9 CH110 Acids & Bases

8/2/2019 9 CH110 Acids & Bases

1/41

9 - 1CH110: Chpt 9

Acids and Bases

Acids & Bases

Ionization of Water

pH

Acid-Base Reactions


2/41

9 - 2CH110: Chpt 9

Remember Electrolytes

Na+

NaCl

Na+Cl-

Cl-

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

Ionic Covalent


3/41

9 - 3CH110: Chpt 9

Acids

H+

HC2H3O2

H+C2H3O21-

C2H3O21-

H+

H-Cl

H+Cl

-

Cl-

Weak Strong

Lots of IonsOnly a few Ions


4/41

9 - 4CH110: Chpt 9

Acids

Acid = gives hydrogenionsin water

H+

H-Cl

H

+

Cl-

Cl-

HCl

H+ + Cl-

hydrogen ion


5/41

9 - 5CH110: Chpt 9

Acids

H-Cl + H-O-H

+ Cl-

hydronium ion

H O H

H

+H

OH

H

+ Cl-

H-Cl

Acid = gives hydrogenionsin water


6/41

9 - 6CH110: Chpt 9

CommonAcids

Battery AcidStomach Acid

Coca Cola

Carbonated WaterVinegar

Citrus fruitsVitamin C

Grapes

Aspirin

H2SO4HCl

H3PO4

H2CO3HC2H3O2H

3C

6O

7H

8

HC6O6H7H2C4O6H4H2C9O4H8

SulfuricAcidHydrochloricAcid

PhosphoricAcid

CarbonicAcid

AceticAcidCitricAcidAscorbicAcidTartaricAcid

Acetyl SalicylicAcid


7/419 - 7CH110: Chpt 9

Naming Acids

Binary Acids:Hydrogen & non metal.

ex. HCl HBr H2S

hydro- ______________-ic Acid

HCl Hydrochloric acid

H2S Hydrosulfuric acid


8/419 - 8CH110: Chpt 9

Naming Oxygen containing acids

Oxoacids:Hydrogen, oxygen, and a nonmetalex. HNO3 HNO2 H2SO4

The higher number of Os______________-ic AcidHNO3 = Nitric Acid

The lower number of Os______________ -ous ending.HNO2 = NitrousAcid


9/419 - 9CH110: Chpt 9

THE COMMON -IC ACIDS

H2SO4 SULFURIC ACID

HNO3 NITRIC ACID

H2CO3 CARBONIC ACID

H3PO4 PHOSPHORIC ACID

HClO3 CHLORIC ACID


10/419 - 13CH110: Chpt 9

H2SO4HCl

H3PO4

H2CO3HC2H3O2H

3C

6O

7H

8

HC6O6H7H2C4O6H4H2C9O4H8

CommonAcids

Battery AcidStomach Acid

Coca Cola

Carbonated WaterVinegar

Citrus fruitsVitamin C

Grapes

Aspirin

Strong100% ionizationStrong electrolyte

WeakPartial ionizationWeak electrolyte

Taste sour


11/419 - 14CH110: Chpt 9

Acids

H-Cl + H-O-H

+ Cl

-

H O H

H

+

HO

H

H

+Cl-

H-Cl

H+

HC2H3O2

C2H3O21-

HC2H3O2

H-C2H3O2 + H-O-HH

OH

H

+ + C2H3O2-


12/419 - 15CH110: Chpt 9

Acids

H+

H-Cl

H+Cl-

Cl-

Weak Strong

Lots of IonsOnly a few Ions

H+

HC2H3O2

C2H3O21-

HC2H3O2


13/419 - 16CH110: Chpt 9

Base =gives hydroxideionsin water.(Arrhenius definition)

=takes hydrogen ionsin water.(Bronsted-Lowry definition)

Bases

NaOH

Na+ + OH-OH-

OH-

Na+

Na+

NaOH


14/419 - 17CH110: Chpt 9

Common Bases

Lye, DranoPotash

Cleaners

Milk of Magnesia

Baking soda

Tums /RolaidsLimestone, shells

SoapsDetergents

NaOHKOH

NH3 or NH4OH

Mg(OH)2NaHCO3

CaCO3NaC16O2H31NaC12O4H25S

Sodium HydroxidePotassium Hydroxide

Ammonia

Magnesium Hydroxide

Sodium BicarbonateCalcium Carbonate

Sodium Palmitate

Sodium LaurylSulfate


15/419 - 18CH110: Chpt 9

Common Bases

Lye, DranoPotash

Cleaners

Milk of Magnesia

Baking soda

Tums /RolaidsLimestone, shells

SoapsDetergents

NaOHKOH

NH3 or NH4OH

Mg(OH)2NaHCO3

CaCO3NaC16O2H31NaC12O4H25S

Strong100% ionizationStrong electrolyte

WeakPartial ionizationWeak electrolyte

Taste bitterFeel Slippery


16/419 - 19CH110: Chpt 9

HClO4

H2SO4HIHBrHCl

HNO3

Perchloric Acid

Sulfuric AcidHydroIodic Acid

Hydrobromic Acid

Hydrochloric Acid

Nitric Acid

Strong Acids

LiOH

NaOHKOH

Ca(OH)2

Lithium Hydroxide

Sodium HydroxidePotassium Hydroxide

Calcium Hydroxide

Strong Bases


17/419 - 20CH110: Chpt 9

HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3

-

Water is Amphoteric

Aciddonates

a proton

Basetakes

a proton

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

NH3

Aciddonatesa proton

Basetakes

a proton

HNO3

Aciddonatesa proton

Basetakes

a proton

Acid Base


18/419 - 21CH110: Chpt 9

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-


19/419 - 22CH110: Chpt 9

H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3

-

Conjugate Acid - Base Pairs

conjugate pair

ACID BASE conj acid conj base

conjugate pair


20/41

9 - 23CH110: Chpt 9

H2O

Conjugate Acid - Base Pairs

Acid - BaseH2CO3 HCO3

1-

CO32-

H3O+ HO1-

H3PO4 H2PO41- PO4

3-HPO42-

Acid - Base

Acid - Base

Acid - Base

Acid - BaseAcid - BaseAcid - Base


21/41

9 - 24CH110: Chpt 9

H2O + H2O HO- + H3O

+

Ionization of Water

conjugate pair

ACID BASE conj acidconj base

conjugate pair


22/41

9 - 25CH110: Chpt 9

H2O + H2O HO- + H3O

+

Ion product constant of Water


0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10-7M

0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10-7M

Neutral: if [H3

O+] = [OH-]

Acidic: if [H3O+] > [OH-]

Basic: if [H3O+] < [OH-]


23/41

9 - 26CH110: Chpt 9

H2O + H2O HO- + H3O

+

Ion product constant of Water


0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10-7M

0.000,000,1M= 1 x 10-7M

Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14

[H3O+

] [OH-

] = (1 x 10-7

)(1 x 10-7

) =1 x 10-14


24/41

9 - 27CH110: Chpt 9

pH = 1 x 10 -pH pH = - log [H+]

HCl

HC2H3O2

H2O

NaOH

0.000,000,1 M= 1 x 10 -7 M

[H+]

0.000,1 M= 1 x 10 -4 M

0.000,000,000,001 M

= 1 x 10 -12 M

100 M= 1 x 10 2 M

7

4

12

-2

90.000,000,001 M= 1 x 10 -9 MNH3

Neutral

Acidic

Basic


25/41

9 - 28CH110: Chpt 9

pH = 1 x 10 -pH pH = - log [H+]

HCl

HC2H3O2

H2O

NaOH

0.000,000,1 M= 1 x 10 -7 M

[H+]

0.000,1 M= 1 x 10 -4 M

0.000,000,000,001 M

= 1 x 10 -12 M

100 M= 1 x 10 2 M

7

4

12

-2

90.000,000,001 M= 1 x 10 -9 MNH3

Neutral

Acidic

Basic

Citric Acid0.000,76 M

= 7.6 x 10 -4 M


26/41

9 - 29CH110: Chpt 9

pH = 1 x 10 -pH pH = - log [H+]

HC2H3O2

[H+]

0.000,1 M= 1 x 10 -4 M 4

3 - 4

Citric Acid

0.001 M= 1 x 10 -3 M

0.000,76 M= 7.6 x 10 -4 M

3

pH =- log (7.6 x 10 -4)

= 3.1


27/41

9 - 30CH110: Chpt 9

pH [H+]= 1 x 10 -pH pH = - log [H+]

0.000,000,04 M= 4.0 x 10 -8 M

9.3

8.5BakingSoda

= 1 x 10 -8.5 M= 3.2 x 10 -9 M

pH =- log (4.0 x 10 -8)

= 7.4

Cleaner = 1 x 10-9.4 M

= 5.0 x 10 -10 M

Blood


28/41

9 - 31CH110: Chpt 9

pH of somecommon materials

Substance pH

1 M HCl 0.0

Lemon juice 2.3

Coffee 5.0

Pure Water 7.0

Blood 7.35-7.45

Milk of Magnesia 10.5

1M NaOH 14.0


29/41

9 - 35CH110: Chpt 9

pH paper:

Litmuspaper:

Anthocyanins:red cabbage, cranberries, roses

Phenolphthalein:Turmeric:

pH meter:

Pigments:


30/41

9 - 36CH110: Chpt 9

Indicator examples

Acid-base indicators undergo a color changeat a known pH.

bromthymol blue

phenolphthalein methyl red


31/41

9 - 37CH110: Chpt 9

Acid Reactions

HCl + Zn

Cl-

Zn

H+

ZnCl2 + H2Acid Metal Salt


32/41

9 - 38CH110: Chpt 9

Activity series of metals

potassiumsodium

calcium

magnesiumaluminum

zincchromium

ironnickel

tinlead

coppersilver

platinumgold

incre

asing

rea

ctivity

Reacts violently with cold water

Reacts slowly with cold water

Reacts very slowly with steambut quite reactive in acid

Reacts moderately with high

levels of acid

Unreactive in acid


33/41

9 - 39CH110: Chpt 9

Acid-Base Reactions

HCl + NaOH

OH-

Cl-

Na+

H+

NaCl + HOHAcid Base Salt Water

Neutralization:Strong Acid

+

Strong Base


34/41

9 - 40CH110: Chpt 9

Acid-Base Reactions

H2SO4 + KOH

OH-

SO4-2

K+

H+

K2SO4 + HOHAcid Base Salt Water

22


35/41


36/41

9 - 42CH110: Chpt 9

Acid-Base Reactions

Acid Rain on Marble

Cream of Tartar & Baking Soda

HC2H3O2 + NaHCO3 NaC2H3O2 + H2CO3

H2O + CO2(g)

Acid Base Salt

H2SO4 + CaCO3 CaSO4 + H2CO3

H2O + CO2(g)

Acid Base Salt


37/41

9 - 43CH110: Chpt 9


38/41

9 - 44CH110: Chpt 9

Acid-Base Reactions

Lemon on FishH3C6H8O7 + R-NH2 C6H8O7

1- + R-NH31+

Acid BaseSalt


39/41

9 - 45CH110: Chpt 9

Buffers Weak acid + Weak base

Resists change in pH

NaC2H3O2HC2H

3O

2

NaC2H3O2 + H2O

HClNaOH

NaCl + HC2H3O2


40/41

9 - 53CH110: Chpt 9

pOH examples

Determine the following:pOH = -log[OH-]or 14 - pH

1. pOH of 1.7x10-4 M NaOH

pOH = 3.8 pH = 10.22. pOH of 5.2x10-12 M H+

pH = 11.2 pOH = 2.8

3. [OH-] , if the pH is 4.5pOH = 9.5[OH-] = 3.2x10-10 M


41/41

pH scale

A log based scale used to keep track of thelarge change important to acids and bases.

14 7 0

10-14 M 10-7 M 1 MVery Neutral VeryBasic Acidic

When you add an acid, the pH gets smaller.

When you add a base, the pH gets larger.

Documents

9 CH110 Acids & Bases