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9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin1
CPET/ECET 355CPET/ECET 3554. Digital Transmission
Data Communications and NetworkingFall 2004
Professor Paul I-Hai LinElectrical and Computer Engineering TechnologyIndiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne
www.ecet.ipfw.edu/~lin
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin2
4.1 Line Encoding4.1 Line Encoding A process converting binary data, a
sequence of bits, to a digital signal Binary data: data, text, numbers, graphical
images, audio, and video Some characteristics: Signal levels, bit rate,
dc components, self-synchronization
From p. 85, Figure 4.1 of Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin3
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.)
Signal Level vs. Data Level
From p. 86, Figure 4.2 of Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
Three signal levels, 2 data levels
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin4
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.)
Pulse Rate vs. Bit Rate Pulse Rate
– Number of pulses per second– A pulse is the min amount of time required to send a
symbol Bit Rate
– Number of bits per second BitRate = PulseRate x Log2L
– Level of signal = 2, BitRate = PulseRate– Level of signal = 4, BitRate = 2 x PulseRate
Example 1 & 2: Find Bit rate If - Pulse rate 1000 pulses/sec, L = 2, 1000 bps If - Pulse rate 1000 pulses/sec, L = 4, 2000 bps
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin5
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.)
DC Components (undesirable)– Cannot passing through a transformer– Unnecessary energy on the line
From p. 87, Figure 4.3 of Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin6
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.)
Self-Synchronization (desirable)– For correctly interpret signal– Sending 10110001; receiving 110111000011
Figure 4.4 Lack of Synchronization,
From p. 88, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin7
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.)
Line Coding Schemes– Unipolar
Simple and primitive One voltage level Two problems: DC component & Lack of
synchronization
– Polar Two signal levels: positive & negative Eliminate DC component
– Biploar Three signal levels: positive, zero, and
negative
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin8
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.)
Unipolar Encoding
Figure 4.6 Unipolar Encoding,
From p. 89, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin9
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.) Polar Encoding
– NRZ: Non Return to Zero– RZ: Return to Zero– Manchester– Differential Manchester
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin10
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.) NRZ: Non Return
to Zero– NRZ-L
0 positive; 1 negative
Sync. Problem if long string of 0s or 1s is encountered
– NRZ-I the signal is
inverted if a 1 is encountered
A long string of 0s still cause sync. problem
Figure 4.8 NRZ-L and NRZ-I Encoding,
From p. 91, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin11
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.) RZ: Return to
Zero– Uses three
values: positive, zero, negative
– Ensure Sync: a signal change for each bit
– Main disadvantage: use more bandwidth
Figure 4.9 RZ Encoding,
From p. 91, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin12
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.) Manchester Encoding
– Uses two level signal values: positive, negative– Sync: Inversion at the middle of each bit– Zero: High -> Low; One: Low -> High
Figure 4.10 Manchester Encoding,
From p. 92, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin13
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.) Differential Manchester Encoding
– Uses two level signal values: positive, negative– Sync: Inversion at the middle of each bit– Zero: A transition; One: No transition
Figure 4.10 Differential Manchester Encoding,
From p. 93, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin14
4.1 Line Encoding 4.1 Line Encoding (cont.)(cont.) Biploar Encoding
– Uses three level signal values: positive, zero, negative– 0: Zero level; 1: Alternating positive and negative voltages– AMI: Alternate Mark Inversion– BnZS: Bipolar n-zero Substitution
Figure 4.12 Bipolar AMI Encoding,
From p. 94, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin15
4.2 Block Encoding 4.2 Block Encoding Improve performance
Ensure synchronization through redundancy bits
Block Encoding Schemes– 4B/5B: 4-bit data encoded into 5-bit code– 8B/10B: 8-bit data encoded into 10-bit code– 8b/6T: 8-bit data encoded into 6-symbol code
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin16
4.2 Block Encoding 4.2 Block Encoding (cont.)(cont.) Block Encoding
Figure 4.15 Block Encoding,
From p. 95, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin17
4.2 Block Encoding 4.2 Block Encoding (cont.)(cont.)
4B/5B Block Substitution– Better Sync
& Error detection
– 16 groups -> 32 groups
– No more than 3 consecutive 0s
Figure 4.16 Substitution in Block Encoding,
From p. 95, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin18
4.2 Block Encoding 4.2 Block Encoding (cont.)(cont.)
4B/5B Encoding Table
Table 4.1 4B/5B Encoding,
From p. 97, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
Data Code Data Code
0000 1111011110 1000 10010100100001 0100101001 1001 10011100110010 1010010100 1010 1011010110
0011 1010110101 1011 1011110111
0100 0101001010 1100 1101011010
0101 0101101011 1101 1101111011
0110 0111001110 1110 1110011100
0111 0111101111 1111 1110111101
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin19
4.2 Block Encoding 4.2 Block Encoding (cont.)(cont.)
4B/5B Encoding Table
Table 4.1 4B/5B Encoding,
From p. 97, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
Data Code
Q (Quiet) 0000000000
I (Idle) 1111111111
H (Halt) 0010000100J (start delimiter) 1100011000
K (start delimiter) 1000110001
T (end delimiter) 0110101101
S (Set) 1100111001R (Reset) 0011100111
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin20
4.2 Block Encoding 4.2 Block Encoding (cont.)(cont.)
8B/6T Encoding– 28: 256 possibilities– 36: 729 six-symbol ternary signal
Figure 4.17 Example of 8B/6T Encoding,
From p. 98, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin21
4.3 Sampling 4.3 Sampling Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM)– Sample & Hold circuit
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)– Quantized PAM
Sampling Rate– Nyquist theorem– How many bit per sample
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin22
4.3 Sampling 4.3 Sampling (cont.)(cont.)
PAM
Figure 4.18 PAM,
From p. 99, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin23
4.3 Sampling 4.3 Sampling (cont.)(cont.)
Quantized PAM Signal
Figure 4.19 Quantized PAM Signal,
From p. 100, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin24
4.3 Sampling 4.3 Sampling (cont.)(cont.)
Quantization, sign & magnitude
Figure 4.20 Quantizing by using sign and magnitude,
From p. 100, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin25
4.3 Sampling 4.3 Sampling (cont.)(cont.)
PCM
Figure 4.21 PCM,
From p. 101, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin26
4.3 Sampling 4.3 Sampling (cont.)(cont.)
PCM
Figure 4.22 From analog signal to PCM digital code,
From p. 101, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin27
4.3 Sampling 4.3 Sampling (cont.)(cont.)
Nyquist Theorem– Sampling
rate must be at least 2 times the highest frequency
Figure 4.23 Nyquist Theorem,
From p. 102, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
= x Hz
= 2 x samples
= ½ x
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin28
4.3 Sampling 4.3 Sampling (cont.)(cont.)
Examples– Q1: What sampling rate is needed for
a signal with a bandwidth of 10 KHz (1KHz to 11KHz)
– A1: Sampling rate = 2 x 11 KHz = 22,000 samples per second
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin29
4.3 Sampling 4.3 Sampling (cont.)(cont.)
Examples– Q2: A signal is sampled. Each sample
requires at least 12 levels of precision (+0 to +5 and 0 to -5). How many bits should be sent for each sample?
– A2: 4-bit 1-bit for sign 3-bit for magnitude (8-levels)
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin30
4.3 Sampling 4.3 Sampling (cont.)(cont.)
Examples– Q3: We want to digitize the human voice. What
is the bit rate, assuming 8-bits per sample?
– A3: BW of Human voice 0-4000 Hz Sampling rate 4000 x 2 = 8000 samples/secBit rate
– 8000 sample/sec x 8 bit/sample = 64,000 bps
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin31
4.4 Transmission Mode4.4 Transmission Mode Parallel Serial
– Synchronous– Asynchronous
Figure 4.25 Parallel transmission,
From p. 104, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin32
4.4 Transmission Mode4.4 Transmission Mode Serial Transmission
Figure 4.26 Serial transmission,
From p. 105, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin33
4.4 Transmission Mode4.4 Transmission Mode Serial -
Asynchronous
Figure 4.27Asynchronlus transmission,
From p. 106, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin34
4.4 Transmission Mode4.4 Transmission Mode Serial -
Synchronous
Figure 4.28 Synchronlus transmission,
From p. 107, Data Communications and Networking, Forouzan, McGrawHill
9/12/20044. Digital Transmisison - Lin35
SummarySummary
Questions?