food handling, processing, and preparation activities that can reduce aflatoxin.
3. Implement programs to detect and map aflatoxin in cereals at the community level.
4. Conduct additional alfatoxin research.5. HBV vaccination
Priority Policy Strategies to Control Aflatoxin
1. Recommend finalization of policies, taking into account food safety and mycotoxins:
• National Food Security Policy• Draft Regulations under Grazing Lands and Animal Feed
Resources Act• National Nutrition Policy
2. Include line item for mycotoxins control in upcoming budget.
Priority Policy Strategies to Control Aflatoxin (continued)
3. Raise awareness of aflatoxin among policy makers.4. Recommend routine monitoring of mycotoxins in
cereal-based weaning foods.5. Include reference to myctoxins in Infant and Young
Child Nutrition Guidelines.6. Develop guidelines and other IC materials for
controlling mycotoxins in agricultural production.