Report No. 82-143 L

SALANCING THE BUDGET AND LllvIITING FEDERAL SPENDING: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

by Felix Chin

Senior Bibliographer Library Services Division

COMPLIMENTS OF

April 6, 1979

Revised November 25, 1981

Revised August 23, 1982

W 8045 U.S.

The Congressional Research Service works exclusively for the Congress, conducting research, analyzing legislation, and providing information at the request of committees, Mem- bers, and their staffs.

The Service makes such research available, without parti- san bias, in many forms including studies, reports, compila- tions, digests, and background briefings. Upon request, CRS assists committees in analyzing legislative proposals and issues, and in assessing the possible effects of these proposals and their alternatives. The Service's senior specialists and subject analysts are also available for personal consultations in their respective fields of expertise.

ABSTRACT

This selected bibliography lists articles and books on various issues concerning legislation to limit Federal spending and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a balanced budget, especially economic issues. The bib- liography focuses mainly on literature of recent years.

INTRODUCTION

E f f o r t s t o secure a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r u l e t o r e q u i r e a balanced F e d e r a l bud- g e t and t o l i m i t t h e growth of Federal spending have i n t e n s i f i e d a s t h e F e d e r a l Government's p e r s i s t e n t f a i l u r e t o ba lance i t s budget h a s produced a p u b l i c d e b t s u r p a s s i n g $1 t r i l l i o n and a s t h e Federa l sha re of t h e economy h a s cont inued t o i n c r e a s e . Many b e l i e v e t h a t , i n l a r g e measure, t h e n a t i o n ' s economic problems a r e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e s e f a c t o r s . Due t o such concerns , t h e r e have been e f f o r t s i n Congress t o r e e s t a b l i s h l i m i t a t i o n s upon Federa l spending and d e f i c i t p r a c t i c e s t h a t e x i s t e d i n e a r l i e r y e a r s through an a r r a y of formal and in fo rmal p r o v i s i o n s which have been eroded over t h e course of r e c e n t y e a r s . Since t h e 8 4 t h Congress' o u t s e t i n 1955, an average of four amendments t o t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n t o r e q u i r e a balanced Federal budget have been proposed dur ing each Congress. I n t h e c u r r e n t 97 th Congress, over 80 c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendments have been proposed t o r e q u i r e a balanced Federal budget o r t o impose Federa l spending o r revenue l i m i t a t i o n s . On August 4 , 1982, t h e Senate , wi th a v o t e of 69-31, passed S . J . Res. 5 8 , a proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment r e q u i r i n g a balanced Federa l budget . However, t o become p a r t of t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , two-thirds of t h e House must approve i t and i t must be r a t i f i e d by a t l e a s t 38 s t a t e s .

Most o f t h e c i t a t i o n s i n t h i s b ib l iography were s e l e c t e d from t h e computer- i zed b i b l i o g r a p h i c d a t a base c r e a t e d by t h e L i b r a r y S e r v i c e s D i v i s i o n o f t h e Congress ional Research Serv ice . This c o r e of l i t e r a t u r e was supplemented by s e a r c h e s i n o t h e r indexes and computerized b i b l i o g r a p h i c r e t r i e v a l systems.

C i t a t i o n s t o i tems which a r e i n t h e c l a s s i f i e d c o l l e c t i o n s o f t h e L i b r a r y o f Congress inc lude t h e L i b r a r y ' s c a l l number. J o u r n a l a r t i c l e s a r e provided w i t h t h e c a l l number f o r t h e bound volumes r e g a r d l e s s of whether t h e i s s u e s have been bound a t t h i s t ime. Recent a r t i c l e s may be found i n t h e Newspaper and Cur ren t P e r i o d i c a l Room and i tems wi th t h e d e s i g n a t i o n "LAW" may be found i n t h e Law L i b r a r y of t h e L i b r a r y of Congress.

BALANCING THE BUDGET AND LIMITING FEDERAL SPENDING: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexander, Lee, and others. Taxpayers' revolt: are constitutional limits desira- ble? [Washington, American Enterprise Institute, 19781 46 p. (AEI forum 20)

This is an edited transcript of a televised AEI Public Policy Forum held on July 12, 1978, examining the issues surrounding the widespread demands for changes in taxes at all levels of government and for constitutional limits on government spending.

Allen, Gary. Balancing the budget. American opinion, v. 25, June 1982: 1-2, 5-6, 85-87, 89, 91-94. AP2.04732, V. 25

Examines the current state of the budget and identifies "what concerned Americans might do to limit spending and taxes as a means of putting an end to escalating deficits."

American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Proposals for a consti- tutional convention to require a balanced Federal budget. Washington [I9791 38 p. (Its Legislative analysis, 96th Cong., no. 3 )

Anderson, John W., Carrie Johnson, and James E. Clayton. The budget and the Con- stitution. Washington post, Feb. 12, 1979: A19; Feb. 14: A23; Feb. 16: A15.

Newsp Series of three articles on the implications of a constitutional amend-

ment to require a balanced Federal budget.

Association of the Bar of the City of New York. Committee on Federal Legislation. Budget-balancing by constitutional amendment. Record of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, v. 34, May-June 1979: 428-440.

LAW The committee report discusses whether the Constitution should be amended

to require the Federal Government to balance its budget.

Balanced budget amendment. New York, W~~~IThirteen, 1982. 8 p. The MacNeil/Lehrer Report, July 27, 1982. Televised interview with Sen. Richard Lugar of Indiana, Rep. Peter

Rodino of New York, State Rep. Mike Fox of Ohio, and State Sen., Harry Meshel of Ohio.

Balanced budget: political scramble, convention drive. Congressional quarterly weekly report, v. 37, Feb. 17, 1979: 267-279. JKl.Cl5, V. 37

Bergner, Jeffrey T. Federal spending limitations: an idea whose time has come? Policy review, no. 8, spring 1979: 41-51. Hl .P69

Discusses pro and con arguments relating to Federal spending limitations tied to the nation's gross national product.

Boorstin, b avid. Federal fiscal control. Washington, Editorial Research Reports, 1975. 23-40 p. (Editorial research reports, 1975, v. 1, no. 2)

H35. E35 Contents.--Options to stabilize the economy.--Operation of Federal budget

system.--Future of fiscal reforms in Congress.

Brimmer, Andrew I?. The p o l i t i c a l economy of l i m i t a t i o n s on Federal spending. Chal lenge, v. 23, Mar.-Apr. 1980: 6-11. HC101.N533, v. 23

"A c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment t o balance t h e f e d e r a l budget would make i t ha rder f o r t h e government t o s t a b i l i z e t h e economy, hamper i t s e f f o r t s t o coun te r r e c e s s i o n , and r e s t r i c t i t s spending f l e x i b i l i t y . "

Bork, Robert H. Would a budget amendment work? Wall S t r e e t j o u r n a l , Apr. 4 , 1979: 20. Xewsp

"This spending- l imi t amendment dese rves s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The c a s e f o r i t i s compell ing. It i s u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t t h e c a s e a g a i n s t i t seems h a r d l y l e s s so."

Brozen, Yale. D e f i c i t s a r e d r a i n i n g s t r e n g t h from t h e economy. E n t e r p r i s e , v. 2, Apr. 1978: 13-14.

Bryan, W i l l i a m R . D e f i c i t s and t h e economy. I l l i n o i s bus iness review, v. 34, J u l y 1977: 7-11. HC107.13155, v. 34

Buchanan, James M., and Richard E. Wagner. Democracy i n d e f i c i t : t h e p o l i t i c a l l egacy of Lord Keynes. New York, Academic P r e s s , c1977. 195 p.

P a r t i a l contents.--The old-time f i s c a l religion.--Money-financed d e f i - c i t s and p o l i t i c a l democracy. - - Ins t i tu t ional c o n s t r a i n t s and p o l i t i c a l choice . - -Al ternat ive budgetary rules.--A r e t u r n t o f i s c a l p r i n c i p l e .

Burkhead, J e s s e . Balance t h e Federal budget? Pub l i c a f f a i r s comment, v. 25, May 1979: 1-7.

"The campaign t o r e q u i r e a balanced f e d e r a l budget by way of c o n s t i t u - t i o n a l amendment r a i s e s a number of i n t e r e s t i n g l e g a l i s s u e s , p a r t i s a n po l i - t i c a l i s s u e s , and, of course , economic i s s u e s c e n t e r i n g on t h e n a t u r e of t h e c u r r e n t i n f l a t i o n and t h e e f f i c a c y of t h e s t a b i l i z a t i o n t o o l s t h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e t o d e a l wi th it."

Cameron, Juan . The nob le experiment i n congress iona l budget d i s c i p l i n e . For tune, v. 93, May 1976: 206-120, 214, 218. HF5001.F7, v . 93

"The new procedure f o r r e l a t i n g spending t o revenues could s e t those d e f i c i t s under b e t t e r c o n t r o l and a l t e r power r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n Washington-- i f i t l a s t s . "

----- Waking up t o t h e budget menace. Fortune, v. 97 , J u l y 3 , 1978: 50-54, 56. HF5001.F7, v . 97

"A f l o u r i s h i n g economy was supposed t o wipe ou t those towering d e f i c i t s . I n s t e a d , t h e d e f i c i t s a r e t h r e a t e n i n g t h e economy."

Car l son , Kei th M. Large Federal budget d e f i c i t s : p e r s p e c t i v e s and p rospec t s . F e d e r a l Reserve Bank of S t . Louis review, v. 58, Oct. 1976: 2-7.

HG107.A22A2, v. 58 "To t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e a c t i v e p a r t o f t h e d e f i c i t remains, t h e d e f i -

c i t poses an i n f l a t i o n a r y t h r e a t a s t h e recovery con t inues and t h e economy moves back toward h igh employment. Consequently, t h e s i z e of t h e budget d e f i c i t c a r r i e s l i t t l e meaning by i t s e l f un less i t i s analyzed i n terms of i t s a c t i v e and pass ive elements."

Clark, Timothy B. It% back to the drawing board for congressional budget cutters. National. journal, v. 11, Dec. 22, 1979: 2148-2151,

JKl.l-428, v. 11 "Frustration with the long struggle to adopt a fiscal 1980 budget and

dismay over the size of that budget's deficit have won converts to the balanced budget cause."

Cohen, Richard E. Trying to kick the spending habit. National journal, v. 11, Apr. 21, 1979: 642-636. JKl.NZ8, v. 11

"Nearly ev'&cyone is endorsing a balancing budget as a goal, but it remains to be seen whether Congress can find a workable formula for forcing an end to deficits." Says that "though a constitutional amendment forbidding deficits seems unlikely, a statutory requirement--albeit one with an escape hatch--seems a distinct possibility, given Congress' current mood,"

Conte, Christopher R. Balanced budget: political scramble; Congress seeks handle on spending restraint issue. Congressional quarterly weekly report, v. 37, Feb. 17, 1979: 267-270. JKl.Cl5, v.37

Cohodas, Nadine. Drive for balanced budget amendment gaining ground. Congressional quarterly weekly report, v. 40, Mar. 27, 1982: 659-662.

JKl.Cl5, v. 40 Reviews efforts in Congress to propose a constitutional amendment,

and in state legislatures to call a Federal constitutional convention, to mandate a balanced Federal budget and prohibit routine deficit spending, and outlines the roles of the National Taxpayers Union and National Tax Limitation Committee in lobbying for these measures.

The Constitution and the budget: are constitutional limits on tax, spending, and budget power desirable at the Federal level? W. S. Moore and Rudolph G. Penner, editors, Washington, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research [1980] 155 p. (AEI symposia, 80B) HJ205 2. C646

Contents.--Amending the Constitution by convention.--The effects of constitutional restraints on economic policy making.--Constitutional re- strictions on the power of the purse and the theory of public choice,--A roundup of the policy issues raised by proposals for constitutional limits.

Controlling Federal Government expenditures: the roles of Congress and the admin- istration; CED symposium. New York, Committee for Economic Development, 1973. 21 p. HJ7539.C67

Contents.--Establishing a congressional budget, by A. Ul1man.--Presiden- tial budgetary reform, by R. Ash.--The shortcomings in congressional budget making, by M. Weidenbaum.--Precedents for impoundment, by R. Davenport.

Controversy over proposed mandatory balancing of the Federal budget; pro & con. Congressional digest, v. 55, Mar. 1976: whole issue. JKl.C65, v. 55

Partial contents.--The Federal balance sheet since 1789.--Present pro- cedures for considering the budget.--Current budgetary practices and con- straints in the states.--Actions to date in the 94th Congress.--Pros & cons.

Cox, William N. Constitutional limitation of the Federal budget. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta economic review, v. 64, May-June 1979: 73-76.

HC107.AlOA2, v. 64 Outlines the probable economic consequences of mandatory balanced

budgets, revenue caps, and spending limits.

Davenport, John A . Amending t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n i s a dubious way t o curb Federal spending. For tune, v. 99, Mar. 22, 1979: 114-116. HF5001.F7, v. 99

"The o b j e c t i v e i s f i n e , b u t e f f o r t s t o reach i t by t h e amendment r o u t e run i n t o s e r i o u s l e g a l and economic d i f f c u l t i e s . "

- - - - - The U.S. r e d i s c o v e r s t h e economics of supply. For tune, v. 9 8 , - O c t . 23, 1978: 46-48. HF5001 .F7, v. 98

"While t h e g r e a t t a x r e v o l t has been making t h e h e a d l i n e s , suppor t has a l s o been b u i l d i n g f o r an a s s a u l t on f e d e r a l spending. Some cher ished economic t h e o r i e s a r e toppl ing."

Davidson, James Dale. The balanced budget amendment: an end t o the "good-will" theory o f government. Taxing & spending, v. 2 , no. 4 , 1979: 42-47.

HJ2381.F67, v. 2 The chairman of t h e Nat ional Taxpayers Union e x p l a i n s why i t i s

necessa ry t o have a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment t h a t r e q u i r e s a balanced Federa l budget .

----- The TRA--Taxpayers1 Righ t s Amendment. Across t h e Board, v . 16 , Feb. 1979: 12-13, 77-78. HC101.C64, V . 16

"A proposal f o r a C o n s t i t u t i o n a l Amendment r e q u i r i n g t h a t t h e Federal budget be balanced. Already 22 s t a t e s have informed Congress o f t h e i r d e s i r e f o r a convent ion t o s t a r t t o do j u s t t h a t . "

Democratic Research Organizat ion. Committee t o I n v e s t i g a t e a Balanced Federal Budget. Report. I n Remarks of Richard C . White. Congressional r ecord , v, 124, Aug. 16, 1978: 26510-26518 J l l . R 5 , v. 124

Examines t h e e f f e c t s of Federa l d e f i c i t s . Contends t h a t Federa l d e f i c i t s a r e "harmful" i n t h a t they cause i n f l a t i o n which i n t u r n causes unemployment. Recommends t h a t a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment be adopted which e l i m i n a t e s d i s c r e t i o n a r y d e f i c i t s and t h a t t h e n a t i o n a l deb t be reduced by F e d e r a l Reserve monetary pol icy .

Domenici, Pete. Can Congreat? c o n t r o l spending? Pol icy review, no. 14, f a l l 1980: 49-65. H1. P69

"A spending l i d would enable t h e Congress t o say 'no' i n a manner t h a t i t s members can suppor t ."

Dornbusch, Rudiger. I n f l a t i o n , c a p i t a l , and d e f i c i t f inance. Journa l of money, c r e d i t , and banking, v. 9 , Feb. 1977: 141-150. HG201.J6, v. 9

F i s c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l democracy, e d i t e d by James M. Buchanan and Richard E . Wagner. Leiden, Boston, Martinus Nijhoff S o c i a l Sciences D i v i s i o n ; Hingham, Mass. [ d i s t r i b u t e d by] Kluwer Boston, 1978. 180 p. ( S t u d i e s i n p u b l i c cho ice , v. 1 ) HJ8119.F57

Papers p resen ted a t a conference on Federa l f i s c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y held a t Hot Spr ings , Va., March 26-27, 1976. Includes b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l r e f e r e n c e s .

Fisher, Louis, Congressional budget reform: ths first two years. Harvard journal on legislation, v. 14, Apr. 1977: 413-457. LAW

The article describes the first two years of practice under the Con- gressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, It explores the budgetary process in Congress and concludes that "the new budget and impoundment processes have made some improvements in congressional control over federal spending, but Congress has yet to demonstrate that it can markedly adjust the President's budget." Recommends that Congress develop a budget strategy of its own if it is to effectively challenge the President' s budget.

Floyd, John E., and J. Allan Hynes. Deficit finance and "first-round" crowding out: a clarification. Canadian journal of economics, v. 11, Feb.,1978: 97-105. HClll.C225, v. 11

Friedman, Benjamin K. Crowding out or crowding in? Economic consequences of financing Government deficits. Brookings papers on economic activity, no. 2, 1978: 593-654. HC101 .B785

Gegenheimer, Greg. Stopping the Leviathan: the case for constitutional limits on taxing and spending. New guard, v. 18, winter ,1978: 20-23.

HC101.B785, v. 18

Gross, Bertram M. Unbalancing the Constitution. Nation, v. 228, Apr. 28, 1979: 449-468. AP2.N2, v. 228

Presents arguments against a mandatory balanced Federal budget and a constitutional convention to achieve it.

Gunther, Gerald, Constitutional brinkmanship: stumbling toward a convention. American Bar Association journal, v, 65, July 1979: 1045-1049,

LAW "State legislatures are calling for a constitutional convention with-

out comprehending the full dimensions of the risks." Discueses some of the issues which may be topics of such a convention, particularly a balanced budget.

Hamovitch, William, ed. The Federal deficit: fiscal imprudence or policy weapon? Boston, Heath [I9651 148 p. (Studies in economics)

HJ257 .Hz8 "Suggestions for additional reading": p. 148.

Heller, Walter W. Balanced budget fallacies. Wall Street journal, Mar. 16, 1979: 22. Newsp

"Taking the very stuff of democratic self-determination out of the hands of legislative bodies and freezing them into the Constitution would dilute and cheapen the fundamental law of the land."

----- Tax revolt: the lady or the tiger? By Walter Helber and Arthur Burns. Public opinion, v. 1, July-Aug. 1978: 9-14, 59-60. HM261.AlP8, v. 1

Transcript of a June 27, 1978 interview with Heller and Burns on implications of Proposition 13. Among other points, Burns suggests that restraints on Federal deficit spending would be desirable.

Herber, Bernard P. Fiscal policy norms. In his Modern public finance: the study of public sector economics. Homewood, Ill., Richard D. Irwin, 1971. p. 507-536. HJ141 .H4 1971

Hucker, Charles W. Balanced budget: convention drive; constitutional conven- tion poses questions. Congressional quarterly weekly report, v. 37, Feb. 17, 1979: 273-276, 279. JKl.Cl5, v. 37

Is deficitus fiscalis an endangered species? Citibank monthly letter, Mar. 1979: 6-9. HC1066.F52

"The cry for fiscal responsibility by amendment is getting louder--and the proposals for writing it into law are proliferating. Whatever happens, the end result will be a rein on federal spending."

Kaus, Robert M. Power to the people: making the Constitution work again. Washington monthly, v. 11, Oct. 1979: 51-58. E838.W37, v. 11

"Sometime in the next year the 34th state may call for a constitutional convention to balance the budget. It is a prospect that scares many of us-- not so much the balanced budget as the idea of the convention itself, and the possibility that it could open up our founding document for a general revision. If the balanced budget drive fails, or even if it succeeds with- out producing 'Con Con 11,' we will breathe a collective sigh of relief.'' Asserts that "the truth is that our constitution was not designed to allow the government to act quickly on the wishes of the majority. It was designed to frustrate that action, The exaggerated power of 'special interests,' the debilitating stalemates between the president and Congress, are neither acci- dental nor necessary features of our politics."

Klein, Michael A. Money financed deficit spending: a reinterpretation. Southern economic journal, v. 45, Oct. 1978: 447-457. HC107.Al3A67, v. 45

Knapp, Elaine S. A balanced Federal budget and constitutional convention contro- versy. State government, v. 52, spring 1979: 58-64. JK2403.S7, v. 52

Summarizes economic arguments on balancing the budget and the controversy on calling a constitutional convention.

Lee, L. Douglas. Balancing the budget--does it matter? Journal of the Institute for Socioeconomic Studies, v. 5, winter 1980: 25-35. HV95.I49a, v. 5

Argues that "over the long term, a balanced budget can make an important contribution to a healthier economy and a rising standard of living. This goal is too important to be abandoned simply because tough political decisions do not help to win elections."

Leepson, Marc. Calls for constitutional conventions. Washington, Editorial Research Reports, 1979. 187-203 p. (Editorial research reports, 1979, v . 1, no. 10) H35.E35

Contents.--Budget and abortion issues.--Constitution's amending pro- cess.-Barriers to another convention.

MacLaury, Bruce K. Proposals to limit Federal spending and balance the budget. In Pechman, Joseph A,, ed. Setting national priorities: the 1980 budget. Washington, Brookings Institution, 1979. p. 213-223. HJ2051.S47

"A good case can in fact be made for further strengthening controls over the federal budget. The risk, however, is that some of the proposed cures are far worse than the present disease."

CRS- 7

Malbin, Michael J. Huge budget deficit projections fuel drive for balanced budget amendment. National journal, v. 14, May 1, 1982: 757-762.

JKl.NZ8, v. 14 i t Congressional Republicans in particular are eyeing a constitutional

amendment as a way to show their constituents that they really do take budget deficits seriously."

Martin, Ben. Rewriting the Constitution. Harper's magazine, v. 259, Sept. 1979: 26-28, 32. AP2.H3, v. 259

"Another convention would force Americans to recall the values of the first Constitution and consider how we have changed as a nation. It would allow a recalculation of the costs of dependence upon government and the benefits of individual responsibility and voluntary public spirit. Another convention could offer perhaps a last chance to make sure we have the govern- ment we deserve."

McAllister, Eugene J. Balanced budgets, spending limitations, and the economy. Washington, Heritage Foundation, 1979. 11 p. (Heritage Foundation, Wash- ington, D.C. Backgrounder no. 80)

----- The balanced budget amendment: an economic and constitutional review, by Eugene J. McAllister and Thomas R. Ascik. Washington, Heritage Foundation, 1980. 16 p. (Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C. Issue bulletin no. 59)

This paper includes two separate critiques of the balanced budget amendment: one from an economic view (The political economics of a balanced amendment, by E. McAllister), and one from a constitutional view (Does a balanced budget fit into the American Constitutional scheme? by T. Ascik).

McCracken, Paul W. What's behind expenditure limitations. Commonsense, v. 1, fall 1978: 37-43. JK2351,C63, v. 1

Calls for a balanced Federal budget and believes that periodic rejusti- fication of programs would be helpful.

Meiselman, David I., and Paul Craig Roberts. The political economy of the Con- gressional Budget Of fice. In Remarks of S. I, Hayakawa. Congressional record [daily ed.] v. 124, June 13, 1978: S9122-S9128. Jll.R7, v. 124

The authors criticize CBO for econometric analysis which focuses on the short term and which is biased against saving.

Neil, Herbert E. The impact of the Federal budget on economic performance. Business economics, v. 12, May 1977: 26-34. HC101.B88, v. 12

Niskanen, William. Controlling the growth of government: the constitutional amendment approach. St. Louis, Center for the Study of American Business, Washington University, 1979. 18 p. (washington University, St. Louis. Center for the Study of American Business: Whittemore House series)

Discusses the current status of the tax limitation movement, focusing on the National Tax Limitation Committee which promotes constitutional tax or spending limitation amendments at the state and Federal levels.

----- A friendly case against the balanced budget amendment. Taxing & spending, v. 3, spring 1980: 41-47. HJ2381.F67, v, 3

Examines the relationship of Federal spending, money growth, and infla- tion to the Federal deficit. Contends that a balanced budget is "neither necessary nor sufficienttt to constrain the rate of growth of Federal Spending, the money supply, or the inflation rate.

Ott, David J., and Attiat F. Ott. Federal budget policy. 3d ed. Washington, Brookings Institution, c1977. 178 p. (Studies in government finance. Second series) HJ2052.08 1977

Partial contents.--The Federal budget: concepts and cses.--The record: Federal spending and taxes.--Federal budget policy and the economy.--Fiscal policy and the national debt.--Determining the level of Federal spending.

Bibliography: p. 166-173,

Patel, Kant, Denny Pilant, and Gary Rose. Born-again Christians in the Bible Belt: a study in religion, politics, and ideology. American politics quarterly, v. 10, Apr. 1982: 255-272. JKl,A48, v. 10

From a 1980 eurvey, compares and contrasts the attitudes of born-again Christians in Greene County (Springfield) Mo., with those of the not born-again, on a balanced Federal budget and other issues.

Pozdena, Randall Johnston. Controlling government budgets. Menlo Park, Calif., SRI International, 1978. 12 p. (Business intelligence program guidelines no. 1038). HJ2052 .P69

Raneon, R. David. Toward a broader picture of the budget deficit. Policy review, no. 3, winter 1978: 35-54. H1 .P69

Examines total public sector liabilities in the U.S. and notes the unfavorable effect on capital investments of these large and rapidly growing liabilities.

Rees, John. James D. Davidson. Review of the news, v. 18, Mar. 3, 1982: 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55-56. D839.R4, v. 18

"An exclusive interview with the founder of the National Taxpayers Union on how to balance the budget and control spending" through a constitutional amendment proposed by a specially called convention.

Rovere, Richard. Affairs of state. New Yorker, v. 55, Mar. 19, 1979: 136-138, 141-143. AP2.W6772, v. 55

"According to the National Taxpayer's Union twenty-eight state legisla- tures, six short of the required two-thirds, have passed resolutions--or 'applications,' to use the language of Article V of the Constitution-- petitioning Congress to call a convention for the purpose of proposing and ratifying a constitutional amendment that would mandate a balanced federal budget. "

Samuelson, Paul. A. That constitutional budget amendment--'tremendous potential for harm.' Across the Board, v. 16, July 1979: 4-5, 77.

HC101.C64, v. 16

Scheu, J i l l , and Lew Shuster . A balanced Federa l budget: a n a l y s i s o f s t a t e a p p l i c a t i o n s and Sena te l e g i s l a t i v e proposals . I n Remarks o f Edmund S. Muskie. Congressional record [ d a i l y ed.] v. 125, Mar, 8 , 1979: S2443-S2445.

J l l . R 7 , v. 125 Memo by Senate Budget Committee s t a f f members " c a t e g o r i z e s and summarizes

t h e c o n s t i t i t i o n a l convention a p p l i c a t i o n s from t h e s t a t e s f o r a balanced f e d e r a l budget and t h e l e g i s l a t i v e p roposa l s f o r budgetary ba lance in t roduced i n t h e Senate i n t h e 96 th Congress. C a t e g o r i z a t i o n i s based p r i m a r i l y on t h e formula used t o achieve a balanced budget. FOP each c a t e g o r y t h e r e i s a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n and a n a l y s i s o f t h e economic defec t s . "

Schick, Allen. Congress and money: budget ing, spending, and t a x i n g . Washington, Urban I n s t i t u t e , c1980. 604 p. HJ2051. S34

----- Congressional c o n t r o l o f expendi tu res , Prepared f o r t h e House Budget Cow m i t t e e , U.S. House of Represen ta t ives . Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Of f . , 1977. 126 p. HJ205 2. S3 3

A t head of t i t l e : Committee p r i n t . P a r t i a l contents.--Congressional c o n t r o l of t h e budget.--Instruments o f

budgetary control.--Toward more e f f e c t i v e congress iona l c o n t r o l o f t h e budget.

Schu l tze , Char les L. The p o l i t i c s and economics o f p u b l i c spending. Washington, Brookings I n s t i t u t i o n [c1968] 143 p. (The H , Rowan G a i t h e r l e c t u r e s i n systems sc ience) MJ2052. S36

Shades of t h e founding f a t h e r e ; t h e d r i v e f o r a new c o n s t i t u t i o n a l convent ion. Time, v. 113, Feb. 19, 1979: 18, 21. AP2.T33, v . 113

"Wanted: s t a tesmanl ike f i g u r e bear ing c l o s e resemblance t o James Madison t o d i r e c t p o s s i b l e second C o n s t i t u t i o n a l Convention devoted t o ba lanc ing budget and perhaps o t h e r m a t t e r s ."

Shannon, John, and Bruce Wallin. R e s t r a i n i n g t h e Federa l budget: a l t e r n a t i v e p o l i c i e s and s t r a t e g i e s . Intergoverruaental p e r s p e c t i v e , v. 5 , s p r i n g 1979: 8-14. JK325.157, v . 5

Po in t ou t t h e s t r e n g t h s and weaknesses o f t a x c u t s , spending l i d s , and balanced budget c o n t r o l s and of four p o l i t i c a l s t r a t e g i e s which may be em- ployed i n implementation: c u r r e n t ad hoc p o l i c y , i n d i r e c t s t a t u t o r y c o n t r o l s , d i r e c t s t a t u t o r y c o n t r o l s and c o n s t i t u t i o n a l c o n t r o l s .

Sharp, Ansel M., and P h y l l i s Smith Flennikan, Budget d e f i c i t s : a major c a u s e o f i n f l a t i o n ? Publ ic f inance q u a r t e r l y , v. 6 , Jan. 1978: 115-127.

HJl101.P83, v , 6

Smith, W. Stephen. Federal t a x and spending reform. Federal Reserve Bank o f Chicago economic p e r s p e c t i v e s , May-June 1981: 13-19. HCb07 .A14A2

"In an e f f o r t t o d e a l with widely f e l t economic pa in , t h e Congress has considered s e v e r a l economic reform proposa l s t o l i m i t and /or reduce t h e r o l e o f t h e f e d e r a l government i n t h e economy.''

Sommers, Alber t T. The balanced Federa l budget: an orthodoxy i n t r o u b l e . [New York, Conference Board] 1978. 22 p. (The Conference Board. In format ion b u l l e t i n no. 36) HF2051. S65

"The important t h i n g our budget exper ience i s t e l l i n g us i s n o t t h a t d e f i c i t s a r e good, o r t h a t they a r e i n e v i t a b l e , but r a t h e r t h a t we a r e i n need of a new concordance between ends and means."

CRS- 10

Stockman, David A. Administration firm in support of balanced budget amendment. Human events, v. 42, June 26, 1982: 10-12. D410.H8, v. 42

Testimony by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget before the House Subcomnittee on Monopolies and Commercial Law of the Judiciary Committee in support of the balanced budget constitutional amendment.

Tax Foundation, New York. Spending control and the House committee structure; supplementary report. [New York, 19741 7 p. HJ2052.T3 1974

Supplements two studies published by the Foundation in 1973: Spending control issues and the U.S. budget, and Congress and the Federal budget.

Thompson, Frank, Jr., and Daniel H. Pollite. A new constitutional convention? Harnessing the tiger. Christianity and crisis, v. 39, Apr. 16, 1979: 82-85.

BR1 .C64l7, v. 39 The authors discuss constitutional concerns raised by a balanced budget

constitutional canvention.

Tobin, James. The Federal budget and the Constitution. Taxing & spending, v. 2, no. 4, 1979: 27-36. HJ2381.F67, v. 2

Examines proposed constitutional amendments to restrain the Federal budget. Opposes all on aesthetic, political, technical and economic grounds. Contends that "no direct link exists between budget and inflation." Believes that the national mood and the congressional budget process are already slowing down government spending.

Tribe, Laurence H. Issues raised by requesting Congress to call a constitutional convention to propose a balanced budget amendment. Pacific law journal, v. 10, July 1979: 627-640. LAW

Truluck, Phillip N., ed. Balancing the budget: should the Constitution be amended? [Washington] Heritage Foundation [I9791 23 p. KF6225 .A2B34

Papers from a Heritage Foundaton seminar held Apr. 10, 1979 for Members of Congress and their staffs,

Contents.--The balanced budget approach, by A. Rabushka.--The spending limitation approach, by A. Me1tzer.--Against a constitutional convention, by C. Wiggins.--Toward an open constitutional convention, by L. Silberman.

Tyler, Gus. The dangerous fallacies of a balanced-budget convention. American federationist, v. 86, Apr. 1979: 1-7. HD8055.A5A2, v. 86

Unler, Lewis K. Federal spending limit amendment: a stitch in time. Taxing & spending, v. 2, no. 4, 1979: 48-53. HJ2381.F67, v. 2

The president of the National Tax Limitation Committee explains why a constitutional amendment to limit Federal spending is needed and discusses the provisions of such an amendment.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Limitation of Federal expenditures. Hearings, 83rd Cong., 2d sess., on H.R. 2 and H.J. Res. 22. Apr. 13, 1953. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1953. 124 p.

HJ7537.A52

CRS- 1 1

U.S. Congress, House. Committee on Rules. Task Force on Federa l Spending L i m i t a t i o n Proposa l s . Federa l spending l i m i t a t i o n p roposa l s . Hear ings , 96 th Cong., 2d s e s s . Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off . , 1980. 586 p.

KF27.R84 1980 Hearings h e l d Jan. 30-Mar. 20, 1980.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on t h e Budget. P roposa l s t o ba lance t h e bud- g e t . Hear ings , 96 th Cong., 2d s e s s . Mar. 10 and 12 , 1980. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Of f . , 1980. 281 p. KF27.B8 1980a

----- Toward a balanced budget: r e p o r t pursuant t o P u b l i c Law 96-5. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off . , 1979. 102 p. ( 9 6 t h Cong., 1 s t s e s s . House. Report no. 96-99) KF32.B8 1979

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on t h e J u d i c i a r y . Subcommittee on Monopolies and Commercial Law. C o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendments t o ba lance t h e Federa l budget, Hear ings , 96 th Cong., 1 s t and 2d s e s s . Washington, U.S. Govt, P r i n t . Off . , 1980, 514 p. KF27.J8663 1979b

" S e r i a l no. 67" Hearings held Mar, 27-May 1, 1980.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Government Operat ions . F i n a n c i a l manage- ment i n t h e Federa l Government. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Of f . , 1961. 369 p. (87th Cong,, 1 s t s e s s . Senate. Document no. 11)

KF623l ,A55G6 Pages 223 through 229 provide a h i s t o r y of l e g i s l a t i o n t o ba lance t h e

badget from t h e 8 1 s t Congress t o t h e 8 6 t h Congress.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Rules and Admin i s t ra t ion . Subcommittee on Standing Rules of t h e Senate. Federa l budget c o n t r o l by t h e Congress. Hear ing, 93rd Cong., 2d s e s s . , on S. 1541. Jan . 15 , 1974. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off . , 1974. 261 p. KF26 .It888 1974

U.S. Congress. Senate , Committee on t h e Budget. Budget i s s u e s ; s t a f f s t u d i e s f o r f i s c a l 1977. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off . , 1976. 165 p.

HJ2051.U53 1976a A t head o f t i t l e : 94th Cong, 2d s e s s . Committee p r i n t .

----- The Federa l budget and i t s problems. Hearing, 94 th Cong. 1st s e s s . , Albuquerque, N. Mex., A p r i l 6 , 1975. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . O f f , , 1975. 109 p. KF26. B8 1975c

----- F i r s t concur ren t r e s o l u t i o n on t h e budget- - f i scal yea r 1980. Hear ings , 9 6 t h Cong., 1 s t s e s s . June 8 , 1979. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Of f . , 1979. 882 p. KF26.B8 1979

Vol. 111--Limiting F e d e r a l spending: Mar. 5--formula approaches t o a balanced budget; Mar. 15--fraud and abuse i n Federal programs; Mar. 16-- s t a t e and l o c a l governments: congress iona l views; Mar. 21--views of t h e con- g r e s s i o n a l J o i n t Economic Committee; Mar. 22--Save our Bucks Task Force and t h e Senate Human Resources Committee.

----- L e g i s l a t i v e approaches t o l i m i t i n g Federa l spending. Hear ings , 96 th Cong., 2d s e s s . Jan . 24-25, 1980. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Of f . , 1980. 207 p. KF26,B8 1980

----- Performance and promise--four y e a r s o f t h e congress ional budget process . Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Of f . , 1978. 23 p.

A t head o f t i t l e : Committee p r i n t . Examines how and why t h e budget process came i n t o being, how f i s c a l

p o l i c y i s developed f o r t h e purpose of budgeting, how spending i s c o n t r o l l e d and how t h e p o l i t i c a l dimension e n t e r s i n t o the budget process .

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on t h e J u d i c i a r y . Balanced budget--tax l i m i t a t i o n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment; r e p o r t on S.J. Res. 58 wi th a d d i t i o n a l and d i s s e n t i n g views. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off. , 1981. 83 p. ( 9 7 t h Cong., 1 s t s e s s . Senate. Report no. 97-151)

----- C o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment t o balance t h e Federal budget. 'Hearings, 96th Cong., 2d s e s s . , on S.J. Res. 126. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off . , 1980. 130 p. KF26. J 8 1980d

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on t h e J u d i c i a r y . Subcommittee on Const i tu- t i o n a l Amendments. Balanced budget--tax l i m i t a t i o n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment. Hear ings , 97 th Cong., 1 s t s e s s . , on S.J. Res. 9 , S.J. Res. 43, and S.J. Res. 58. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off . , 1981. 177 p.

" S e r i a l no. 5-97-45'' Hearings held Mar. 11-May 20, 1981.

----- Balancing t h e budget. Hearing, 94th Cong., 1st seas . , on S.J. Res. 55

and S.J. Res. 93. Sept. 23 and Oct. 7, 1975. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off. , 1975. 222 p. KF26. J836 1975a

----- C o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendments; r e p o r t pursuant t o S. Res. 72, s e c t i o n 5 , 94th Cong., 1 s t sess . Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off. , 1976. 19 p. (94 th Cong., 2d s e s s . Senate. Report no. 94-1373)

Prov ides a background and l e g i s l a t i o n on proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amerld- ments on balancing t h e Federal budget (p. 14-16).

---- Proposed c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment t o balance t h e Federal budget. Hearings, 96 th Cong., 1 s t s e s s . , on S.J. Res, 2, 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 36, 38, 45 , 46, 56, 76, 79, 86 and 93. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . O f f , , 1980. 621 p. KF26 .J8359 1979c

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on t h e J u d i c i a r y . Subcommittee on t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n . Balanced budget--tax l i m i t a t i o n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l amendment. Hear ings , 97 th Cong., 1 s t s e s s . , on S.J. Res. 9 , S.J. Res. 43, and S.J. Res. 58. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off. , 1981. 177 p.

" S e r i a l no. 5-97-45" Hearings he ld Mar. 11-May 20, 1981.

----- Balancing t h e budget. Hearing, 97 th Cong., 1 s t s e s s , on S.J. Res. 58. Washington, U.S. Govt. P r i n t . Off. , 1982. 91 p.

Hearings held Phoenix, Ariz . , May 19, 1981. " S e r i a l no. 5-97-12"

CRS- 13

U.S. Congressional Budget Office. Closing the fiscal policy loop: a long-run analysis. Washington, 1977. 90 p. HJ2052.U553 1977

Describes an analytical tool for improving the u'sefulness of long-range projections of the Federal budget--a model designed to incorporate varying assumptions about the behavior of nonfederal demand (consumption, invest- ment, state and local government purchases, and net exports).

----- Understanding fiscal policy. Washington, For sale by the Supt, of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1978. 47 p. HJ257.2.U57 1978

U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. Constitutional convention applications: addressing the controversy of counting state, applications relating to a deficit spending amendment, by David C. Huckabee. [Washington] 1979. 3 p.

Appears in the Congressional record [daily ed.] v. 125, Mar. 6, 1979: E904-E906. Jll.R7, v. 125

----- Constitutional limitations on the budget, by Allen Schick. [Washington] 1979. 7 p.

Appears in the Congressional record [daily ed.] v. 125, Mar. 8, 1979: S2445-S245 1. Jll.R7, v. 125

Vatter, Harold G., and John F. Walker. The perils of fettered government expenditures. Challenge, v. 21, Jan.-Feb. 1979: 59-61. HC101.N533, v. 21

Volcker, Paul A. Balanced budget constitutional amendments. Federal Reserve bulletin, v. 68, May 1982: 293-301. HG2401.A5, v. 68

In testimony before the Subcommittee on Monopolies and Commercial Law of the House Judiciary Committee on May 5, 1982, the chairman of the Fed expresses doubts on the balanced budget amendment and concludes that "the record of the federal budget for quite a few past years, and the critical federal deficit prospects for the future, suggest that we should no longer dismiss out of hand a constitutional approach. But I would continue to approach the question of a constitutional amendment with great caution; the Constitution cannot, and should not, be changed lightly to meet considerations or situations that are transient in nature, or to 'lock in' a particular economic doctrine. I am not personally satisfied that the proposal, as it stands, is fully workable. Nor do I believe that the matter of a constitutional amendment, given the years that must elapse before it became effective is nearly so urgent as resolving constructively the current budgetary impasse."

Wagner, Richard E. Spending limitation, the Constitution and productivity: a response to James Tobin. Taxing & spending, v. 3, no. 1, 1980: 59-71.

HJ2381.F67, v. 3 Wagner criticizes Tobin's argument that there has been no substantial

increase in the relative size of government over the last two decades, and hence no basis for the spending limitation movement. He also aruges in favor of a constitutional budget constraint. Tobin offers a rejoinder.

----- Balanced budgets, fiscal responsibility, and the Constitution, by Richard E. Walker and Robert D. Tollison. San Francisco, Cato Institute, c1980. 49 p. (Cato public policy research monograph. Studies in law and economics, no. 1)

Includes bibliographical references. HC106.7.W33

Walker, David B. The balanced budget movement: a political perspective. Inter- governmental perspective, v. 5, spring 1979: 15-20. JK325.157, v. 5

"Implicit in current drives to put constitutional curbs on Congressional spending and deficits, as well as requiring extraordinary majorities when voting for an unbalanced budget, is the assumption that the restraints of the traditional checks and balances no longer exist and are not functioning properly ."

----- Constitutional revision, incremental retrenchment, or real reform: an analysis of current efforts to curb Federal growth. Bureaucrat, v. 9 , spring 1980: 35-47. 543092.21, v. 9

Identifies three schools of thought among those seeking to restrain the growth of Federal spending and/or revenue: those who seek new restraints through constitutional amendment, those who see the political process generating pressure to retrench fiscal expansion, and those who find the real problem to be a "fundamentally dysfunctional" intergovernmental system in need of overhaul.

Weidenbaum, Murray L. Cutting the size of big government. Commonsense, v. 1, fall 1978: 57-66. JK2351.C63, v. 1

"Fundamental reforms of government are in order, requiring spending and taxing restraint . . . Should a requirement for budgetary balance be enacted, the result might be new pressure for tax increases on the part of the tra- ditional proponents of big government ."

Wildavsky, Aaron. How to limit government spending: or, how a constitutional amendment tying public spending to economic growth will decrease taxes and lessen inflation. Berkeley, University of California Press, c1980. 197 p.

HJ2O5l. W48 Includes bibliographical references and index,

----- Why amending the Constitution is essential to achieving self-control through self-limitation of expenditure. Bureaucrat, v. 9, spring 1980: 48-53.

JQ3092.ZlB86, v. 9 Discusses "whether there are statutory alternatives, whether the expendi-

ture limitation is fit to discuss in a constitution, and whether it embodies fundamental and lasting considerations."