January 16, 20071 ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps Mobile Networking & Communication Infrastructures Lecture 2 Paul I-Hai Lin,

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 11

ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & AppsMobile Computing Technologies & Apps

Mobile Networking & Communication Mobile Networking & Communication InfrastructuresInfrastructures

Lecture 2Lecture 2

Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor Paul I-Hai Lin, Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering TechnologyElectrical and Computer Engineering Technology

Indiana University-Purdue University Fort WayneIndiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne


Mobile Networking & Communication Mobile Networking & Communication InfrastructuresInfrastructures

Wireless Mobile Networking: An IntroductionWireless Mobile Networking: An Introduction• Infrastructure Network TopologyInfrastructure Network Topology• Ad Hoc Network Topology Ad Hoc Network Topology

Mobile Communication InfrastructuresMobile Communication Infrastructures• 1G1G• 2G2G• 2.5G2.5G• 3G3G• Bluetooth, IrDA, IrFM, OMA (Open Mobile Alliance) Bluetooth, IrDA, IrFM, OMA (Open Mobile Alliance)

Device ManagementDevice Management


Cellular Phone SystemCellular Phone System

Base Station Mobile

Station

Mobile Switching

Center

Public Switched

Telephone Network

Base Station

Cell Phone

List of Mobile Network Operators, List of Mobile Network Operators, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators


Mobile Network OperatorsMobile Network Operators

T-Mobile (Germany)T-Mobile (Germany)• GMS, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (High GMS, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (High

Speed Downlink Packet Access)Speed Downlink Packet Access) Cingular (U.S.)Cingular (U.S.)

• GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (TDMA)GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSDPA (TDMA) Verizon (U.S.)Verizon (U.S.)

• CDMA, CDMA2000 1x, EV-DO (Evolution-CDMA, CDMA2000 1x, EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized data standard)Data Optimized data standard)

Sprint/Nextel (U.S.)Sprint/Nextel (U.S.)• CDMA, CDMA2000 1x, EV-DO, iDEN CDMA, CDMA2000 1x, EV-DO, iDEN

(Integrated Digital Enhanced Network)(Integrated Digital Enhanced Network)


Wireless Mobile NetworkingWireless Mobile Networking

Infrastructure Network Infrastructure Network TopologyTopology• Fixed infrastructure Fixed infrastructure

with Wide Area with Wide Area Network coverageNetwork coverage

• Mobile Mobile ↔ Mobile ↔ Mobile devicesdevices

• Mobile ↔ Fixed Mobile ↔ Fixed Computer NodeComputer Node

• Mobile device ↔ Mobile device ↔ ServersServers

Base Station/Access Hub

Station

Mobile Device 1

Mobile Switching

Center

Public Switched

Telephone Network

M AntennaElements

Mobile Device 2

Mobile Device 3Wired

backbone/Internet


Wireless Mobile Networking Wireless Mobile Networking (cont.)(cont.)

Infrastructure Network Infrastructure Network Topology (WAN Topology (WAN Access)Access)• Fiber-to-the-House, Fiber-to-the-House,

Cable Modem, DSL, Cable Modem, DSL, Dial-upDial-up

• Wireless Access Wireless Access Points/RoutersPoints/Routers

• Wired RoutersWired Routers• LAN, WLAN, WiMAXLAN, WLAN, WiMAX

Fiber-to-the House

Routers

Cable Modem

DSL

AP

Mainframe/Databases

`Server

Hub

LAN



Ad Hoc Network Ad Hoc Network Topology Topology • Single-Hop Peer-to-Single-Hop Peer-to-

PeerPeer• Multi-hop Ad Hoc Multi-hop Ad Hoc

NetworkNetwork

Single Hop Peer-to-Peer Topology

Multi-hop Ad Hoc Topology



Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Routing Protocols Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) Routing Protocols • RFC2501, RFC3561, RFC3626RFC2501, RFC3561, RFC3626• RFC3684RFC3684

MANET Charter, MANET Charter, http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.htmlhttp://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter.html,,http://www3.ietf.org/proceedings/05mar/manet.htmlhttp://www3.ietf.org/proceedings/05mar/manet.html

MANET Internet Drafts, MANET Internet Drafts, http://bgp.potaroo.net/ietf/html/ids-wg-manet.htmlhttp://bgp.potaroo.net/ietf/html/ids-wg-manet.html, ,

http://ietfreport.isoc.org/ids-wg-manet.htmlhttp://ietfreport.isoc.org/ids-wg-manet.html National Institute of Standards, MANET Projects, National Institute of Standards, MANET Projects,

http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wctg/manet/manet.htmlhttp://w3.antd.nist.gov/wctg/manet/manet.html OPNET – MANET Discrete Event Simulation, OPNET – MANET Discrete Event Simulation,

http://www.opnet.com/products/library/MANET.htmlhttp://www.opnet.com/products/library/MANET.html


Mobile Communication InfrastructuresMobile Communication Infrastructures Mobile Communication InfrastructuresMobile Communication Infrastructures

• 1G Analog FM1G Analog FM• 2G TDMA-FDMA/ CDMA (Code Division 2G TDMA-FDMA/ CDMA (Code Division

Multiple Access)Multiple Access)• 2.5 G – extend 2G system by adding packet-2.5 G – extend 2G system by adding packet-

switched connectionswitched connection GPRS (General Packet Radio Service; for data GPRS (General Packet Radio Service; for data

packet service on GSM network) packet service on GSM network) EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution, up to 384 EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Evolution, up to 384

Kbps)Kbps) Support WAP, search, directory services, etcSupport WAP, search, directory services, etc

• 3G3G

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 1010

The Mobile Telephone SystemThe Mobile Telephone System 1 1 G Mobile PhoneG Mobile Phone

• Analog voiceAnalog voice 2 Generation Mobile Phone2 Generation Mobile Phone 2.5 G2.5 G 3 G3 G Reference: Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia,Reference: Wikepedia, the free encyclopedia,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_AMPShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_AMPS

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 1111

11stst Generation Cellular Phone System Generation Cellular Phone System

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)• Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982• Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)• ISM 800-MHz bandISM 800-MHz band

Base Station Base Station → Mobile Station: forward communication → Mobile Station: forward communication channels (824-849 MHz: 25 channels (824-849 MHz: 25 MHz band)MHz band)

Base Station Base Station ← Mobile Station: reverse communication ← Mobile Station: reverse communication channels (869-894 MHz: 25 channels (869-894 MHz: 25 MHz band)MHz band)

Voice channel – Frequency modulation (30 kHz)Voice channel – Frequency modulation (30 kHz) Control Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signalControl Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signal

• No of ChannelsNo of Channels 832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 channels for Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 channels for

voicevoice Frequency Reuse FactorFrequency Reuse Factor

• Reuse factor 7Reuse factor 7• 1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell

In England – TACSIn England – TACS In Japan – MCS-L1In Japan – MCS-L1

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 1212

11stst Generation Cellular Phone System Generation Cellular Phone System

Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982Invented by Bells Labs and first installed in the U.S. in 1982• Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)Analog FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)• ISM 800-MHz bandISM 800-MHz band

Base Station Base Station → Mobile Station: forward communication → Mobile Station: forward communication channels (824-849 channels (824-849 MHz: 25 MHz band)MHz: 25 MHz band)

Base Station Base Station ← Mobile Station: reverse communication ← Mobile Station: reverse communication channels (869-894 channels (869-894 MHz: 25 MHz band)MHz: 25 MHz band)

Voice channel – 30 kHz subband, Frequency modulationVoice channel – 30 kHz subband, Frequency modulation Control Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signalControl Channels - FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) – 10 kbps/30 kHz signal

• No of ChannelsNo of Channels 832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers832 channels: 25 MHz / 30 kHz, can be shared by two providers Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395 Each provider: 416 channels in each cell , 21 channels for control, 395

channels for voicechannels for voice Frequency Reuse FactorFrequency Reuse Factor

• Reuse factor 7Reuse factor 7• 1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell1/7 of 395 traffic channels are available in a cell

In England – TACSIn England – TACS In Japan – MCS-L1In Japan – MCS-L1

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 1313

22ndnd Generation Cellular Telephone System Generation Cellular Telephone System D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)

• IS-136IS-136• TDMA-FDMATDMA-FDMA

GMS (Global System for Mobile GMS (Global System for Mobile Communication)Communication)• TDMA-FDMATDMA-FDMA

IS-95 CDMA (Code Division Multiple IS-95 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)Access)• CDMA-FDMACDMA-FDMA

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 1414

Digital Advanced Mobile Telephone System Digital Advanced Mobile Telephone System (D-AMTS)(D-AMTS)

Cells – geographic regionsCells – geographic regions AMPS Cells – 10 to 20 km acrossAMPS Cells – 10 to 20 km across D-AMPS Cells – SmallerD-AMPS Cells – Smaller Each cell uses some set of frequencies Each cell uses some set of frequencies

not used by any of its neighborsnot used by any of its neighbors

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 1515

D-AMPSD-AMPS D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)

• Backward compatible with AMPS: FDMABackward compatible with AMPS: FDMA• IS-54 (Interim standard 54)IS-54 (Interim standard 54)• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Acceess)/IS-136TDMA (Time Division Multiple Acceess)/IS-136

Added to each sub-bandAdded to each sub-band Triple the no. of channels Triple the no. of channels

• ISM 800 MHz bandISM 800 MHz band• 824-849 MHz range: Base station 824-849 MHz range: Base station → Cellular phone → Cellular phone

(forward channels)(forward channels)• 869-894 MHz range: Cellular phone →Base station 869-894 MHz range: Cellular phone →Base station

(reverse channels)(reverse channels)

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 1616

D-AMPS D-AMPS (continue)(continue)

Voice Signal DigitizationVoice Signal Digitization• Digitizing: PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) and Digitizing: PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) and

compressioncompression• 3 kHz 3 kHz → PCM Digitized →→ PCM Digitized →7.95 kbps digital 7.95 kbps digital

voice channelvoice channel TDMATDMA

• 1 slot – 7.95 kbps1 slot – 7.95 kbps• 3 slots: 48.6 kbps digital data: 3 x 7.95 kbps3 slots: 48.6 kbps digital data: 3 x 7.95 kbps• Combined using TDMACombined using TDMA• TDMA Frame [ 1 2 3 1 2 3]TDMA Frame [ 1 2 3 1 2 3]

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 1717

D-AMPS D-AMPS (continue)(continue) Digitized Voice Signal TransmissionDigitized Voice Signal Transmission

• 25 frames per second25 frames per second• 1944 bits per frame1944 bits per frame• Each frame last 40 ms (1/25) and is divided into 6 Each frame last 40 ms (1/25) and is divided into 6

slots shared by three digital channels: TDMA [ 1 2 3 slots shared by three digital channels: TDMA [ 1 2 3 1 2 3]1 2 3]

• Each channel: 2 slotsEach channel: 2 slots• 324 bits per slot: 159 bits digitized voice, 64-bits 324 bits per slot: 159 bits digitized voice, 64-bits

control, 101-bits for error correctioncontrol, 101-bits for error correction QPSK Modulation (Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying) QPSK Modulation (Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying)

• 48.6 kbps 48.6 kbps → QPSK Modulation → 30 kHz analog → QPSK Modulation → 30 kHz analog signalsignal

FDMA FDMA • 25 MHz band, 30 kHz analog signal25 MHz band, 30 kHz analog signal

Reuse Factor 7Reuse Factor 7

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 1818

GMSGMS GMS (Global System for Mobile GMS (Global System for Mobile

Communication)Communication)• Digital mobile telephony system launched in Digital mobile telephony system launched in

Finland in 1991Finland in 1991• TDMA, Digitize and compress dataTDMA, Digitize and compress data• 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band• SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module)SIM cards (Subscriber Identity Module)• Capture 82.4% of all global mobile connectionCapture 82.4% of all global mobile connection• Widely used in Europe and Asia Widely used in Europe and Asia

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 1919

GMS GMS (continue)(continue)

BandsBands• 25 MHz band25 MHz band• 124 Channels of 200 kHz separated by guard bands124 Channels of 200 kHz separated by guard bands

TransmissionTransmission• Voice channel Voice channel → Digitize + Compress → 13-kbps → Digitize + Compress → 13-kbps

digital signaldigital signal• 1 slot = 156.25 bit1 slot = 156.25 bit• 1 Frame (TDMA) = 8 slots; frame duration 120 ms1 Frame (TDMA) = 8 slots; frame duration 120 ms• A Multi-frame = 26 frames (TDMA) = 270.8 kbpsA Multi-frame = 26 frames (TDMA) = 270.8 kbps• 26 frames = 24 traffic frames + 2 control frames26 frames = 24 traffic frames + 2 control frames• 270.8 kbps → GMSK → 200 kHz signal (FDMA)270.8 kbps → GMSK → 200 kHz signal (FDMA)

Reuse Factor 3Reuse Factor 3

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 2020

IS-95 CDMA IS-95 CDMA Based on CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and Based on CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) Wireless Communications, Chapter Network Concepts Wireless Communications, Chapter Network Concepts

and Standards, IS95 CDMA Cellular Telephony, and Standards, IS95 CDMA Cellular Telephony, Springer, Springer, http://www.springerlink.com/content/g12q456568245556/http://www.springerlink.com/content/g12q456568245556/

Bands and ChannelsBands and Channels• Duplex using two bandsDuplex using two bands• ISM 800-MHz or ISM 900-MHzISM 800-MHz or ISM 900-MHz• 20 Channels of 1.228 MHz, guard bands20 Channels of 1.228 MHz, guard bands• 10 channels for each provider10 channels for each provider• Can be used in parallel with AMPSCan be used in parallel with AMPS• 1 IS-95 Channel = 41 AMPS channels (41 x 30 kHz = 1.23 MHz)1 IS-95 Channel = 41 AMPS channels (41 x 30 kHz = 1.23 MHz)

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 2121

IS-95 CDMA IS-95 CDMA (cont.)(cont.) Base Channel SynchronizationBase Channel Synchronization

• Base stations use GPS (Global Positioning System)Base stations use GPS (Global Positioning System) Forward Transmission (base to mobile)Forward Transmission (base to mobile)

• 64 Digital Channels (3 kHz each)64 Digital Channels (3 kHz each)• Voice 3 kHz Voice 3 kHz → → 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps → Error-correcting & repeating bits → → Error-correcting & repeating bits →

19.2 kbps19.2 kbps• Scrambling signal: ESN (Electronic Serial No of mobile station) + Scrambling signal: ESN (Electronic Serial No of mobile station) +

2242 42 pseudo random chip pseudo random chip → Decimator (1 out of 64 bits)→ Decimator (1 out of 64 bits)• 64 channels x 64 Walsh code → CDMA64 channels x 64 Walsh code → CDMA• 1.228 Mcps (Megachips per second) = 19.2 kbps * 64 cps1.228 Mcps (Megachips per second) = 19.2 kbps * 64 cps• QPSK → 1.228 MHzQPSK → 1.228 MHz• 25MHz Band: 20 Channels FDMA25MHz Band: 20 Channels FDMA• Channel 0: Pilot Channel, sends [1, 1, 1, 1, …] for bit syncChannel 0: Pilot Channel, sends [1, 1, 1, 1, …] for bit sync• Ch 1 – 7: paging, send messages to one or more mobile devicesCh 1 – 7: paging, send messages to one or more mobile devices• Ch 8–31 and 33-63: voice traffic channelsCh 8–31 and 33-63: voice traffic channels• Ch 32: give info about the system Ch 32: give info about the system

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 2222

IS-95 CDMA IS-95 CDMA (cont.)(cont.)

Reverse Transmission (Mobile to Base)Reverse Transmission (Mobile to Base)• 3 kHz Voice 3 kHz Voice → Digitizer → 9.6 kbps → Error → Digitizer → 9.6 kbps → Error

correcting & repetition → 28.8 kbps → 6-symbol correcting & repetition → 28.8 kbps → 6-symbol chuck, 0-64, Symbol Modification → 307.2 kbps = chuck, 0-64, Symbol Modification → 307.2 kbps = (28.8/6) x 64(28.8/6) x 64

• ESN → Long Code Generator 42-bit → 1.228 McpsESN → Long Code Generator 42-bit → 1.228 Mcps• DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)

94 Channels94 Channels 62 Traffic channels 62 Traffic channels 32 Base station access control channels32 Base station access control channels 1.28 Mcps 1.28 Mcps → QPSK → 1.228 MHz→ QPSK → 1.228 MHz

• FDMA 20 channel x 1.228 MHz = 25 MHzFDMA 20 channel x 1.228 MHz = 25 MHz

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 2323

IS-95 CDMA IS-95 CDMA (cont.)(cont.)

Two Data Rate SetsTwo Data Rate Sets Frequency Reuse FactorFrequency Reuse Factor

• Interference from neighboring cells Interference from neighboring cells • Reuse factor 1Reuse factor 1

Soft HandoffSoft Handoff• Every base station Every base station → Pilot channel broadcast→ Pilot channel broadcast• Enable a mobile station to do a soft handoffEnable a mobile station to do a soft handoff

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 2424

Signal Modulation TechniquesSignal Modulation Techniques Mobile Communication InfrastructuresMobile Communication Infrastructures

• 1G Analog FM (Carrier modulation), FDMA 1G Analog FM (Carrier modulation), FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

• 2G TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) + FDMA2G TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) + FDMA Digital Wireless Transmission TechniquesDigital Wireless Transmission Techniques

• Impulse transmissionImpulse transmission Infrared Pulse TransmissionInfrared Pulse Transmission UWB (Ultra Wideband), impulse radioUWB (Ultra Wideband), impulse radio

• TDMA CellularTDMA Cellular• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - Spread CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - Spread

Spectrum Spectrum

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 2525

Signal Modulation Techniques Signal Modulation Techniques (cont.)(cont.)

Analog ModulationAnalog Modulation• Frequency Modulation (FM)Frequency Modulation (FM)

Digital Frequency ModulationDigital Frequency Modulation• Digital (0, 1) FM – Frequency Shift Keying Digital (0, 1) FM – Frequency Shift Keying

(FSK)(FSK)• GMSK (Guaussian Minimum Shift Keying)GMSK (Guaussian Minimum Shift Keying)

FSK modulation with minimal tone distance of FSK modulation with minimal tone distance of 1/2T; T – the duration of transmitted data symbols1/2T; T – the duration of transmitted data symbols

Data In Data In → Gaussian Filter → FM modulator→ Gaussian Filter → FM modulator Adopted by GMSAdopted by GMS

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 2626


Digital Phase Modulation (PSK)Digital Phase Modulation (PSK)• B-PSK (Binary Phase Modulation)B-PSK (Binary Phase Modulation)

• [0, 1] – (cos2[0, 1] – (cos2ππ f fcc t + 0º), (cos2 t + 0º), (cos2ππ f fcc t + 180º) t + 180º)

10

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 2727


Digital Phase Modulation (PSK)Digital Phase Modulation (PSK)• QPSK (Quadrature PSK, 4 Phases)QPSK (Quadrature PSK, 4 Phases)

• 11 – (cos211 – (cos2ππ f fcc t + 45º) t + 45º)

• 01 - (cos201 - (cos2ππ f fcc t + 135º) t + 135º)

• 00 – (cos200 – (cos2ππ f fcc t + 225º) or (cos2 t + 225º) or (cos2ππ f fcc t -135º) t -135º)

• 11 - (cos211 - (cos2ππ f fcc t + 315º) or (cos2 t + 315º) or (cos2ππ f fcc t - 45º) t - 45º)

1101

00 10

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 2828


• ππ/4-QPSK – adopted /4-QPSK – adopted by the North American by the North American TDMA digital cellular TDMA digital cellular standard, IS-136standard, IS-136

• Two identical Two identical constellation – rotated constellation – rotated by 45º or by 45º or ππ/4 radians/4 radians

1101

00 10

11

01

00

10

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 2929

Frequency Reuse Factor 4Frequency Reuse Factor 4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 3030

Frequency Reuse Factor 7Frequency Reuse Factor 7

6

7

5

1

2

3

4

6

7

5

1

2

3

4

6

7

5

1

2

3

4

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 3131

SIMO and MIMO ChannelsSIMO and MIMO Channels

SIMO (Single Input SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) Radio Multiple Output) Radio ChannelChannel• Complex receiver with Complex receiver with

adaptive smart antenna adaptive smart antenna with M antenna elements with M antenna elements

MIMO (Multiple Input MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Radio Multiple Output) Radio ChannelChannel• N mobile antenna elementsN mobile antenna elements• M base station antenna M base station antenna

elementselements

Base Station

Mobile Station

Mobile Switching

Center

Public Switched

Telephone Network

M AntennaElements

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 3232

3rd Generation Technologies 3rd Generation Technologies A Combination of TechnologiesA Combination of Technologies

• Audio and VideoAudio and Video• VoIPVoIP• Still & Moving ImagesStill & Moving Images• Digital DataDigital Data• UTMS (Unified Mobile Telephone Service)UTMS (Unified Mobile Telephone Service)

Enhanced multimedia: movie, images, music Enhanced multimedia: movie, images, music Internet SurfingInternet Surfing

Video telephony, Video conferencingVideo telephony, Video conferencing

• Always connected infrastructureAlways connected infrastructure

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 3333

3rd Generation Technologies 3rd Generation Technologies IMT-2000 (Internet Mobile Communication 2000)IMT-2000 (Internet Mobile Communication 2000)

• Voice quality (public telephone network)Voice quality (public telephone network)• Data rateData rate

144 kbps for access in a moving vehicle144 kbps for access in a moving vehicle 384 kbps for access as the user walks384 kbps for access as the user walks 2 Mbps for stationary user (office or home)2 Mbps for stationary user (office or home)

• Support packet-switched and circuit-switched data Support packet-switched and circuit-switched data servicesservices

• 2 GHz band2 GHz band• 2 MHz Bandwidth2 MHz Bandwidth• Interface to InternetInterface to Internet

January 16, 2007January 16, 2007 3434

3rd Generation Technologies 3rd Generation Technologies IMT-2000 Radio InterfaceIMT-2000 Radio Interface

• IMT-DS (Direct Sequence): CDMAIMT-DS (Direct Sequence): CDMA Wideband spread-spectrum, direct sequence CDMAWideband spread-spectrum, direct sequence CDMA Compatible with the CDMA used in IS-95Compatible with the CDMA used in IS-95

• IMT-MC (Multi-carrier): CDMAIMT-MC (Multi-carrier): CDMA CDMA 2000CDMA 2000 New wideband (15-MHz) Spread Spectrum with narrow band New wideband (15-MHz) Spread Spectrum with narrow band

(1.25 MHz) CDMA of I-95(1.25 MHz) CDMA of I-95• IMT-TC (Time Code): CDMA & TDMAIMT-TC (Time Code): CDMA & TDMA• IMT-SC (Single Carrier): TDMAIMT-SC (Single Carrier): TDMA• IMT-FT (Frequency time): TDMA & FDMAIMT-FT (Frequency time): TDMA & FDMA

CDMA2000CDMA2000• Code Division Multiple AccessCode Division Multiple Access• Pioneered by QualcommPioneered by Qualcomm

Documents

January 16, 20071 ECET 581/CPET/ECET 499 Mobile Computing Technologies & Apps Mobile Networking & Communication Infrastructures Lecture 2 Paul I-Hai Lin,