8.4 Unicode Standard for Vedic Sanskrit - a draft · 8.4 Unicode Standard for Vedic Sanskrit - a draft ..... Sanskrit has its own place recognized by the linguists all over the world

8.4 Unicode Standard for Vedic Sanskrit -a draft .......

Sanskrit has its own place recognized by thelinguists all over the world.

India’s ex-president and philosopher Dr SarvapallyRadhakrishan said, “Sanskrit as a language is aninstrument of the greatest value in the delineationof all thought processes and the most profoundrationisation of all ideas which are deep and subtle,of all forms of aesthetic and emotional perception,and above all, of the most profound and ultimateforms of intuition and understanding. It is agreedthat the study of Sanskrit enables us to draw freelyupon our tradition, which can lead to the new-world outlook of modern man. Further, it helps tokeep pace with the rapid social change, advances inmodern science & technology and the process ofmodernization, at the same time inculcating theright type of social, moral and spiritual valuethrough self-discipline.”

Sanskrit language is variously referred to asDevavani, Amarvani, Girvanavani, Surbharati,Amarbharati, etc. each expressing connoting itsinherent vitality, versatility and greatness. The scriptin which Sanskrit texts are written is calledDevanagari. It is claimed that the uniqueness ofthe Sanskrit language is that pronunciations ofwords, stanzas and sentences with measuredintonation regulates ones giving and harmonizesonce entire being with the subtle elements in thecosmic region.

If the flow of Sanskrit is arrested other languages,its branches, must perish for want of feeding. It isfor this reason, perhaps, the great poet and seear,Ravindranath Tagore, desired that no professorshould be in-charge of any language inShantiniketan unless he is well grounded inSanskrit.

Sanskrit is one of the most ancient languages ofthe world, which has molded the culture and thethought systems not only of India but also of many

other countries in Asia. Sanskrit is not a deadlanguage. Sanskrit was for over a millenium, aliving spoken language with a considerable literatureof its own. Besides works of literary value, therewas a long philosophical and grammatical tradition.Sanskrit is still spoken in some Indian families.Even now new literature is being created inSanskrit. Seventh system of philosophy,Paramarthadarshan, has been added to Satdarshanrecently by Pundit Ramavatar Sharma. Itsvocabulary has permeated all Indian languages, andthus provides continuity with the past of ourcountry. There is renewed interest in learningSanskrit because of its rich knowledge base inlinguistics, philosophy, medicine, mathematics,astronomy, etc. Phonology (Study of Speech) andorthography (Study of Spelling) have not been soperfectly described in any natural language as inSanskrit. Panini’s book on Sanskrit Grammar,named Ashtadhyayi, has been considered byeminent American linguist Bloomfield as “one ofthe greatest monuments of human intelligence”.Panini was preceded by a long chain ofgrammarians, and his tradition continued evenafterwards. With his 4000 sutras, each of which isusually no more than two or three words, Paniniwas able to explain how almost all the words usedin Sanskrit of his time were formed. It is precursorof today’s generative grammar.

Sanskrit grammar is prescriptive, that takesphoneme as smallest unit with meaning, knowledgerepresentation is deeper and holistic at sentence-level with three necessary and sufficient conditionsof Expectancy (+ÉEòÉÆIÉÉ), Compatibility (ªÉÉäMªÉiÉÉ), andProximity (ºÉÊzÉÊvÉ), whereas modern linguistics isdescriptive and empirical, that takes morpheme asthe smallest unit with meaning, uses word-by-wordapproach rather than sentence respectively.

Sanskrit is syntax-free and word-order-free naturallanguage. Shastric Sanskrit is the Natural Languagewith all the desirable properties of formal artificiallanguage, such as naturalness, expressiveness, un-ambiguity and no redundancy.

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Kar akas are important in case role assignment andthus facilitate in semantic extraction. There isequivalence between semantic net [representingtuples of verb, case role, and instance], and sentenceanalysis in Sanskrit. Knowledge inferencing inSanskrit is therefore rather complete.

Knowledge is dealt with in A par a V idya Sastr a swhich are classified into four Vedas (scriptures), sixVedanga-s (Vedic auxiliary Science that deal withphonetics) and four U panga-s (supplementarysubjects).

Rig-V eda had 27 Sakhas, Y ajur V eda had S ukla: (15)& Krisna: (86) Sakhas, Sama V eda had 1000 Sakhasand A thar va Veda 9 Sakhas. Every Ve da has 4 typesof texts; Samhita, B r ahmana, Ar anyaka andU panishad. There is special Vedic grammar, rulesfor each Sakha known as P r ati Sakhya and phoneticrules known as Siksha.

There are four U pangas: Mimansa Sutr a-s (describedrules for interpretation of V edic text), N yaya &V aisheshika sutr a-s (deal with logical aspects,ontological classification, process of humanunderstanding), P u r ana-s (narrations of messagesand teachings of Veda-s, D har ma S astr a-s (describecode of conduct for universal harmony).

There are 26 parameters for each Vedic syllabicdefinition.

Rick Briggs, a computer scientist of NASA in USA,published a paper in the Artificial IntelligenceMagazine, 1985 on “Knowledge Representationin Sanskrit and Artificial Intelligence”. Hedemonstrates that a natural language can serve asan artificial language such as Esperanto also, andthat much work in Artificial Intelligence has beenre-inventing what existed more than two thousandyears ago. He establishes parallelism betweenmodern scheme of knowledge representation usingsemantic nets and Sanskrit Grammarian’sunambiguous sentence analysis. Modernknowledge-based computing employ Predicate

Logic, Semantic Networks, Conceptualdependency schemes to represent WorldKnowledge. This may be related to Sabda-bodhaconcept dealt with in Nyay , V yakar na and Mimansa.

Scientific & technological innovations which arecontained in Sanskrit are given below in thefollowing chronological table:

Period S&T Innovations inSanskrit

1500 B.C. Rigveda: concept of naturallaw (rta): 1028 hymns &10,462 richas

1000 B.C. Samveda: book of melodiesYajurveda: the book ofSacrificial formulas. Thewhole series of 27 or 28naksatras. Number namesupto 1012

Atharveda: astronomicalknowledge, more detailedmedical Knowledge

1000 B.C.-500 B.C. Brahmanas, Aranyakas andUpanishads doctrine ofpunchabhutas;

Codification of medicalknowledge into Ayurveda

Vedanga Jyotish: 5 year cycle

Sulba-sutras: beginning ofgeometry, irrational number

Early ideas of Vaisheshika,Samkhya & Mimamsa; ofBauddha, Jain and Charakadarshanas

Physical concepts: atomism,space, time, motion andsound

October 2002 Contents 87

Astronomical ideas:mathematical series(AP&GP)

Agricultural practices toincrease soil fertility

400 B.C.-400 A.D. Ayurvedic treatises - Charakaand Sushruta Samhitas;Tridosha theory; extension ofthe doctrine of 5 elements,space, time and sound

Arthashastra of Kautilya,Pingala’s Chandah - sutra:Permutation, combinationsand Binomial ideas

500 A.D.-1500 A.D. Nyaya Bhashya ofVatsyayana: extension ofatomic ideas, vision, sound,impetus theory; classificationof animals and plants

Padartha dharmasamgrahaof Prashastapada: atomism,space, time, motion, sound

Aryabhatta: theory ofrotation of earth, epicycletheory of planetary motions,values of pie & sines, square& cube roots, indeterminateequation of the first order

Panchasidhantika ofVarahamihira

Ganitasarasamgraha

Amarakosa: classification andsynonyms of plants andanimals, minerals and metals

Authoritative compilation ofAyurvedic knowledge; urineand pulse examination,Siddha system of medicine

polytechnics: alchemicalideas; iron-casting, paper-making

Sanskrit Speech and Text

Sanskrit Grammar has distinguished the termsvarna (phoneme) and akshara (syllable). Both theseterms are used in the context of spoken languagesand written languages respectively.

Since the oral tradition in India was of a higherorder, the stress on right pronunciation was laid atmost on the spoken language. To represent suchspeech nuances in written language, various chinhas(signs) evolved as to strike the equivalence in spokenand written expressions. This extra-ordinary activityis part of the Indian tradition. Therefore, therealization of such a system in the context of newtechnology seems to be imperative where writingis talked in the context of speech and speech in thecontext of writing. The attempt is made to identifyvarnamala comprising of basic speech sound unitsas vowel phonemes (swara varna) and consonantphonemes (vyanjan varna). These phonemes(varnas) when combined as C. ..C + V or only Vform complete phonetic cluster. Thecorrespondence in spoken and written syllablesmust be preserved through the Vedic SanskritEncoding scheme firstly by giving each phonemea distinct code and secondly by giving each chinha-denoting nuances of speech -a distinct code.

Thus the scheme presented here comprises offollowing elements.

1. Phonemes -vowels, consonants

2. Chinhas

3. Punctuation marks

4. Digits

Sanskrit Phonology and Orthography

The Devanagari script is used for writing classicalSanskrit as well as Vedic Sanskrit. This includes themulti-tier usage of diacritic marks of complexcompositions, above, below and at the sides of thebase glyphs. Therefore, as compared to modern


historical derivatives from Sanskrit such as Hindi,Marathi, Nepali etc., the Sanskrit text demandsadequate range of characters as well as exhaustiverendering rules to achieve the advanced typographicquality in Vedic Sanskrit text. The provision ofadditional codes from U+0800 -U+08FF isprovided to address these issues.

Encoding principles : The effective unit of theSanskrit writing system is the phoneme (varna).The range of phonemes (Varnamala) consists of‘SwaraVarna’ (Vowel Phoneme) and ‘VyanjanVarna’ (Consonant phoneme). While ‘Swara Varna’is self-powered and it is not dependent on any otherelement, the ‘Vyanjan Varna’ however, needs anaddition of ‘Swara Varna’ to compose a syllabicentity. While ‘Swara Varna’ (V) can be writtendown as syllables (‘akhara’), other syllables(‘akharas’) are the outcome of the combination of‘Vyanjan Varna’ and ‘Vowel Varna’.

Phoneme (varana) to Syllables (aksharas)

As mentioned earlier phonemes are divided intotwo types: vowel phonemes (swara varna) andconsonant phonemes (vyanjan varna). Theytogether broadly constitute the Varnamala whichhas been referred as a varna-samamnaya. Theorthographic representation of these varnas is donein a systematic way. The combination of consonantphoneme and a vowel phoneme produces a syllable(akshara). A cluster of glyphs emerges as an outcomeof this process.

For example,

/k/ + /a/ = /ka/ syllable which is written as ... EòÂ++= Eò

/p/ + /aa/ = /paa/ syllabic akshara is /paa/ {ÉÂ++É= {ÉÉ

Please note that

Corresponding to each swara phoneme there is anakshara which is its syllabic form.

Vowel phoneme + +É < <Ç

Vowel syllable + +É < <Ç

Rendering of aksharas (Syllables)

k-phoneme + /a/ = k-akshar EÂò++=Eò

The syllables formed by adding vowel phonemes /a/,/aa/, /i/, etc. to the consonant phoneme are writtenby creating aksharas. One consonant phonemeadded to all the swara phonemes one by one iscalled a baaraakhadi.

Thus the concept of extended range of ‘Barakhadi’(12 syllables) is achieved in the following way.

K(d) + vv1 = K + A = KA EÂò++=Eò

K(d) + vv2 = K + AA = KAA EÂò++É=EòÉ

K(d) + vv3 = K + I = KI EÂò+<=ÊEò

K(d) + vv4 = K + II = KII EÂò+<Ç=EòÒ

K(d) + vv5 = K + U = KU EÂò+==EÖò

K(d) + vv6 = K + UU = KUU EÂò+>ð=EÚò

K(d) + vv7 = K + Vocalic R = K(Vocalic)R EÂò+@ñ=EÞò

K(d) + vv8 = K + Vocalic RR = K(Vocalic)RR EÂò+Añ=Eßò

K(d) + vv9 = K + Vocalic L = K(Vocalic)L EÂò+ ¡ßô=Iàò

K(d) + vv10 = K + Vocalic L = K(Vocalic)LL EÂò+¡áô=Iáò

K(d) + vv11 = K + E = KE (Short) EÂò+Bà=Eòà

K(d) +vv12 = K + EE = KE EÂò+B=Eäò

K(d) + vv13 = K + E = K(Candra}E EÂò+Bì=Eìò

K(d) + vv14 = K + AE = KAI EÂò+Bä=Eèò

K(d) + vv15 = K + O = KO (Short) EÂò+ +Éà=EòÉà

K(d) + vv16 = K + O = KO EÂò++Éä=EòÉä

K(d) + vv17 = K + O = K(Candra)O EÂò++Éì=EòÉì

(d) + vv18 = K + AU = KAU EÂò++Éè=EòÉè

Syllables can also be formed by adding vowelphonemes to a sequence of more than oneconsonant phonemes. These syllables are calledjodaksharas or sanyuktaksharas. For example :

k-phoneme + y-phoneme + aa-phoneme = kyaaEÂò + ªÉÂ + +É = CªÉÉ

s-phoneme + t-phoneme + u-phoneme = stuºÉÂ + iÉÂ + = = ºiÉÖ


Please note that the invariant element in this processis the set of phonemes. The variation occurs in theshape of glyphs written in various Indian scripts.For example, the phoneme /k/ and /0/ will resultin the glyph shape where graphic element is addedin front and on the top where as in Bengali, graphicshape will be added in front and prior to the baseglyph. Therefore this model can be extended tomost of the Indian languages which have phoneticbase. To sum up the proposed scheme calls for codepoints for consonant phoneme k as compared tothe existing Devanagari code which provides codepoints for glyph ka. The proposed scheme is ofadditive nature (k + a) as compared to subtractivemodel. This scheme would allow unambiguousrepresentation of the entire repertoire of charactersrequired in creating the exhaustive Devanagariscript syllabic range along with its phonetic values.

Vedic Vagvarna Chart

The split up of the codes in chart 1 and chart 2.The Chart 1 would facilitate Laukik Sanskrit whilethe remaining symbols are included in Chart 2.

Chart 1. The Laukik Sanskrit Varnas and Chinhas

It is possible to achieve the following using theChart 1.

1. Text composition in the Indian languages thatuse Devanagari script

2. Transliteration (Indirect method)

3. Transliteration of other Indian languages intoDevanagari script.

4. Sort and search in Laukik Sanskrit

Chart 2: The other Vedic Sanskrit Varnas andChinhas

The Chart 2 will facilitate (along with chart 1)composition of text from all four Vedas with theirintonation Vedic marks and the phonetic break-up of words from dictionaries

The two charts presented here are designed takinginto consideration following character codingrequirements:

1. Non-ambiguity

2. Transliteration

3. Phonetic break-up

4. Exhaustiveness

5. Uniqueness

6. Backward compatibility

7. Default sorting for lankik sanskrit

Code Set Design Considerations

1. The range of Sanskrit Vedic marks, which wereidentified after extensive research have beenincluded.

2. All consonant letter signs have been shown aspure consonants (characters with HALANTrefered elsewhere as dead consonants).

3. Devanagari script in its excluded form asmentioned in Manak Hindi Vartani(Standardised Hindi) issued by Central HindiDirectorate has been taken as reference.

4. Adequate Bhedak Chinhas are provided to takecare of phonetic variations of Kashmiri, Urdu,Sindhi, South Indian Languages, Persian andArabic.

5. In addition to the Bhedak Chinhas, reservedspace is provided in the code chart forincorporation of different phonemes in future.

6. Vowel letters such as A, AA, I etc. shown in thechart have been included for their phoneticcharacter (value). The respective vowel matrasare not explicitly represented as they can bederived unambiguously through positionallogic (CV, CCV, etc.).

7. The IPA equivalence for these Indian PhoneticLetter signs can be established.

8. The range of Swaraadi-Anuswaar and Visargaused for Laukik Sanskrit, are kept in the 1stchart. The total range of Anuswaar and Visarga


as needed for Vedic Sanskrit text have beenplaced separately in the 2nd chart.

9. The total marks in terms of Udaatt, Anudaatt,Swarit and Swarit Kamp have been put next toSwaraadis. From the total range of five Kampsigns namely, Hrasva Kamp, Dirgha Kamp,Udaatt Kamp, Tathabhavya Kamp and ShivaKamp as mentioned in ‘Shiksha’ first two havebeen given code points. The remaining threecodes have been reserved for three remainingKampas.

10. The Samvedic Swarochar signs have beenincorporated representing different schools ofSamavedic traditions. This scheme wouldfacilitate to compose Samvedic intonationmarks on the top of the syllable through aprogram.

11. The codes from 08F0 to 08FF have beenreserved for Speech Control Commands incontext of Text to Speech and Speech to Texttechnology.

12. This coding scheme would facilitate to createtotal repertoire needed to compose Vedic text(Rigved, Yajurved, Atharvaved and Samaved).

13. The sort order for Vedic text, if needed has tobe handled by using specific algorithms.

Lexical order and sorting

Following decisions were taken to facilitate sortingin chart 1.

1. The numerals have been put in the beginningto suit the international convention.

2. The necessary additional signs (pitch, stress,time) for phonetic breakup usage have beenput in the page 2 of the chart.

3. The logical order of vowel phonemes followedby vowel phoneme modifiers and consonantphonemes followed by consonant phonemesmodifiers has been followed. The Anuswaar andthe Visarg group is kept after vowel phonemes

modifiers. This would ensure correct sortingin Laukik (Abhijaat) -Classical Sanskrit.

4. Through the chart, transliteration from otherIndian languages to Devanagari is possiblethrough indirect mapping methodology.

5. Phonetic break up approach has been takenfor the words in dictionary. No sort order inphonetic break up of words is needed.

6. Poorna Viram Chinha is differentiated from theDashamsha Chinha and Viyog Chinha isdifferentiated with the Sanyog Chinha.

7. The Runa Chinha and Gunaka Chinha areprovided.

The Salient Features of Vedic Vagvarna EncodingScheme

• The new scheme of Phonemes (vowels and pureconsonants) as character codes for Unicode, isnearer to the linguistic model and serves allthe linguistic needs.

• There is a provision to extend this to newercombinations not yet identified (tribal and folklanguages).

• The text-processing operations like indexingand sorting which are very important forinformation storage and retrieval on computerscan be performed efficiently.

• Speech synthesis can be facilitated as the nuancesof speech are preserved through these encoding.

• An absolute requirement on any scriptencoding is that it be possible for a computerto take any valid sequence of underlyingcharacter codes and algorithmically render theappropriate visual form, given a repertoire ofsurface glyphs. In the case of Vedic Sanskritencoding scheme presented here the requiredcharacter shaping rules are well-formed andtherefore font rendering systems can been builtbased on this.



Vedic Code Chart 1


Vedic Code Chart 2

Vedic Code Details

Sanskrit Devanagari Vedic Anka

0800 0 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKASHUNYA

0801 1 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKAEKAN

0802 2 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKADVI

0803 3 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKATRI

0804 4 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKACHATUR

0805 5 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKAPANCHAN

0806 6 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKASHASH

0807 7 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKASAPTAN

0808 8 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKAASHTAN

0809 9 VEDIC SANSKRIT ANKANAVAN

Sanskrit Devanagari Swara Varna

080A a VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA A Unrounded centralhalf-open

080B È Reserved

080C È Reserved

080D È Reserved

080E A VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA AA Unroundedcentral open

080F È Reserved

0810 È Reserved

0811 i VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA I Unrounded frontclose short

0812 È Reserved

0813 I VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA II Unrounded frontclose long

0814 u VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA U Rounded backclose short

0815 È Reserved

0816 U VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA UU Rounded backclose long

0817 È Reserved

0818 R VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA VOCALIC R Conso-nant in the form of vowel short

0819 f VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA VOCALIC RRConsonant in the form ofvowel long

081A V VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA VOCALIC L Conso-nant in the form of vowel short

081B X VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA VOCALIC LLConsonant in the form ofvowel long

081C Y VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA E SHORTUnrounded front half-close long


081D e VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA E Unrounded fronthalf-close long

081E w VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA E WITHCHANDRAKAR ABOVEUnrounded front half-open

081F È Reserved

0820 E VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA AI Compound vowel( A + I)

0821 È Reserved

0822 Z VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA O SHORT Roundedback half-close long

0823 o VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA O Rounded backhalf-close long

0824 È Reserved

0825 W VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA AA WITHCHANDRAKAR ABOVERounded back half-open

0826 O VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARAVARNA AU Compoundvowel ( A + U)

0827 È Reserved

Sanskrit Devanagari Swara Bhedak Chinha

0828 % VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARABHEDAK CHNHA 1 forKashmiri

0829 # VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARABHEDAK CHINHA 2 forUrdu

082A $ VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARABHEDAK CHINHA 3 forAvesta

082B & VEDIC SANSKRIT SWARABHEDAK CHINHA 4 forAvesta

Sanskrit Devanagari Swaraadi Chinha

082C = VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –CHANDRABINDU

082D ? VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –ANUSVARA

082E : VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –VISARGA

082F È Reserved

0830 È Reserved

Sanskrit Devanagari Vyanjan Varna

0831 k VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA KVoiceless unaspirated velarplosive stop

0832 È Reserved

0833 K VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA KHVoiceless aspirated velar plosivestop

0834 È Reserved

0835 g VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA GVoiced unaspirated velarplosive stop

0836 È Reserved


0837 G VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA GHVoiced aspirated velar plosivestop

0838 M VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA NGNasal velar plosive stop

0839 c VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA CVoiceless unaspirated palatalplosive stop

083A È Reserved

083B C VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA CHVoiceless aspirated palatalplosive stop

083C È Reserved

083D j VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA JVoiced unaspirated palatalplosive stop

083E È Reserved

083F È Reserved

0840 È Reserved

0841 J VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA JHVoiced aspirated palatal plosivestop

0842 È Reserved

0843 z VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA NYNasal palatal plosive stop

0844 t VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA TTVoiceless unaspirated retroflexplosive stop

0845 T VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA TTHVoiceless aspirated retroflexplosive stop

0846 q VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA DDVoiced unaspirated retroflexplosive stop

0847 È Reserved

0848 È Reserved

0849 Q VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA DDHVoiced unaspirated retroflexplosive stop

084A È Reserved

084B N VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA NNNasal retroflex plosive stop

084C È Reserved

084D F VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA TVoiceless unaspirated dentalplosive stop

084E È Reserved

084F H VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA THVoiceless aspirated dentalplosive stop

0850 d VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA DVoiced unaspirated dentalplosive stop

0851 D VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA DHVoiced aspirated dental plosivestop


0852 n VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA N Nasaldental plosive stop

0853 È Reserved

0854 È Reserved

0855 p VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA PVoiceless unaspirated bilabialplosive stop

0856 P VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA PHVoiceless aspirated bilabialplosive stop

0857 È Reserved

0858 b VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA BVoiced unaspirated bilabialplosive stop

0859 È Reserved

085A B VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA BHVoiced aspirated bilabial plosivestop

085B m VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA M Nasalbilabial plosive stop

085C y VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA Y Voicedpalatal semi-vowel – vocalisedconsonant

085D È Reserved

085E r VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA RVoiced unaspirated alveolarflapped semi-vowel

085F È Reserved

0860 È Reserved

0861 È Reserved

0862 l VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA L Voiceddental lateral semi-vowel

0863 È Reserved

0864 v VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA VVoiced labio-dental semi-vowel

0865 È Reserved

0866 S VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA SHVoiceless palatal fricative

0867 x VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA SHHVoiceless retroflex fricative

0868 s VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA SVoiceless alveolar fricative

0869 h VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA HVoiced glottal fricative

086A L VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA LLVoiced dental lateral semi-vowel

086B È Reserved

086C È Reserved

086D Å VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJANA VARNA LLH

086E È Reserved

086F È Reserved

0870 | VEDIC SANSKRITLUPTAK CHINHA


0871 ARLU VEDIC SANSKRIT ARDHLUPTAK CHINHA

Sanskrit Devanagari Vyanjan Bhedak Chinha

0872 [ VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJAN BHEDAKCHINHA 1 (ONE NUKTA)for Urdu, Malayalam, Tamil,Marathi

0873 \ VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJAN BHEDAKCHINHA 2 (TWO NUKTA)for Malayalam

0874 ] VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJAN BHEDAKCHINHA 3 (THREENUKTA) for Kashmiri, Avesta

0875 � VEDIC SANSKRITVYANJAN BHEDAKCHINHA 4 (LINE WITHONE NUKTA ) for Sindhi

0876 0 VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – SANKSHEPA

0877 c VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –AVAGRAHA

0878 , VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – DANDA

0879 SNDH VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – SAANDHAKA

087A ARSN VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – ASAANDHAKA

087B RIKT VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – RIKTAKA

087C È Reserved

087D DRSK VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – DARSHAK

087E È Reserved

087F È Reserved

Vedic Sanskrit Phonetic Break-up Signs

0880 ¿ VEDIC SANSKRIT UCCHASWAN

0881 À VEDIC SANSKRIT NIMNASWAN

0882 Æ VEDIC SANSKRIT BALA(STRESS) BHEDAKCHINHA 1

0883 Ç VEDIC SANSKRIT BALA(STRESS) BHEDAKCHINHA 2

0884 Â VEDIC SANSKRIT KAAL(TIME) BHEDAK CHINHAATI LAGHU

0885 Á VEDIC SANSKRIT KAAL(TIME) BHEDAK CHINHALAGHU

080D ` VEDIC SANSKRIT KAAL(TIME) BHEDAK CHINHAGURU

0887 @ VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –CHANDRKOR WITHARDHA ANUSWAR Partialnasalization indicator (soft)

0888 > VEDIC SANSKRITSWARADI CHINHA –ARDHA ANUSWAR Partialnasalization stress indicator

Vedic Sanskrit Anuswar

0889 V VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDIC(KRISHNA) ANUSVAR 1

088A W VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR –YAJURVEDIC(KRISHNA) LONGANUSVAR 2


088B I VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR MADHYA 3

088C H VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR DAKSHIN 4

088D J VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 5

088E K VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDIC (SHUKLA ) ANUSVAR 6

088F L VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 7

0890 N VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 8

0891 M VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 9

0892 O VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 10

0893 Q VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 11

0894 P VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 12

0895 R VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 13

0896 S VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 14

0897 T VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDICANUSVAR 15

0898 Y VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – ANUSHMANSANUSVAR 16

0899 Z VEDIC SANSKRITANUSVAR – YAJURVEDIC(SHUKLA) ANUSVAR 17

089A È Reserved

Vedic Sanskrit Swaraadi Chinha – Visarga

089B ; VEDIC SANSKRIT ARDHVISARGA

089C e VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA

089D g VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 1

089E h VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 2

089F i VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 3

08A0 j VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 4

08A1 k VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 5

08A2 l VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 6

08A3 m VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 7

08A4 % VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 8

08A5 | VEDIC SANSKRITVISARGA 9


08A6 Y VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA – JIHVA-MULIYA 1

08A7 A VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA – JIHVA-MULIYA 2

08A8 B VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA – JIHVA-MULIYA 3

08A9 C VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA –UPADHAMANIYA 1

08AA X VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA –UPADHAMANIYA 2

08AB F VEDIC SANSKRITARDHA-VISARGA –UPADHAMANIYA 3

08AC È Reserved

08AD È Reserved

Vedic Sanskrit TAARATA Chinha

08AE ` VEDIC SANSKRIT UDATTA

08AF - VEDIC SANSKRITANUDATTA

Vedic Sanskrit Rigvedic Svarita Chinha

08B0 a VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA - ATHARVA-VEDIC SVARITA

08B1 Æ VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA UDATTA

08B2 ^ VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA -LONG SVARITA

08B3 \ VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – MAITRAYANI

08B4 Ç VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA ANUDATTA

08B5 s VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA - SHUKLAYAJURVEDIC SVARITA

08B6 u VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – MAITRAYANISVARITA ONE

08B7 t VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – YAJURVEDICSVARITA

08B8 v VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – KATTHAK/MAITRAYANI SAMHITAJATYA SVARITA

08B9 [ VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – MAITRAYANISVARITA TWO

08BA \ VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA - ANTIM UDATTA

08BB D VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA - KATTHAKANUDATTA

08BC © VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA – WITH 2-SSHAPES BELOW

08BD ª VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA DEVENAGARI HWITH HORIZONTALCROSSLINE (comes inMaitrayani Samhita jatya)

08BE È Reserved

08BF È Reserved

Vedic Sanskrit Svarita Kamp

08C0 È VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA RHASVA KAMP


08C1 É VEDIC SANSKRITSVARITA DEERGH KAMP

08C2 È Reserved

08C3 È Reserved

08C4 È Reserved

08C5 È Reserved

08C6 È Reserved

Vedic Sanskrit Samavedic Swarochchar Chinha

08C7 1 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAONE

08C8 2 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHATWO

08C9 3 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHATHREE

08CA 4 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAFOUR

08CB 5 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAFIVE

08CC 6 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHASIX

08CD 7 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHASEVEN

08CE 8 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAEIGHT

08CF 9 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHANINE

08D0 0 VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAKAMPA

08D1 n VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA R

08D2 À VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAONE R

08D3 Á VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHATWO R

08D4 Â VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHATHREE R

08D5 Ã VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAFOUR R

08D6 Ä VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAFIVE R

08D7 ¡ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAR KAMPA


08D8 ¢ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA1R KAMPA

08D9 £ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA2R KAMPA

08DA ¤ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA3R KAMPA

08DB ¥ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA4R KAMPA

08DC ¦ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA5R KAMPA

08DD o VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA U

08DE ¨ VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA2U

08DF p VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHA K

08E0 § VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-

CHINHA 3K

08E1 r VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAURDHVA

08E2 q VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHASMALL AVAGRAHA

08E3 { VEDIC SANSKRITSAMAVEDICSWAROCHCHAR-CHINHAstress

08E4 È Reserved

Vedic Sanskrit Special Symbols

08E5 ' VEDIC SANSKRIT SYM-BOL OM

08E6 / VEDIC SANSKRIT SYM-BOL SWASTIK

08E7 b VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA - PUSHPIKA

08E8 > VEDIC SANSKRIT VEDIICCHINHA – AVAGRAHA-DWAYA

08E9 + VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – DANDA DWAYA

08EA Ä VEDIC SANSKRITCHINHA – KHANDA(HALF SPACE)

08EB « VEDIC SANSKRIT LOPACHINHA

08EC ¬ VEDIC SANSKRITKAAKAPADA

08ED $ VEDIC SANSKRIT TATHAIVA

08EE ® VEDIC SANSKRITGUNAKA CHINHA

08EF . VEDIC SANSKRITDASHANSH CHINHA

08F0 È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)












08FA È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)

08FB È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)

08FC È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)

08FD È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)

08FE È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)

08FF È Reserved for Vaka NiyamanSammadesh (Speech ControlCommands)

(Courtesy : Prof. R. K. Joshi, Visiting DesignSpecialist at NCST, Juhu,Mumbai-400049, India.

Email: [email protected]: 26201606, 6201574. Fax: +91-22 6210139.

in consultation withDr. Sadanandan, Vice President, Bharati Sanskrit

Vidya Niketanam, Ghatkopar, MumbaiDr Alka Irani, Sr Research Scientist, NCST and

other Sanskrit Scholars.)

SANSKRIT-DESHA Keyboard 2002DESHA-Multilingual Phonemic Keyboard

Designed and Developed by National Centre for Software Technology, Mumbai, IndiaConcept and Layout : Prof. R.K. Joshi (Revised version of Vividha 1986, Desha 1990)Other language specific keyboards may follow the layout with suitable modifications.

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

8.4 Unicode Standard for Vedic Sanskrit - a draft · 8.4 Unicode Standard for Vedic Sanskrit - a draft ..... Sanskrit has its own place recognized by the linguists all over the world