8,538,315 – lives lost $ 186,333,637,000 – dollars spent 22 countries 1 world World War I 673 - ships destroyed

8,538,315 – lives lost

$186,333,637,000 – dollars spent

22 countries

1 world

World War I

673 - ships destroyed

Basic Causes of World War IBasic Causes of World War I The Congress of Vienna laid the The Congress of Vienna laid the

foundation for a century of peace in foundation for a century of peace in Europe.Europe.

Beginning in 1870, a series of forces Beginning in 1870, a series of forces began moving Europe towards war.began moving Europe towards war.

These forces included a rising tide of These forces included a rising tide of MilitarismMilitarism, a complex system of , a complex system of entangling entangling AlliancesAlliances, , ImperialismImperialism or or increasingly dangerous colonial conflicts, increasingly dangerous colonial conflicts, and a growing spirit of and a growing spirit of NationalismNationalism..

Scientific & Technological Scientific & Technological AdvancementsAdvancements

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, In the late 1800s and early 1900s, advances in science and advances in science and

technology led to dramatic technology led to dramatic changes in daily lifechanges in daily life..

MedicineMedicineLouis Pasteur (French

scientist) – in 1870 made two important

discoveries. He showed a link between germs and disease &

proved that killing certain germs stops the spread of certain

diseases.

MedicineMedicine

Robert Koch Robert Koch (German physician) (German physician) – discovered that – discovered that bacteria caused bacteria caused

tuberculosis.tuberculosis.

MedicineMedicine

The work of Pasteur and Koch established the germ theory of

disease, the idea that many diseases are caused by the action of microorganisms. People started to wash more often and made other

changes to limit the spread of disease.

MedicineMedicine

Joseph Lister (English Surgeon) – Joseph Lister (English Surgeon) – insisted doctors use antiseptics, insisted doctors use antiseptics,

substances that destroy or inhibit substances that destroy or inhibit the growth of germs caused by the growth of germs caused by

infections, on their hands, infections, on their hands, instruments, and on wounds. instruments, and on wounds.

This was a turning point in This was a turning point in medicine, and they greatly medicine, and they greatly

reduced the number of deaths reduced the number of deaths from infection in hospitals.from infection in hospitals.

MedicineMedicine

Antibiotics – In Antibiotics – In 1928, an English 1928, an English

scientist Alexander scientist Alexander Fleming discovered Fleming discovered that a mold called that a mold called Penicillium Penicillium killed killed

germs. This paved germs. This paved the way for the the way for the

development of adevelopment of aclass of drugs called class of drugs called antibioticsantibiotics that attacked that attacked or weakened the bacteria or weakened the bacteria that caused many that caused many diseases.diseases.

Improved Standard of LivingImproved Standard of Living

Better Wages & Working Better Wages & Working Conditions – by the late 1800s Conditions – by the late 1800s

labor unions had become legal in labor unions had become legal in many countries of Europe. Over many countries of Europe. Over time wages and work conditions time wages and work conditions

improved. People ate more varied improved. People ate more varied diets and lived in cleaner, safer diets and lived in cleaner, safer

homes.homes.


Better Homes – City Better Homes – City governments paved governments paved streets and made streets and made

cities better places to cities better places to live. Architects began live. Architects began

to use steel to to use steel to construct stronger, construct stronger,

taller buildings.taller buildings.


Improved Sanitation – Improved Sanitation – underground sewage systems, underground sewage systems, introduced first in London and introduced first in London and

Paris, made cities healthier Paris, made cities healthier places to live. Waste no longer places to live. Waste no longer

ran through the streets, ran through the streets, spreading disease and spreading disease and

polluting sources of drinking polluting sources of drinking water.water.

New InventionsNew Inventions

Electricity – by 1890 factories were powered by

electricity. In homes, people used

electricity to run appliances that made their lives

more comfortable.


Telephone – in 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. This

invention transformed long-

distance communication.


Radio – In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi sent radio signals

directly through the air. The first radios transmitted Morse code signals. In

1906 the first voice broadcast over radio.


The Automobile – In the 1870s Nikolaus Otto developed a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. In the 1880s Gottlieb Daimler used Otto’s engine to power the first automobile.


By 1900, thousands of automobiles

were on the road. Henry Ford’s

development of the assembly line made

the US a strong leader in the auto

industry.


The Airplane –

The internal combustion engine

also allowed humans to fly. In 1903, Orville and

Wilbur Wright made the first powered flight.

Decline of the Ottoman EmpireDecline of the Ottoman Empire

Other situations also set the stage Other situations also set the stage for war. British relations with for war. British relations with the empire became strained the empire became strained

after Britain signed an after Britain signed an agreement with Russia. On the agreement with Russia. On the other hand, Germany had taken other hand, Germany had taken an interest in establishing good an interest in establishing good

relations with the Ottoman relations with the Ottoman Empire.Empire.

The Armenian MassacresThe Armenian Massacres

Nationalistic feelings caused Nationalistic feelings caused periodic waves of violence periodic waves of violence

against Armenians since the against Armenians since the 1890s. The violence was a result 1890s. The violence was a result

of the rivalry between Turkey of the rivalry between Turkey and Russia. The Muslim Turks and Russia. The Muslim Turks

distrusted the Christian distrusted the Christian Armenians, believing that they Armenians, believing that they

supported Russiasupported Russia..

Europe’s Powder KegEurope’s Powder Keg

The area of Bosnia The area of Bosnia in the Balkans was in the Balkans was called this because called this because it’s where the most it’s where the most

tension between tension between Serbia and Austria–Serbia and Austria–

Hungary.Hungary.

This was the spot This was the spot where the war was where the war was

sparked.sparked.

The SparkThe Spark In 1914, Austrian In 1914, Austrian

Archduke Franz Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Ferdinand and his wife were visiting Sarajevo. were visiting Sarajevo. Ferdinand and his wife Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, of the Gavrilo Princip, of the Serbian Nationalist group Serbian Nationalist group called the Black Hand, called the Black Hand, and WWI began like and WWI began like this….this….

Austria-Hungary made Austria-Hungary made threats to Serbia, threats to Serbia,

whom they blamed whom they blamed for the assassination for the assassination and wanted to teach and wanted to teach

a lesson. Austria-a lesson. Austria-Hungary invaded Hungary invaded

SerbiaSerbia

The Road To WarThe Road To War

Russia came in to Russia came in to protect Serbia because protect Serbia because

of its treaty.of its treaty.


Germany entered to Germany entered to fulfill its treaty fulfill its treaty

obligations to protect obligations to protect Austria.Austria.


Finally Great Britain and Finally Great Britain and France intervened to France intervened to honor their alliance honor their alliance

with Russia.with Russia.


What began a regional What began a regional crisis in the Balkans crisis in the Balkans

had quickly escalated had quickly escalated into a major European into a major European

conflict.conflict.


The Schlieffen’s PlanThe Schlieffen’s Plan The plan was a strategy that General The plan was a strategy that General

Von Schlieffen made up in 1905.Von Schlieffen made up in 1905. Germany had enemies on the East and Germany had enemies on the East and

West. Schlieffen figured that Russia West. Schlieffen figured that Russia would be slow to mobilize.would be slow to mobilize.

Schlieffen believed the Germans could Schlieffen believed the Germans could reach Paris and defeat the French in six reach Paris and defeat the French in six weeks and then focus on the Eastern weeks and then focus on the Eastern Front.Front.

The Schlieffen’s PlanThe Schlieffen’s Plan There were a few There were a few

problems with this plan:problems with this plan:• Belgium was heavily Belgium was heavily

fortified.fortified.• Russia mobilized Russia mobilized

quicker than quicker than anticipated.anticipated.

• The British aided the The British aided the French forces in the French forces in the north of France. north of France.

Western FrontWestern Front

A line of trenches A line of trenches stretched along stretched along

the war’s western the war’s western front from the front from the

Swiss Alps to the Swiss Alps to the English Channel.English Channel.

Millions of exploding artillery shells completely stripped the

land down to bare ground.

Eastern FrontEastern FrontGreat Britain and Great Britain and France attempted France attempted to supply Russia. to supply Russia.

Naval/Army attacks Naval/Army attacks in Turkey to gain in Turkey to gain

control over control over waterways. waterways.

Attempts for allies Attempts for allies to control this to control this region were region were

unsuccessful.unsuccessful.

M.A.I.N. Causes of WWIM.A.I.N. Causes of WWI


MilitarismMilitarism – – Because of the Alliance System Because of the Alliance System countries began to build up their countries began to build up their

armies.armies.New weapons were being created, New weapons were being created, giving the country a boost of pride.giving the country a boost of pride.Countries began to increase the Countries began to increase the

numbers of members in the armies numbers of members in the armies and navies.and navies.

Technology Changes WarfareTechnology Changes Warfare

British 60-pounder German Machineengewehr

08 (Maxim).

WWI TankFrench troops loading a 40cm shell

AlliancesAlliances – –

Alliance systems are defense Alliance systems are defense agreements among nations.agreements among nations.


Triple Alliance v. Triple EntenteTriple Alliance v. Triple Entente

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance (The Central Powers)(The Central Powers)

In 1879 Germany and Austria-In 1879 Germany and Austria-Hungary agreed to form a Dual Hungary agreed to form a Dual Alliance. This became the Triple Alliance. This became the Triple

Alliance when in 1882 it was Alliance when in 1882 it was expanded to include Italy. The expanded to include Italy. The

three countries agreed to three countries agreed to support each other if attacked support each other if attacked

by either France or Russia.by either France or Russia.

Triple EntenteTriple Entente (The Allies)(The Allies)

France and Britain felt threatened France and Britain felt threatened by the Dual Alliance and in 1904 by the Dual Alliance and in 1904

the two countries signed the the two countries signed the Entente Cordiale (friendly Entente Cordiale (friendly

understanding). The objective of understanding). The objective of the alliance was to protect against the alliance was to protect against the perceived threat of Germany. the perceived threat of Germany. Three years later, Russia joined Three years later, Russia joined Britain and France to form the Britain and France to form the

Triple Entente. Triple Entente.

ImperialismImperialism

One of the factors that added to the One of the factors that added to the increasing rivalry in Europe.increasing rivalry in Europe.

Great Britain, France, and Germany Great Britain, France, and Germany competed for economic expansion in competed for economic expansion in

Africa.Africa.

In the Middle East, the crumbling In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire was alluring to Ottoman Empire was alluring to

Austria-Hungary, Bosnia, and Russia. Austria-Hungary, Bosnia, and Russia.


NationalismNationalism – –

During the 1800s, this force swept through During the 1800s, this force swept through Europe that helped bring up the first World Europe that helped bring up the first World

War.War.

Nationalism grabbed the interest of people who Nationalism grabbed the interest of people who shared language, history, or culture. These shared language, history, or culture. These

people began to think of themselves as a people began to think of themselves as a nation or a national group. nation or a national group.


NationalismNationalism – –

Nationalism weakened the power of Nationalism weakened the power of empires like Austria-Hungary, Russia and empires like Austria-Hungary, Russia and

the Ottoman Empire.the Ottoman Empire.


Trench WarfareTrench Warfare By early 1915 the war on the By early 1915 the war on the

Western Front had turned into a Western Front had turned into a deadly war of attrition.deadly war of attrition.

To protect themselves soldiers on To protect themselves soldiers on both sides dug trenches.both sides dug trenches.

Two parallel trenches stretched Two parallel trenches stretched about 500 miles in an unbroken line.about 500 miles in an unbroken line.

Land mines and barbed wire Land mines and barbed wire protected the areas in front of the protected the areas in front of the trench. Soldiers lived in the trench trench. Soldiers lived in the trench for weeks at a time.for weeks at a time.

Total WarTotal War

World War I was a fully industrialized World War I was a fully industrialized and mechanized war. Military leaders and mechanized war. Military leaders

were unprepared for the impact of were unprepared for the impact of these weapons on outmoded these weapons on outmoded

strategic notions. The need for full strategic notions. The need for full industrial support for each nation's industrial support for each nation's war effort ultimately required the war effort ultimately required the mobilization of entire societies. mobilization of entire societies.

This soldier is able to write a letter home

because of the help

from a Red Cross

volunteer.

For Total War governments…For Total War governments…

Drafted men to fight in the war.Drafted men to fight in the war. Raised taxes and borrowed money to Raised taxes and borrowed money to

pay for the war.pay for the war. Rationed, or limited the supply of Rationed, or limited the supply of

goods, at home so the military could goods, at home so the military could be provided for. be provided for.

Women took jobs at home that the Women took jobs at home that the soldiers left behind.soldiers left behind.

PropagandaPropagandaGovernments used the press to spread Governments used the press to spread

ideas to promote a cause or damage ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause an opposing cause

Turning Points of WWITurning Points of WWI

Russian Withdrawal – Russian Withdrawal – low morale low morale contributed to a revolution in 1917. contributed to a revolution in 1917. Early in 1918, Russia’s new leader Early in 1918, Russia’s new leader signed a treaty with Germany that signed a treaty with Germany that took Russia out of the war.took Russia out of the war.

Entry of the United States – Entry of the United States – The US The US tried to remain tried to remain neutralneutral in the war. in the war. Germans use of Germans use of unrestricted submarine unrestricted submarine warfarewarfare and the and the Zimmermann Telegram Zimmermann Telegram brought the US into the war in April brought the US into the war in April 1917. 1917.

The entry of the US helped the Allies The entry of the US helped the Allies win the war.win the war.

Turning Points of WWITurning Points of WWI

ZimmermannWoodrow Wilson

The Cost of WarThe Cost of War More than 8.5 million people died.More than 8.5 million people died. More than 17 million people wounded.More than 17 million people wounded. Famine threatened many regions.Famine threatened many regions. Disease was widespread in many Disease was widespread in many

regions.regions.

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles In January 1919, the victorious Allies In January 1919, the victorious Allies

gathered at the palace of Versailles.gathered at the palace of Versailles. Although there were other countries Although there were other countries

present – the main players were the present – the main players were the Big Four Big Four

British Prime Minister David Lloyd British Prime Minister David Lloyd GeorgeGeorge

French Leader Georges ClemenceauFrench Leader Georges Clemenceau US President Woodrow WilsonUS President Woodrow Wilson Italy Premier – Vittorio OrlandoItaly Premier – Vittorio Orlando

Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, & Woodrow Wilson

Italy Great Britain France US

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

Woodrow Wilson (US)Woodrow Wilson (US)

Stressed self-Stressed self-determination, by determination, by

which people would which people would choose their own choose their own

government & government & create a world create a world

organization that organization that would guarantee would guarantee

peace in the future.peace in the future.

Britain and France wanted to Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and be sure punish Germany and be sure

that it would never again that it would never again become a threat.become a threat.

In the end, Britain and France In the end, Britain and France guided the ideas of the guided the ideas of the

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

Harsh Provisions for GermanyHarsh Provisions for Germany

TERRITORIAL LOSSESTERRITORIAL LOSSES

Land was taken from Germany.Land was taken from Germany.

Some was used to create the new Some was used to create the new country of Poland.country of Poland.

Alsace ~ Lorraine were returned to Alsace ~ Lorraine were returned to France.France.

Germany also lost many of its Germany also lost many of its overseas colonies. overseas colonies.

MILITARY RESTRICTIONSMILITARY RESTRICTIONS

Germany’s army and navy were Germany’s army and navy were limited.limited.

Germany had to remove troops from Germany had to remove troops from the Rhineland.the Rhineland.


WAR GUILTWAR GUILT

Germany was forced to accept full Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for the war and pay responsibility for the war and pay

huge reparations.huge reparations.

Accepting blame and paying the Accepting blame and paying the reparations caused bitterness in reparations caused bitterness in

GermanyGermany


League of NationsLeague of Nations

A group of 40 countries that hoped to A group of 40 countries that hoped to settle problems through negotiation, settle problems through negotiation, not war.not war.

The member countries promised to The member countries promised to take cooperative economic and military take cooperative economic and military action against any aggressor state.action against any aggressor state.

Even though the League was Wilson’s Even though the League was Wilson’s concept, the United States never concept, the United States never joined. joined.

'The secret diplomacy of 'The secret diplomacy of the old order would be the old order would be

replaced by...open replaced by...open discussion' discussion'

The Palaise Wilson, headquarters of the League of Nations

Secretariat from 1920-1936 in Geneva

League of Nations Building in Geneva 1937-1946

Collapse of EmpiresCollapse of Empires

BREAK-UP AUSTRIA~HUNGARYBREAK-UP AUSTRIA~HUNGARY

The war caused Austria-Hungary to The war caused Austria-Hungary to collapse. Several new nations were collapse. Several new nations were

created out of the old empire.created out of the old empire.

Austria and Hungary became independent Austria and Hungary became independent nations. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia nations. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia

were formed.were formed.

Italy and Romania each gained land.Italy and Romania each gained land.

BREAK-UP OF THE OTTOMAN BREAK-UP OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIREEMPIRE

The empire collapsed in 1918. Most of The empire collapsed in 1918. Most of the Arab lands were placed under the Arab lands were placed under

British and French control. British and French control.

The Allies were adding to their empires.The Allies were adding to their empires.

The remainder of the empire became The remainder of the empire became the country of Turkey.the country of Turkey.

Collapse of EmpiresCollapse of Empires

Unfulfilled National GoalsUnfulfilled National Goals

Many nations were Many nations were dissatisfied with the dissatisfied with the results of World War results of World War I. Various groups felt I. Various groups felt their goals had NOT their goals had NOT

been achieved.been achieved.

Germany was horrified Germany was horrified by the terms of the by the terms of the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

Italy hoped to gain Italy hoped to gain more land than it more land than it

received. It made a received. It made a secret treaty with the secret treaty with the

Allies that was not Allies that was not fulfilled.fulfilled.

Japan was angry Japan was angry because the Allies did because the Allies did

not recognize its claims not recognize its claims in China.in China.

China was angry that China was angry that Japan had been given Japan had been given

control over former control over former possessions in China.possessions in China.

Russia was angry over the Russia was angry over the reestablishment of Poland reestablishment of Poland

and the creation of and the creation of Estonia, Lithuania, on Estonia, Lithuania, on

lands that had been apart lands that had been apart of the Russian empire.of the Russian empire.

Nations and groups waited Nations and groups waited and watched hoping for a and watched hoping for a chance to change events chance to change events

in their favor….in their favor….

Documents

8,538,315 – lives lost $ 186,333,637,000 – dollars spent 22 countries 1 world World War I 673 - ships destroyed