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8-1
Accounting Principles Using Excel for Success
PowerPoint Presentation by:PowerPoint Presentation by:Douglas Cloud, Professor Emeritus Accounting, Pepperdine UniversityDouglas Cloud, Professor Emeritus Accounting, Pepperdine University
© 2011 Cengage Learning. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned,
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8
Sarbanes-Oxley, Internal
Control, and Cash
Student Version
9-2
Describe the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and its impact on internal controls and financial reporting.
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires companies to maintain strong and effective internal control.
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Internal control is broadly defined as the procedures and processes used by a company to:1. Safeguard its assets.
2. Process information accurately.
3. Ensure compliance with laws and regulations.
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Describe and illustrate the objectives and elements of internal control.
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1. Control environment
2. Risk assessment
3. Control procedures
4. Monitoring
5. Information and communication
Management is responsible for designing and applying five elements of internal control to meet the three internal control objectives. These elements are as follows:
Five Elements of Internal Control
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1. Management’s philosophy and operating style
2. The company’s organizational structure
3. The company’s personnel policies
Factors That Influence the Control Environment
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1. Competent personnel, rotating, duties, and mandatory vacations.
2. Separating responsibilities for related operations.
3. Separating operations, custody of assets, and accounting.
4. Proofs and security measures.
Control Procedures
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2
Monitoring
• Monitoring the internal control system is used to locate weaknesses and improve controls.
• Monitoring often includes observing employee behavior and the accounting system for indicators of control problems.
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Edwin C. Bliss , “Employee Theft,” Boardroom Reports, July 15, 1994, pp. 5–6
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Warning Signs of Internal Control ProblemsExhibit 4
(continued)
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Warning Signs of Internal Control Problems (continued)
Edwin C. Bliss , “Employee Theft,” Boardroom Reports, July 15, 1994, pp. 5–6
1. Missing documents or gaps in transaction numbers (could mean documents are being used for fraudulent transactions).
2. An unusual increase in customer refunds (refunds may be phony).
3. Differences between daily cash receipts and bank deposits (could mean receipts are being pocketed before deposited).
4. Sudden increase in slow payments (employee may be pocketing the payment).
5. Backlog in recording transactions (possibly an attempt to delay detection of fraud).
1. Missing documents or gaps in transaction numbers (could mean documents are being used for fraudulent transactions).
2. An unusual increase in customer refunds (refunds may be phony).
3. Differences between daily cash receipts and bank deposits (could mean receipts are being pocketed before deposited).
4. Sudden increase in slow payments (employee may be pocketing the payment).
5. Backlog in recording transactions (possibly an attempt to delay detection of fraud).
Exhibit 4
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Limitations of Internal Control
1. The human element of control
2. Cost-benefit considerations
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Describe and illustrate the application of internal controls to cash.
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Cash includes coins, currency (paper money), checks, and money orders. Cash is the asset most likely to be stolen or used improperly in a business.
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One of the most important controls to protect cash received in over-the-counter sales is a cash register.
Control of Cash Receipts
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Cash sales for March 19 totaled $35,690 per the cash register tape. After removing the change fund, only $35,668 was on hand.
Cash Short and Over
If there had been cash over, Cash Short and Over would have been credited for the overage.
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The control of cash payments should provide reasonable assurance that:
Control of Cash Payments
1. Payments are made for only authorized transactions.
2. Cash is used effectively and efficiently.
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A voucher system is a set of procedures for authorizing and recording liabilities and cash payments. It may be either manual or computerized.
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A voucher is any document that serves as proof of authority to pay cash or issue an electronic funds transfer.
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Describe the nature of a bank account and its use in controlling cash.
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A major reason that businesses use bank accounts is for internal control. Some of the control advantages of using bank accounts are as follows:
Bank Accounts
1. Bank accounts reduce the amount of cash on hand.
2. Bank accounts provide an independent recording of cash transactions.
3. Use of bank accounts facilitates the transfer of funds using EFT systems.
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Power Networking’s Records and Bank Statement
Exhibit 6
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Describe and illustrate the use of a bank reconciliation in controlling cash.
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A bank reconciliation is an analysis of the items and amounts that cause the cash balance reported in the bank statement to differ from the balance of the cash account in the ledger in order to determine the adjusted cash balance.
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Bank’s Records
Power Networking prepares to reconcile the monthly bank statement as of July 31. The bank statement shows an ending cash balance of $3,359.78. The company’s Cash account has a July 31 balance of $2,549.99.
Step 1
Beginning balance $3,359.78 Beginning balance $2,549.99
5Power Networking’s Records
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A deposit of $816.20 did not appear on the bank statement.
Add deposit not recorded by bank 816.20
$4,175.98
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Step 2
Bank’s Records Power Networking’s Records
Beginning balance $3,359.78 Beginning balance $2,549.99
8-27
Three checks that were written during the period did not appear on the bank statement: No. 812, $1,061; No. 878, $435.39, No. 883, $48.60.
Deduct outstanding checks:
No. 812 $1,061.00No. 878 435.39No. 883 48.60
1,544.99
5
Step 3
Bank’s Records Power Networking’s Records
Beginning balance $3,359.78 Beginning balance $2,549.99 Add deposit not recorded by bank 816.20
$4,175.98
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The bank collected a note in the amount of $400 and the related interest of $8 for Power Networking.
Add note and interest collected by bank 408.00
$2,957.99
5
Step 4
Bank’s Records Power Networking’s Records
Beginning balance $3,359.78 Beginning balance $2,549.99
Deduct outstanding checks:
No. 812 $1,061.00No. 878 435.39No. 883 48.60
1,544.99
Add deposit not recorded by bank 816.20
$4,175.98
8-29
The bank returned a check for $300 from customer (Thomas Ivey) because of insufficient funds (NSF).
Deduct check NSF $300.00
5
Step 5
Bank’s Records Power Networking’s Records
Beginning balance $3,359.78 Beginning balance $2,549.99
Deduct outstanding checks:
No. 812 $1,061.00No. 878 435.39No. 883 48.60
1,544.99
Add note and interest collected by bank 408.00
$2,957.99
Add deposit not recorded by bank 816.20
$4,175.98
8-30
Bank service charges for the month, $18.
Bank service charges 18.00
5
Step 6
Bank’s Records Power Networking’s Records
Beginning balance $3,359.78 Beginning balance $2,549.99
Deduct outstanding checks:
No. 812 $1,061.00No. 878 435.39No. 883 48.60
1,544.99
Add deposit not recorded by bank 816.20
$4,175.98Add note and interest collected by bank 408.00
$2,957.99Deduct check
NSF $300.00
8-31Check No. 879 for $732.26 to Taylor Co. on account, erroneously recorded in journal as $723.26.
Error recording Chk. No. 879 9.00
5
Step 7
Bank’s Records Power Networking’s Records
Beginning balance $3,359.78 Beginning balance $2,549.99
Deduct outstanding checks:
No. 812 $1,061.00No. 878 435.39No. 883 48.60
1,544.99
Add deposit not recorded by bank 816.20
$4,175.98Add note and interest collected by bank 408.00
$2,957.99Deduct check
NSF $300.00Bank service charges 18.00
8-32
5Bank’s Records Power Networking’s Records
Beginning balance $3,359.78 Beginning balance $2,549.99
Deduct outstanding checks:
No. 812 $1,061.00No. 878 435.39No. 883 48.60
1,544.99
Add deposit not recorded by bank 816.20
$4,175.98Add note and interest collected by bank 408.00
$2,957.99Deduct check
NSF $300.00
Error recording Chk. No. 879 9.00
Bank service charges 18.00
327.00 $2,630.99 $2,630.99Adjusted balance Adjusted balance
8-33
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Exhibit 7 Bank Reconciliation for Power Networking
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The journal entries for Power Networking, based on the bank reconciliation in Slide 33, are as follows:
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Describe the accounting for special-purpose cash funds.
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It is usually not practical for a business to write checks to pay small amounts. Thus, it is desirable to control such payments by using a special cash fund, called a petty cash fund.
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Petty Cash Fund
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A petty cash fund of $500 is established on August 1. The entry to record the transaction is as follows:
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At the end of August, the petty cash receipts indicate expenditures for the following items:
Office supplies $380Postage (debit Office Supplies) 22Store supplies 35Misc. administrative expenses 30 Total $467
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