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Sakthivel Selvaraj, Habib Hasan Public Health Foundation of India, India 1

783 Sakthivel Habib - World Health Organization · Sakthivel Selvaraj, HabibHasan Public Health Foundation of India, India 1. Background yProvision of safe and effective medicines

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Page 1: 783 Sakthivel Habib - World Health Organization · Sakthivel Selvaraj, HabibHasan Public Health Foundation of India, India 1. Background yProvision of safe and effective medicines

Sakthivel Selvaraj, HabibHasanPublic Health Foundation of India, India

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Page 2: 783 Sakthivel Habib - World Health Organization · Sakthivel Selvaraj, HabibHasan Public Health Foundation of India, India 1. Background yProvision of safe and effective medicines

BackgroundgProvision of safe and effective medicines to patients is one of the central goals of a public health system  one of the central goals of a public health system. However, inefficiencies in public procurement and distribution of pharmaceuticals due to poor distribution of pharmaceuticals due to poor governance and lack of transparency impede the process of access at every stage  from procurement and process of access at every stage, from procurement and distribution to the dispensing of drugs.This may be seen in developing countries in general This may be seen in developing countries in general and India in particular.

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BackgroundgIndia’s government health care system is diverse, given the diversity of practices  strategies and policies the diversity of practices, strategies and policies pursued in the health care system by various states in India  India. The heterogeneity in drug procurement and distribution models in various states of India reflects distribution models in various states of India reflects this phenomenon.This has implication for availability and stock‐outs of This has implication for availability and stock‐outs of essential drugs in frontline public health facilities.

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Page 4: 783 Sakthivel Habib - World Health Organization · Sakthivel Selvaraj, HabibHasan Public Health Foundation of India, India 1. Background yProvision of safe and effective medicines

BackgroundgIn order to generate evidence on availability and stock‐outs of essential medicines in public health facilities outs of essential medicines in public health facilities and also on effectiveness and efficiency of two diverse government drug procurement and distribution government drug procurement and distribution systems this research was  conducted in India.

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ObjectivejTo examine the availability and stock‐outs of essential drugs in public health facilities in the state of Bihar drugs in public health facilities in the state of Bihar and Tamil Nadu, India.

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Page 6: 783 Sakthivel Habib - World Health Organization · Sakthivel Selvaraj, HabibHasan Public Health Foundation of India, India 1. Background yProvision of safe and effective medicines

MethodologygyDesign: Cross‐sectional analytic study.Setting: The study was conducted across 60 public health Setting: The study was conducted across 60 public health facilities.Study Population: The public health facilities were y p pselected through a stratified random sampling procedure which accounted for regional and economic diversity in each state  each state. Sampling: The selected health facilities are first level referral units (called as Referral Hospitals in Bihar and pUpgraded PHCs in the state of Tamil Nadu) and are essentially 30‐beded hospitals which cater to about 100,000 populations  populations. 

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MethodologygySampling: Of the total 38 districts in Bihar, 30 health facilities located in 17 districts (roughly 45 %) were visited 7 ( g y 45 )for primary data collection.  Similarly, in Tamil Nadu 30 health facilities, located across 18 districts, accounting for 60% of the total number of districts  were visited60% of the total number of districts, were visited.Data Sources: Data on drug availability on the day of the survey, medicine stock‐out position for the last 6 months y, pand other indicators were collected during the facility survey through a structured questionnaire.O  M ( )  A il bili / il bili   f Outcome Measure(s): Availability/unavailability of essential medicines on the day of survey, stock‐outs during previous 6 months and average duration of stock‐outs.p ev ous 6 o t s a d ave age du at o o stoc outs.

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Results

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Results

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Results

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Results

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ResultsOur findings reveal that the mean availability of “basket of drugs” for Bihar was about 43% as against roughly 88% for Tamil Nadu. Also, in terms of the stock‐outs, Bihar’s health facilities registered an average of about 42% stock‐outs of drugs with a mean duration of 105 days in the previous 6 months of a mean duration of 105 days in the previous 6 months of the survey period. The proportion of stock‐out for Tamil Nadu stood at 

d  %  ith     d ti   f   d  around 17% with a mean duration of 50 days. Also, the availability of the most important class of drugs, namely, Antibiotic’s and Antipyretic’s was low at 40% in y py 4Bihar. However, the evidence from Tamil Nadu suggests that almost all the broad therapeutic categories had more than almost all the broad therapeutic categories had more than 80% availability.

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ConclusionsThe key to improving access to medicines depends not only on high public expenditure on medicines but also only on high public expenditure on medicines but also on robust procurement and distribution system. Best practices should be learned from Tamil Nadu’sBest practices should be learned from Tamil Nadu sprocurement and distribution system and should be replicated in Bihar to improve its drug supply system replicated in Bihar to improve its drug supply system and enhance access to medicines across the facilities.

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ConclusionsTamil Nadu follows centralized procurement and decentralized distribution system whereas Bihar decentralized distribution system whereas Bihar follows decentralized procurement with ‘cash and carry’ modelcarry  model.

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Funding Support: This work would not have been possible without the financial support from Results for De elopment Institute (R4D)  Washington  under the Development Institute (R4D), Washington, under the Transparency and Accountability Program, 2009‐10. Their constant encouragement and support to this Their constant encouragement and support to this study are highly appreciated.

Institutional Affiliation Disclaimer: This research report is based on a study conducted by researchers b d bl l h d f dbased at Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi. The views expressed in this report do not reflect the views of the institution  Any errors and omissions the views of the institution. Any errors and omissions are those of the researchers themselves.

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