7.1 The Early Years of 7.1 The Early Years of the Warthe War

Learning TargetsLearning Targets

1.1. Be able to describe how the war Be able to describe how the war divided Americansdivided Americans

2.2. Be able to summarize the problems Be able to summarize the problems each side faced while preparing for each side faced while preparing for war.war.

3.3. Be able to identify reasons why Be able to identify reasons why Spain and France entered the War.Spain and France entered the War.

Americans Divided Loyalists and Americans Divided Loyalists and PatriotsPatriots

20% to 30% were Loyalists – choosing the British 20% to 30% were Loyalists – choosing the British SideSide

40% to 45% were Patriots 40% to 45% were Patriots - choosing the American Side

25% to 40% were Neutral – choosing neither side25% to 40% were Neutral – choosing neither side New England and Virginia had the most PatriotsNew England and Virginia had the most Patriots

Most of the taxes had specifically affected these Most of the taxes had specifically affected these two regionstwo regions

Puritans, Presbyterians and Baptists were mostly Puritans, Presbyterians and Baptists were mostly PatriotsPatriots

Many Quakers, city dwellers, Government officials, Many Quakers, city dwellers, Government officials, Anglican Clergy and their church members were Anglican Clergy and their church members were LoyalistsLoyalists

The British offered African Slaves their freedom if The British offered African Slaves their freedom if they fought for the British.they fought for the British.

Patriots and Loyalists Patriots and Loyalists continuedcontinued

But 5000 Blacks served in the But 5000 Blacks served in the Continental Army.Continental Army. They believed the Declaration of They believed the Declaration of

Independence was for them too.Independence was for them too. Native Americans were split on Native Americans were split on

their supports.their supports. British promised to protect the British promised to protect the

Mohawk LandsMohawk Lands Colonists had developed Colonists had developed

Relationships Relationships with many different tribes

Most Quakers though were neutral Most Quakers though were neutral as they were Pacifists meaning as they were Pacifists meaning they were against all war.they were against all war.

The Patriot CauseThe Patriot CauseThe Parliament violated rights acquired The Parliament violated rights acquired

by all Englishmen in the Magna Carta and by all Englishmen in the Magna Carta and English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights

The British taxed us without having legal The British taxed us without having legal representation.representation.

Great Britain was 3000 miles awayGreat Britain was 3000 miles awayThe Blocked our expansion onto land won The Blocked our expansion onto land won

during the French and Indian Warduring the French and Indian WarThe King placed troops in the colonies The King placed troops in the colonies

that were look at as foreign invaders.that were look at as foreign invaders.

George Washington the George Washington the Commander of the Continental Commander of the Continental

ArmyArmyWashington’s Army never had more than Washington’s Army never had more than

17,000 men17,000 menThe army was formed from state militias, The army was formed from state militias,

made up of untrained and undisciplined made up of untrained and undisciplined volunteers,volunteers,Soldiers were part-time emergency fighters who Soldiers were part-time emergency fighters who

were not prepared for the hardships of a long were not prepared for the hardships of a long war.war.

The Troops under Washington had little supplies The Troops under Washington had little supplies and Few trained soldiers.and Few trained soldiers.

The Continental Congress could not keep the The Continental Congress could not keep the army supplied they lacked blankets, shoes, army supplied they lacked blankets, shoes, food, and even guns and ammunitionsfood, and even guns and ammunitions

George WashingtonGeorge Washington

George Washington ContinuedGeorge Washington Continued Washington’s main goal was to keep the Revolution

alive. In the Continental Army’s current state Washington

knew because of his problems he would never be able to directly attack the British Army

He needed to keep an army in the field, win some battles, no matter how small and avoid a crushing defeat.

He kept the army alive until he had trained troops And until he received assistance from the French. He won small victories at Trenton and Princeton. The Continental Army won larger battles at

Saratoga..

Women of the RevolutionWomen of the Revolution Wives of Officers and Soldiers often followed their Wives of Officers and Soldiers often followed their

husbands into the Army Camp.husbands into the Army Camp.The women cooked, did laundry, and nursed The women cooked, did laundry, and nursed

sick or wounded soldiers.sick or wounded soldiers. Some women such as Some women such as

Deborah Sampson dressed as a man, enlisted Deborah Sampson dressed as a man, enlisted and fought in several battles and fought in several battles

Catherine Moore Barry served as a scout in Catherine Moore Barry served as a scout in South CarolinaSouth Carolina

Molly McCauley and Margaret Corbin took over Molly McCauley and Margaret Corbin took over for their husbands loading cannon after they for their husbands loading cannon after they were wounded.were wounded.

Women most often though managed farms and Women most often though managed farms and businesses while their husbands were fighting in businesses while their husbands were fighting in the Revolutionthe Revolution

Molly “Pitcher” McCauleyMolly “Pitcher” McCauley

The British ArmyThe British Army Most British believed the disorganized Americans Most British believed the disorganized Americans

would be easy to defeatwould be easy to defeat Many British people were not enthusiastic about Many British people were not enthusiastic about

the war, the war, So the King/Parliament had trouble recruiting So the King/Parliament had trouble recruiting

soldiers in Britain.soldiers in Britain. Many British officers refused to fight the Many British officers refused to fight the

Americans.Americans.They had American family or didn’t agree with They had American family or didn’t agree with

the British reasons for war.the British reasons for war. British soldiers signed up for life which British soldiers signed up for life which

discouraged enlistments. discouraged enlistments. King George III had to hire German Mercenaries King George III had to hire German Mercenaries

called Hessians to fill the rankscalled Hessians to fill the ranks

Hessian and British SoldiersHessian and British Soldiers

Battles of Long Island, Trenton and Battles of Long Island, Trenton and Thomas Paine’s “American Crisis”Thomas Paine’s “American Crisis”

Battle of Long Island August 27, 1776Battle of Long Island August 27, 1776 Washington after Boston takes his army to New York Washington after Boston takes his army to New York

to attack the British but is severely beaten.to attack the British but is severely beaten. With the Army in continual retreat Thomas With the Army in continual retreat Thomas

Paine writes the American Crisis to urge the Paine writes the American Crisis to urge the Army to keep fighting.Army to keep fighting. ““These are the times that try men’s souls. The These are the times that try men’s souls. The

summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.”man and woman.” Thomas Paine Thomas Paine

Battle of TrentonBattle of Trenton On Christmas Day 1776 Washington’s Army defeats On Christmas Day 1776 Washington’s Army defeats

900 Hessian soldiers by surprise attack saving the 900 Hessian soldiers by surprise attack saving the Army from collapse.Army from collapse.

War in the Middle StatesWar in the Middle States

British Army’s Northern StrategyBritish Army’s Northern Strategy

The British believed The British believed that New England that New England was the source of was the source of the rebellion. the rebellion.

If the British If the British controlled the controlled the Hudson River valley Hudson River valley they could cut off they could cut off new England from new England from the other states.the other states.

The Battles of SaratogaThe Battles of Saratoga

The Americans commanded The Americans commanded by Horatio Gates and by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold are able to Benedict Arnold are able to stop the British and are stop the British and are able to capture a 5000 man able to capture a 5000 man British Army under the British Army under the command of General command of General Johnny Burgoyne.Johnny Burgoyne.

The Victory at Saratoga is The Victory at Saratoga is considered a major turning considered a major turning point because New England point because New England remain reachable and other remain reachable and other Countries France and Spain Countries France and Spain join the American join the American Revolution on the American Revolution on the American side. side.