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Histology of the CNS

8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

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Page 1: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Histology of the CNS

Page 2: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Lecture Objectives• Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers.

• Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex.

• Describe the elements of the blood‐brain barrier and the blood‐CSF barrier.

• Describe the structure of the choroid plexus and the meninges.

Page 3: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

The central nervous system• Major parts

– Cerebrum• Cerebral cortex• Basal ganglia

– Diencephalon • Thalamus• Hypothalamus• Epithalamus

– Brainstem• Medulla• Pons• Midbrain 

– Cerebellum– Spinal cord

Page 4: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

The central nervous system

• Cerebrum, Cerebellum & Spinal cord• Almost no connective tissue therefore a relatively soft, gel‐like organs

Page 5: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Cerebral Cortex

• Cerebral cortex is gray matter overlying white matter–2‐4 mm thick containing billionsof cells

• Has six layers of cells with different forms and sizes

Page 6: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Cerebral Cortex• Neuronal cells in cortex

– Pyramidal cells• Efferent fibers• Small – more superficial • Large – Betz cells (motor cells)

– Stellate (granule) cells• Star shape• Connect to near neurons

– Cells of Martinotti• Axons to superficial layers

– Fusiform cells• Spindle shape• Vertical orientation• In deep layers

– Horizontal cells of Cajal• Spindle shape• Horizontal orientation• In superficial layers• Connect pyramidal cells

Page 7: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Cerebral Cortex• Layers of cerebral cortex

– Molecular layer• Area of connection between 

different cells– Outer granular layer

• Small pyramidal & stellate cells– Pyramidal cell layer

• Medium size pyramidal cells & martinotti cells

– Inner granular layer• Stellate cells

– Ganglionic layer• Large pyramidal cells

– Multiform cell layer• Mix of different cells

Page 8: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Cerebral Cortex

– I – Molecular layer– II – Outer granular layer– III – Pyramidal cell layer– IV – Inner granular layer– V – Ganglionic layer– VI – Multiform cell layer

Page 9: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Cerebral Cortex: Pyramidal cells

Page 10: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Cerebellum

• Content– Cerebellar cortex (folia) & central nuclei are grey matter– Arbor vitae = tree of life = white matter

Page 11: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Cerebellum

• Cerebellar cortex• White mater (medulla)

Page 12: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Cerebellar cortex

• Three layers– Outer molecular layer– Central layer of large Purkinje 

cells – Inner granule layer

Page 13: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Cerebellar cortex• Has three layers

– Outer molecular layer• Few neurons• Mostly unmyelinated fibers

– Central layer of large Purkinje cells • One layer of large cells

– Inner granule layer• Very small neurons (smallest in the 

body) that is compactly disposed– Connect with the afferent fibers

Page 14: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Purkinje Cells• Purkinje cells has highly developed dendrites – Dendrites occupy most of 

the molecular layer– Axons traverse the granular 

layer to the central nuclei of the cerebellum

Page 15: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Spinal Cord

• Anterior median fissure• Posterior median sulcus• Gray and white commissures• Central canal• Anterior, posterior & lateral gray horns

– Anterior horns contain motor neurons– Posterior horns receive sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal ganglia

• Anterior, posterior & lateral white columns

Page 16: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Internal Anatomy of Spinal Cord

Page 17: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Spinal Cord

Page 18: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Spinal Cord

Page 19: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Gray matter of spinal cord

Page 20: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Central Canal

Page 21: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Spinal Cord• Gray mater

– Substantia gelatinosa (entire SC)

– Nucleus proprius (entire SC)– Nucleus dorsalis (C8‐L2)– Intermediolateral cell column 

(T1‐L2, S2‐S4)– Medial motor nucleus (entire 

SC)– Lateral motor nucleus 

(enlargements)• White mater

– Fasciculus gracilis (entire SC)– Fasciculus cuneatus (C1‐T6)

Page 22: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Spinal Cord

Page 23: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Spinal Cord

Page 24: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Spinal Cord

Page 25: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Spinal Cord

Page 26: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex
Page 27: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex
Page 28: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Meninges

• Meninges – Dura mater– Arachnoid mater– Pia mater

• Spaces– Subdural space– Subarachnoid space

Page 29: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Meninges• Dura mater

– Dense fibroelastic tissue– Lined with a layer of flat cells

• Arachnoid mater– Fibrous layer– Lined and covered by flat cells– Fibrous strands connect it to 

pia mater• Pia mater

– Delicate layer – Covered by mesothelial layer

Page 30: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Meninges

• Suparachnoid space– Contains blood vessels

• When the arteries penetrate the brain tissue it takes with it– Arachnoid mesothelium– Pia mater– Perivascular space

» Continuous with subarachnoid space

Page 31: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Blood Brain Barrier

• protects cells from some toxins and pathogens– proteins & antibiotics can 

not pass but alcohol & anesthetics do

• Structure– tight junctions seal 

together epithelial cells– continuous basement 

membrane– astrocyte processes 

covering capillaries

Page 32: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Blood Brain Barrier

• Areas without BBB– Area postrema in the 

floor of the fourth ventricle

– Areas in the hypothalamus

• Structure– Endothelial fenestrations

Page 33: 8-Histology of the CNS · •Describe the histology of the cerebral cortex layers. •Describe the histological features of the cerebellum; layers and cells of cerebellar cortex

Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier• Structure

– Endothelial cells– BM of endothelial cells– Pale cells– BM of choroidal epithelial cells

– Tight junctions seal the choroidal epithelial cells