7th Grade Science Opening Questions

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

23 mutliple choice

2 short response

The items listed below were found in a science classroom. a heart made of plastic with many of its parts labeled clay formed to look like Earth and other planets a giant plastic plant cell with removable cell parts

1. These items are all examples of

(A) models (B) experiments (C) variables (D) controls

2. Mr. Grindle placed all of the plastic items together. What technique is he using?(A) Modeling(B) Inferencing(C) Classifying(D) Predicting

3. The Fire alarm rings, at the same time Mr. Grindle then thinks that everybody will get up quietly and line up at the door. What technique is he using? (A) Modeling(B) Inferencing(C) Classifying(D) Predicting

Question Hypothesis Design experimentAnalyze the data Conclusion

• Use the word box to match the term with the example

• 1. How does wind speed affect the distance of a football throw?

• 2. Based on the evidence, wind speed does affect the distance a football is thrown.

• 3. If there are 20 mph winds, then a football will travel less distance.

Base your answers to the following questions on the graph below. The graph shows the results of an experiment that tested the effect of time on the growth of a plant. A student measured the height of several plants for ten weeks and determined the average height. The results are shown in the graph below.

What is the “y” axis label?

Identify one variable that should be held constant during this experiment.

According to the graph, what will the average height of the plants be at week 11 if growth continues at the same rate as in weeks 8 through 10?

_____________ cm

• A student set up the experiment below to learn about plant growth. The student added a different amount of water to four identical containers, each containing four seeds in 100 cubic centimeters of soil. All of the containers were placed in the same sunny location.

1. State the manipulating variable being tested in this experiment.

2. State the responding variable that is being held constant in this experiment.

Short Response: Name a constant in the experiment and explain why it needs to be the same (constant) throughout the experiment.

• A student goes skateboarding a few times a week. The student notices that she can go faster while skating on some level surfaces than on others. She hypothesizes that speed has something to do with the surface she is skating on. The student wants to design an experiment to test this hypothesis.

Identify the independent (manipulated) variable in the experiment.

Identify the dependent (responding) variable in the experiment.

Short Response: Identify two factors that will need to be held constant in the experiment.

Controls & Variables Warm-up

• Problem: How do Power-aid, Gatorade and Vitamin Water affect running times

• Experimental design: Each person will run 10 yards after drinking each liquid. Each person will be timed for how fast he/she runs.

• (Hint: Look at the problem. Which variable affects which?)

• 1. Manipulating (Independent) variable?• 2. Responding (Dependent) variable?• 3.Control ?

Problem: How does music affect test accuracy?

• Experimental Design: Subjects will take a 25 question test while listening to rock, hip-hop and classical music. Each subject will be scored on number correct.

• Manipulating variable: ?

• Responding variable: ?

• Control: ?

• Constants: ?

•          Some species of bacteria are harmful. Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria. Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and are not killed by these chemicals. Over time, the resistant bacteria can reproduce and create populations that are not affected by antibiotics. The graphs below show the results of a controlled experiment that measured the population of one species of bacteria that had been grown in four containers under identical conditions. Different antibiotics were added to three of the four containers.

Which conclusion about this species of bacteria is best supported by the information in the graphs?

A. Antibiotic A continuously slowed the growth. B. Antibiotic B was least effective in controlling the growth. C. Antibiotic C was most effective in controlling the growth

D. Antibiotics A and B slowed the growth.

The graph below shows the number of known species in the five kingdoms of living things.

Based on the graph, which kingdom contains approximately twice as many known species as the Protista Kingdom?

A. Animalia B. PlantaeC. Fungi

ECOLOGY UNIT

92 MC

11 SR

Biomes

8 Multiple Choice

1 Short Response

The bottom layer of the forest… (A) Understory (B) Canopy (C) Floor

The middle layer of the forest with short trees….. (A) Understory (B) Canopy (C) Floor

The upper layer of the forest with tall trees… (A) Understory (B) Canopy (C) Floor

Name the Biome• 1. Matt lives in a biome that has cold winters and mild

summers. This biome has large trees that do not lose their leaves and receives 180cm of rain per year.

• 2. Amy lives in a biome that has warm temperatures all year round. The biome has large trees that do not lose their leaves and receives 350cm of rain per year.

• 3.Tom lives in a biome that is very dry and has rocky soil. There are very few trees. Temperatures are very hot during the day and cool to cold at night.

Name the Biome1. Ryan lives in a biome that has extremely cold

winters, is windy and has only low-growing plants

2. Amy lives in a biome with warm summers and cold winters; tress shed their leaves and grow new ones each year.

3. Heather lives in a biome with 25-75cm of rain per year and is populated by grasses and many large herbivores.

Which biome do we live in?

Biomes summarizer(Textbook pages 58-66)

Group 1: Figure 13 (pg 59)Group 2: Figure 15 (pg 61)Group 3: Lab zone activity (pg 61)Group 4: Figure 17 (pg 63)Group 5: Lab zone skills activity (pg 64)Group 6: Figure 19 (pg 65)Group 7: Figure 20 (pg 66)

Short Response: What is the best biome to live in as a human? – State the biome and two reasons based on

what we know about biomes.

Ecosystems

8 MC

2 SR

Just the letter (A,B,C,D) for #1-3 and remember the short response

1. Water and sunlight are…..(A) Abiotic(B) Biotic

2. Would all the different kinds of organisms in a forest be considered a…(A) Individual(B) Population(C) Community(D) Ecosystem

3. All the ABIOTIC and BIOTIC factors are a(n)…..(A) Individual(B) Population(C) Community(D) Ecosystem

Short Response: What does an ecologist do?

1. Which of the four terms below includes the other three terms?

(A) community (B) ecosystem (C) population (D) individual

2. Different populations living in one place form a (A) community

(B) system (C) habitat(D) species

2. Write the symbol below that shows a community in this model.

3. What is the source of energy for this ecosystem?

4. Write the symbol below that represents an ecosystem.

1. Write the symbol that represents a population in this model

Natural Cycles

15 MC

2 SR

Use the word

box to help you

The term for water that is soaked into the ground or in the roots of trees.

The term for pockets of water in the ground

The term for water that passes into the atmosphere from leaves of trees.

Precipitation Condensation Evaporation

Infiltration Groundwater Surface water

Transpiration Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

Run-off

1. Which title best describes the processes shown in the diagram below?

(A) The Rock Cycle (B) The Water Cycle (C) Plate Tectonics (D) Chemical Changes

The diagram below uses letters A, B, C, and D to represent processes occurring in a water cycle.

In the chart below, identify the process that is occurring at each letter in the diagram. Select the process from the list below.

2.Condensation 3.Evaporation 4.Precipitation 5. runoff

Short response: Explain why “A”resembles evaporation.

What is the name of the process represented in this diagram that produces the oxygen?

(A) photosynthesis (B) metamorphosis (C) respiration (D) fertilization

Which statement best explains the relationships shown?

(A) Water changes over time to a nonrenewable resource. (B) Living things exchange materials with their environment. (C) Minerals recycle the dead materials in the environment. (D) Living things produce other living things.

Which process produces oxygen that is released into the atmosphere?

(A) respiration (B) locomotion (C) excretion (D) photosynthesis

The diagram below shows a deer and green plants.

1. Which statement best describes the relationship between the deer and the plants? A. The deer supplies food and oxygen to the green plants. B. The deer supplies food and carbon dioxide to the green plants. C. The green plants supply food and carbon dioxide to the deer. D. The green plants supply food and oxygen to the deer.

In which process is oxygen used to release the energy stored in food?

(A) photosynthesis (B) respiration (C) digestion (D) reproduction

When a person breathes, the lungs absorb oxygen, which is used by cells to carry out the process of

(A) respiration (B) secretion (C) photosynthesis (D) excretion

Short Response: Why is the nitrogen cycle important to plants?

*Use the short response for this question*

• Write a statement on how oxygen, temperature and biotic factors are related.

Food Chains and Food Webs

36 MC

4 SR

1. Why are the fish able to survive in the pond?

(A) The fish use carbon dioxide produced by the plants. (B) The fish use oxygen produced by the plants. (C) The plants use oxygen produced by the fish. (D) The plants use chlorophyll produced by the fish.

2. The main source of energy for this pond community is the

(A) plants (B) Sun (C) pond water (D) animals

1. In the past, Native American Indians buried dead fish along with corn seeds. This technique was used because the decomposing dead fish would

(A) provide nutrients for the growing corn plant (B) eliminate the need for weeding around the corn plant (C) release oxygen for use by the corn plant (D) supply all the water needed by the corn plant

2. As the population of small fish in a lake decreases, the population of large fish that depend on the small fish for food will

(A) reproduce faster (B) begin to produce their own food (C) decrease in number (D) increase in number

Give an example of a carnivore, a producer, and an herbivore shown in this food web.

1 Carnivore: ________________________________ 2 Producer: ________________________________3 Herbivore:________________________________

• Short Response: How are the feeding relationships of the mice different from the feeding relationships of the other organisms in this food web?

If the plants die during a summer drought, the cricket population would most likely (A) decrease (B) increase (C) remain the same

If the number of frogs increases, the snake population would most likely (A) decrease (B) increase (C) remain the same

Short Response: State one difference between what food chains and energy pyramids represent regarding energy flow

What is the role of the foxes in this food web?

(a) carnivore (b) decomposer (c) herbivore (d) producer

Which organisms in this food web are omnivores?

(a) birds (b) carrots (c) grasshoppers (d) rabbits

Which statement would be true if the owl population disappeared?

(a) The mouse population would increase. (b) The carrot population would increase. (c) The fox population would decrease. (d) The rabbit population would decrease.

The diagram below shows a food web for a community.

Which organisms in the diagram are carnivores? A. rabbits and birds

B. carrots and grasses C. grasshoppers and miceD. foxes and owls

Short Response: Explain this statement: The energy for all the organisms in this food web can be traced back to the Sun.

One type of organism in this web that represents a producer is

(A) rabbits (B) grasses (C) trout (D) snakes

Which organisms obtain energy for growth and development directly from the Sun?

(A) caterpillars (B) hawks (C) frogs (D) bean plants

According to this food web, which organisms are herbivores?

(A) caterpillars (B) foxes (C) hawks (D) snakes

Which organism correctly completes the food web at A?

(A) horses (B) mice (C) bacteria (D) trees

What does the x axis tell us? What does the y axis tell us? Which animal is the consumer 1? Why did the coyote population increase in 2003 & 2004? Short Response:What does this data tell us about coyotes and rabbits in the food chain?

The table below shows the deer population in Arizona for a 30-year period.

What is the most likely reason that the deer population decreased from 1920 to 1935?A. There was less air pollution.B. More water was available.C. Fewer hunting licenses were issued.D. There was increased competition for food.

complete this warm-up

Coyote

DeerFox

Rabbit

Turkey Vulture

GrassClover What is the D/S?

What are the Producers?

How many C2’s are there?

If the deer population decreased, what would happen to the Grass population?

If the deer population decreased, what would happen to the coyote population?

Identify one consumer shown in this ecosystem. What is the primary source of energy for this ecosystem?

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below, which shows a partial food web.

How many organisms in this food web feed on the mice?

(A) 5 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Which group of organisms is missing from this food web?

(A) carnivores (B) herbivores (C) omnivores (D) decomposers

Food Webs

Which three organisms in the food web are competing for the same food resource?

(A) carrot, rabbit, and fox (B) grain, bird, and owl (C) fox, owl, and rabbit (D) bird, mouse, and grasshopper

1. What is the main source of energy for these ecosystems?

2. Identify a consumer in these ecosystems.

3. Which organism has the most energy?

Interactions between Organisms

7 MC

1 SR

The term for the close relationship between two species is called a…. (A) Mutalism (B) Parasitism (C) Commensalism (D) Symbiosis

The term for one organism living on or inside another and harming it is called a…. (A) Mutalism (B) Parasitism (C) Commensalism (D) Symbiosis

The term for both organisms gaining benefit in a close relationship is called… (A) Mutalism (B) Parasitism (C) Commensalism

(D) Symbiosis

Short Response: Red-Tail Hawks build their nest in a sugaro cactus which remains unaffected by the nest. Explain why this is an example of commensalism

2. The term for one organism living on or inside another and harming it is called a…. (A) Mutalism (B) Parasitism (C) Commensalism (D) Symbiosis

3. Many populations living together at one time is called a…. (A) Community (B) Ecosystem

1. What level of ecosystem is at the top of the energy pyramid ?

(A) Producer (B) Consumer 1 (C) Consumer 2

Which organism is most likely a parasite? (A) Deer (B) Rabbit (C) Tick (D) Oak Tree

My dog is cute is cute, cuddly and provides a friendship for me. I give my dog food, water and a home to live in. What kind of relationship do we have? (A) Mutalism (B) Parasitism (C) Commensalism (D) Symbiosis

A remora fish attaches itself to the underside of a shark without harming the shark, and eats left over bits of food from the shark’s meals. What type of relationship do they have? (A) Mutalism (B) Parasitism (C) Commensalism (D) Symbiosis

Competition is most likely to occur between which two organisms?

(A) deer and butterflies (B) owls and bacteria (C) goldfish and rabbits (D) grass and strawberry plants

Photosynthesis

9 MC

1 SR

Write “Ingredients”, “Products” or “Both” for each part of the photosynthesis equation.

1. Carbon Dioxide 2. Green plants 3. Oxygen

Grasses, shrubs, and trees are called producers because they make

A. water B. carbon dioxide C. mineralsD. food

All living organisms are dependent on plants because plants

A. produce carbon dioxideB. remove oxygen from the airC. are producersD. are consumers

What do all organisms need to survive?

(A) energy (B) blood (C) carbon dioxide (D) soil

Which observation of a plant supports the inference that photosynthesis can take place?

(A) a strong, sweet smell(B) a dry, rough texture(C) a green color(D) a smooth stem

Short Response: Why is the release of oxygen during photosynthesis for important for the ecosystem?

WATERSHEDS AND WETLANDS UNIT

44 MC

5 SR

Watersheds

3 MC

1 SR

Oceans, glaciers, lakes, and rivers are part of Earth’s

(A) atmosphere (B) hemisphere (C) hydrosphere (D) lithosphere

Which is FALSE about watersheds? (A) they are areas of land with rivers and streams

(B) they have many tributaries (C) the Chesapeake Bay is a watershed (D) All the water flows into the smallest tributary

Which is NOT a watershed in PA? (A) Ohio (B) New Jersey (C) Potomac (D) Delaware

Short Response: Why is it important that we know where the water flows after it pours out of the Oil Creek?

Lotic Waters

8 MC

1 SR

1What is the term for bends in a stream or river? (A) Rapids (B) Meanders (C) Pools (D) Lotic

2. What is the term for narrow, rocky, fast water? (A) Rapids (B) Meanders (C) Pools (D) Lotic

\3. What is the term for water that is moving such as a river or stream? (A) Rapids (B) Meanders (C) Pools (D) Lotic

4. What is the term for deep, wide and slow moving water? (A) Rapids (B) Meanders (C) Pools (D) Lotic

Oil Creek is the first stream that connects into my other streams. What stream order is Oil Creek?

(A) 1st

(B) 2nd (C) 3rd

Turtle Creek is 2nd order stream. Swan Creek is also a 2nd order stream. Both streams come together and form Turtleswan Creek. What stream order is Turtleswan Creek…

(A) 2nd (B) 3rd (C) 4th

Sunfish Creek is a 2nd order stream. It meets up with Trout Creek which is a 1st order stream. Sunfish Creek then continues after the intersection point. Sunfish creek after the intersection point would be considered under which stream order?

(A) 2nd (B) 3rd (C) 4th

Stream Order1st, 2nd, 3rd

C

B

A

Warm-up

• Short Response: The Fall section found average speed for rapids. Their average time for the class was 2 seconds. If the distance measured was 1 meter, how do you find velocity and what is the velocity?

• Velocity = Distance meter• -------------- -----------• Time seconds

Lentic Waters

12 MC

1 SR

Which is NOT a type of wetland ?A. Hidden PondB. Oxbow LakeC. Atlantic Ocean

Non-moving water is…A. LenticB. Lotic

Which IS a characteristic of a LENTIC habitat?A. Rocky bottomB. Cooler waterC. Less plants D. More food

Which is NOT a zone of a pond? A. LittoralB. ProfundalC. Longitudinal D. Limnetic

1. Lakes & ponds are examples of what type of water habitat?

Lentic or Lotic

2. What has more oxygen in the water?Lentic or Lotic

3. Which zone of a pond is the shallow water area that has lots of plants?Littoral Limnetic Profundal

1

2

Effective Light Level

3

Littoral Limnetic Profundal

Pond Zones

Label A, B, and C as a 1st, 2nd, 3rd order stream

C

B

A

Current→

5. LITTORAL ZONE

6. PROFUNDAL ZONE

Effective Light Level

4. LIMNETIC ZONE

1. How many times a year does pond overturn? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

2. When does the pond overturn? A. Spring and Summer B. Winter and Spring C. Spring and Fall D. Winter and Fall

3. What causes the pond to overturn? A. Precipitation B. Oxygen content C. Temperature changes D. Carbon dioxide

Light, Oxygen, Current

• Match the word to the following statements.

1. This abiotic factor helps determine bottom composition and temperature

2. This abiotic factor is taken in by animals for respiration.

3. This abiotic factor is an ingredient for photosynthesis and helps animals see where they are going

• 1. Pond overturn occurs how many times a year?

• 2. Which abiotic factor protects against pH change?

• 3. Which abiotic factor is dirt or sediment in the water?

• 4. Which piece of equipment am I holding

Producer and Consumer Identification

10 MC

0 SR

Living things are classified as producers or consumers according to

A. their speed of movement B. the size of their communities C. how they obtain food D. how they reproduce

Duckweed, Parrot-feather and Bulrush

1.

2.

3.

4. What is the green pigment in photosynthesis? (it is an ingredient )

5. Which zone of producers has autumn olive and pine trees?

#1

#2

#3

#4

Dorsal Caudal TailPelvic Pectoral

5

Gill Cover 4

3

2

1

Mouth

Wetlands

6 MC

1 SR

Swamp, Marsh or Bog?

This wetland has many oak trees and brush.

This wetland has many grasses and has a high and low tide.

This wetland has peat, sphagnum moss and acidic water.

--------------------------------------------------------

Swamp, Marsh or Bog?

Short Response: What is the main difference between these

wetlands?

Water Quality

5 MC

1 SR

Take out Macroinvertebrate Feeding Frenzy

Grazers and shredders eat algea, needles and leaves. They would be considered…A. Primary ConsumersB. Secondary ConsumersC. Scavengers

A species of algae lives on hydra. Because of this the algae has a safe place to live. The hydra receives food and oxygen from the alga. What type of relationship is this?A. ParasitismB. CommensalismC. Mutalism

Diving Beetles, Water striders and dragonfly nymphs are “Predacious”. They would be considered…A. Primary ConsumerB. Secondary ConsumerC. Scavenger

1. Turtle Creek has a water quality index of 31. Snail Creek has a water quality index of 17. Which creek is cleaner?

2. Sunbury Creek is beside a city. Penn creek is primary in a forest. Which creek would be cleaner?

3. Short Response: Hanover Creek has salamanders, fish, stonefly nymphs, dragonfly nymphs and damselfly nymphs (all class 2 or 3 organisms). Would this stream be polluted, slightly polluted, or clean? Give reasoning for your answer.

BIODIVERSITY UNIT

53 MC

10 SR

Ecological Succession

7 MC

1 SR

A brand new ecosystem forms. This would be an example of primary or secondary succession?

What is one likely cause of secondary succession?

What is the name of the first species to inhabit a new ecosystem?

Which order of succession of natural communities would most likely occur in Pennsylvania?

grasses trees bushestrees bushes grassesbushes grasses treesD. grasses bushes trees

The diagrams below show changes in a natural community over a period of 200 years.

Which process is illustrated in the diagrams?

A. ozone depletion B. global warmingC. recycling resourcesD. ecological succession

Short Response: Natural forest fires are not always bad. Explain why a forest fire could benefit an ecosystem.

What is the correct sequence of these plant communities following the forest fire?

(1) B → A → D → C (2) B → C → D → A (3) B → D → C → A (4) B → A → C → D

What type of succession is called by a forest fire? (1) Primary(2) Secondary(3) Climax

The diagrams below show the plant communities present in the same area at different times over a 200-year period following a forest fire.

• Which situation is the best example of ecological succession?

• (A) An organism survives a difficult winter.(B) The populations in an area remain the same.(C) One species replaces another species in an ecosystem.(D) Each of several species uses the same amount of resources.

Adaptations

18 MC

5 SR

Warm-up: Can you find the frog? What is the

adaptation the frog is using?

This is an example of which adaptation purpose?

This frog lives in a warm, rainy biome with a lot of trees. In which biome does this frog live?

Picture taken at the National Aquarium in Baltimore

Adaptation?

What is the adaptation purpose?

Picture taken at the National Aquarium in Baltimore

Feathers, wings, and the hollow bones of birds are examples of

A. adaptations for flightB. responses to stimuliC. unnecessary body partsD. reproductive structures

Beaver dams can cause floods.

This statement shows how

(A) animal growth is affected by environmental conditions (B) animal behavior may affect the environment (C) an animal’s health depends on its environment (D) an animal’s development depends on its environment

The fur of a snowshoe rabbit changes to white during the winter. This change is an example of

(A) adaptation (B) competition (C) metamorphosis (D) metabolism

Some kinds of fish live most of their lives in salt water but lay their eggs in freshwater. Their ability to survive in different environments is an example of

(A) adaptation (B) developmental stages (C) a habit (D) selective breeding

Young frogs do not resemble adult frogs. Which term is given to this pattern of development in frogs?

(A) asexual reproduction (B) cloning (C) metamorphosis (D) biological adaptation

•

The eyes of the owl and the rabbit shown in the diagram below give each animal a different advantage. The front-facing owl eyes allow the bird to accurately judge distance when swooping in on prey. The side-facing rabbit eyes allow the animal to detect the motion of possible predators.

1. The specialized eye types of these animals are examples of

(A) disruptions of the natural balance(B) the interdependence of living things(C) adaptations for survival under certain conditions(D) involuntary responses to stimuli

2. An animal with front eyes would NOT be located ….(A) In a forest(B) In an open field(C) In the Mojave dessert (D) Underground

Bird B is correctly identified as

(A) a cormorant (B) a duck (C) an eagle (D) a jacana

What is a common feature of both the eagle and the kingfisher?

(A) claws large (B) claws curved (C) three toes webbed together (D) four toes webbed together

The diagram below shows two different-colored moths resting on a tree trunk.

Short Response: How does this difference in pattern and color affect the moths' ability to survive in the environment?

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagrams below, which show a system in a human and a system in a plant.

Select one structure labeled in the human system above and explain how it contributes to the way the human system functions.

Short Response: Human Structure and explanation of how it contributes

Short Response: Plant Structure and explanation of how it contributes

   

• Base your answers to the following questions on the information below and on your knowledge of science.

Maintaining a constant body temperature, no matter what the temperature of its surroundings, is a condition that needs to be balanced in many organisms. This ability is important to the organism’s survival. These organisms have many different body structures and behaviors that help maintain a constant body temperature.

Short Response: Foxes living in different parts of the world have different-sized ears. The arctic fox, which lives in cold climates, has small ears. The desert fox, which lives in hot climates, has large ears. How does ear size help each of these foxes to maintain a constant body temperature?

Walleye caught in spring 2007-2008 at Pymatuning state park:

Number collected: 798 Size range13-28 in.

Which biome do walleye live in?

Which year were more walleye caught in the 18 inch size group?

As a generalization, did walleye get bigger or smaller in 2008?

Short Response: Walleye are dark on the top side and lighter on the bottom? Why?

• What is the role of an organism in an ecosystem? (the way it finds food, water shelter and space)– A. Niche– B. Adaptation

• What is another name for an animal with a backbone– A. Vertebrae– B. Vertebrate

• What is the struggle between two individuals for a resource?– A. Natural Selection– B. Competition

•

Ecological Niches

Life Cycles

11 MC

1 SR

The above process is called… (A) natural selection

(B) mutation (C) metamorphosis (D) photosynthesis

An immature stage that looks different than an adult is a….(A) Nymph

(B) Larva (C) Pupa

An immature stage that does look like an adult without wings is a… (A) Nymph (B) Larva (C) Pupa

Short Response: Describe one difference in the pattern of development of the grasshopper and the pattern of development of the butterfly shown in the diagrams.

Which process is shown by this diagram? A. competition

B. metabolism C. metamorphosisD. migration

A life cycle is best described as the

A. series of changes in the development of an organismB. movement of an organism from place to placeC. ability of an organism to adapt to its environmentD. flow of energy through an organism's community

Base your answer to the question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science.The diagram shows the life cycle of the common housefly.

The diagram below shows changes that a butterfly undergoes as it develops from an egg into an adult.

What stage is the larva stage?

What stage is the pupa stage?

AB

• The diagram below shows the development of a certain type of insect.

1. Almost all animals have which two stages of life cycles?

2. Which stage here is the dormant or resting stage?

The diagram below shows how a frog develops. A fertilized egg hatches into a tadpole with gills. The tadpole develops legs and lungs and becomes an adult frog.

What is the term for this series of changes during the life cycle of the frog?

(A) fertilization (B) reproduction (C) mutation(D) metamorphosis

Which animal would have a similar life cycle? (A) Lion(B) Deer(C) Worm(D) Salamander

Natural Selection

11 MC

2 SR

1. True/False: Two organisms in competition=occupying the same niche

Owls live in trees, eat mice in the forest and feed late at nightSnakes live on the ground eat mice in fields and feed late at night 2. Do these two organisms occupy the same niche?

3. Which event is the best example of competition between species in a pond environment?A. dragonflies landing on lily padsB. frogs and toads eating fliesC. lizards and snakes lying in the sunD. hawks eating mice

If a species is no longer able to reproduce, it will (A) adapt to its environment (B) become immune to disease (C) become extinct (D) increase its population

The effects of natural selection are generally seen most quickly in which organisms?

(A) bacteria (B) corn plants (C) humans (D) cats

The diagram below shows the head structure of four different birds. The birds’ beaks show how the birds

A. compete for the same food in their community B. require different amounts of food for survival C. store food for the winter months D. are adapted to get food from different sources

Do these birds occupy the same niche?

The drawing below shows a woodpecker using its long, sharp beak to obtain insects.

1. What factor might contribute to the extinction of this species of

woodpecker?

(A) a new source of food (B) an overabundance of trees (C) the use of pesticides in the forest (D) an increase in the population of insects

2. Another animals that lives in trees and eats the same food as the woodpecker at the same place. Are they occupying the same niche?

3. IN the above question, are they in competition?

Manatees are mammals that live in the warm, clear water environment of Floridas shallow rivers. They are large, peaceful, gentle, curious creatures and slow-moving swimmers. They spend many hours each day feeding on water plants. Manatees must surface to breathe every 15 minutes.

The manatees environment is changing because of hotels and homes being built along Floridas rivers, and the change is affecting them in a negative way. Noise and activity from people and boats scare them. Manatees can be seriously injured by powerboat propellers because the manatees cannot tell the direction from which the boats are coming. The water plants the manatees use for food are being destroyed. As a result of these and other changes in their surroundings, manatees are on the endangered species list and may one day be gone from Floridas rivers.

Short Response: List two environmental conditions that might lead to the disappearance of manatees from Floridas rivers.

Short Response: Why is the manatee classified as an herbivore?

Identify one external feature of the manatee that allows it to live in water.

Genes and Endangered Species

6 MC

1 SR

Write your answers in the short response section

• What is the difference between threatened and endangered?

• What is the difference between keystone species and exotic species?

Which area is more gentically diverse: Hanover Pond with 10 species of salamanders or Spring Pond with 2 species of salmanders?

Which animal is more likely to go extinct: A sewer rat or a Bengal tiger?

What is the #1 reason for extinction?

Which process gives rise to a variety of traits within a species?

(1) sexual reproduction (2) dynamic equilibrium (3) cellular respiration (4) internal regulation

Which is more likely to be a threatened species? (A) Blue Salamander (350 individuals) (B) Green Salamander (8000 individuals) (C) Red Salamander (50 individuals)

Which group is most diverse(A) Apples(B) Kiwi fruit(C) Wild red raspberries

Short response: A recent hurricane on a remote island wiped out

an entire population of seagulls except for 10 individuals. What will happen to the population? If a new population of seagulls with different adaptations fly in, what will happen to the old seagull population?

NATURAL RESOURCES UNIT

26 MC

2 SR

Natural Resources

Renewable and Non-Renewable

10 MC

2 SR

• Identify one activity in the diagram that requires the use of fossil fuels.

• Identify one renewable resource shown in the diagram.

• An energy transformation occurs when one form of energy is changed to another. Fill in the spaces below to describe an energy transformation that occurs as the children play baseball. [1]

________________________________ is changed to ___________________________

• What is the original source of energy for

all these activities?

• Which energy source is renewable?

(A) oil (B) solar (C) coal (D) natural gas

• Which energy source is considered a nonrenewable resource?

(A) solar (B)wind (C) moving water (D)fossil fuel

• Moving water in a river is considered a renewable resource because it

• A. carries dissolved oxygenB. easily erodes sedimentsC. is made of natural gasD. can be recycled by nature over time

• Which energy resource is renewable?

• (A) fuel oil

• (B ) natural gas

• (C) wind

• (D) coal

•

• The pie chart below compares the amounts of energy from different sources used in the United States each year.

•

Which two energy sources together provide more than 50% of the energy needs of the United States?

(1) nuclear and natural gas (2) hydropower and oil (3) oil and coal (4) natural gas and coal

• The diagram shows the steps necessary to produce the energy needed to run a hair dryer.

•As it moves from location A to location D in the diagram, the energy stored in the coal

(1) is converted to solar energy (2) reduces the friction in the hair dryer (3) is recycled (4) is transformed

• The usage of electricity in the United States has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. Most of this electricity is currently produced by burning fossil fuels.

a State one reason for this increased usage of electricity.

b Describe a strategy to reduce the amount of fossil fuels people use in the United States.

Natural Resources

Wildlife Management

Natural Resources

Populations

7 MC

Warm-up• Ten (10) bird boxes for bluebirds

are placed around Codorus State Park. We know both the mother and father bluebird stay in each bird box with their young. The average young for each group of parents is 2 bluebirds.

• 1. What method of observing wildlife would we use to find the number of bluebirds?– (Direct, Indirect, Random Sampling or

Mark and Recapture?)

• 2. What is the estimate of TOTAL bluebirds at Codorus State Park? (Show your work)

Below is a graph representing a population of field daisies. Each “x”

represents one field daisy• 1. If you count every daisy in

the field, you are using which method of counting populations?

• 2. How many daisies are in A2?

• 3. Using just the amount of daisies in square A2, what is the estimated daisy count for all 16 squares?

4. How many daisies are in the field total?

• 5. What is the advantage of taking many samples of a population?

A B C D

1 x

x

x

x x

x x x

x

2 x

x

x x x

x x

3 X x x

x

x

x

4 x

x

X X x

WARM -UP

Natural Resources

Population Dynamics

9 MC

1. Which animal is the primary consumer? 2. In what year was the rabbit population highest? 3. What is the carrying capacity of the coyotes? 4. What population curve is represented by the coyote population in

2003-2004?

Warm-up

• 1. A fox’s den is an example of which cover? – A. Escape– B. Home– C. Bridge

• 2. A sharp decrease in a population is …– A. Explosion– B. Crash – C. Worthy to be considered for WM practices– D. Both B and C

• 3. Pine trees are an example of which cover – A. Food– B. Protection– C. Home

• 4. Which is a limiting (reducing) factor– A. Disease – B. Immigration – C. Both A and B

Oh, deer

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Year

Po

pu

lati

on

of

Dee

r

Morn Mid After

• 1. Arrow A represents what type of curve?

• 2. Arrow B represents what type of curve?

• 3. What do we call Line C?

• 4. True/False:• The yellow line will

likely increase, then decrease and increase again.

A

B

B

Line C

Word Box: Crash Curve Overpopulation

Normal Curve Explosion Curve Carrying Capacity

BAY UNIT

46 MC

2 SR

Chesapeake Bay

Geography and Economics

3 MC

3-2-1

• 3 – What are three states in the Chesapeake Bay watershed?

• 2 – What are two rivers in Virginia?

• 1 - Name one problem that occurs from nutrient pollution.

Soil and Erosion

1 MC

• The diagrams below show a natural process that weathers rock.

• Which statement best explains why this process results in weathering?

(1) Frozen water acts as a solute. (2) Water expands when it freezes. (3) The mass of water increases when it freezes. (4) Frozen water dissolves most types of rocks.

Water Pollution

23 MC

3-2-1 Exit

• 3 things that can cause erosion

• 2 ways we use the Codorus Creek

• 1 difference between topsoil and subsoil

3 facts and a fibPick out the fib.(incorrect statement). Write the letter on your whiteboard.

• A. Sediment is a form of water pollution

• B. Nutrient pollution comes from nitrogen and phosphorus

• C. Non-Point pollution comes from one specific area or point

• D. Pesticides are a type of chemical pollution

Warm-up

• 1. List 3 main fossil fuels

• 2. Sewage treatment plants – A. Point Pollution– B. Non-Point Pollution– C. Both

• 3. Acid Rain– A. Point Pollution– B. Non-Point Pollution– C. Both

• 4. The bay’s major problem is – A. Meanders– B. Run-off – C. Water is too acidic for plant life

• 5. Name two of the substances found in fertilizers that farmers use and create problems for the bay.– A. Nitrogen and Oxygen– B. Nitrogen and Hydrogen– C. Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Nutrient Sediment Chemical

• 1. Source: Pesticides• 2. Problem: Algae bloom • 3. Source: Fertilizer (Scat !) • 4. Problem: Blocks sunlight and covers

organisms• 5. Source: Oil • 6. Problem: Affects reproduction in large

animals• 7. Source: Dirt

How does water go from Southwestern to the Chesapeake

Bay?

• 1.

• 2.

• 3.

• 4. Chesapeake Bay

• The diagram below shows some ways in which groundwater can be affected by humans.

•1. Which statement is best supported by the diagram?

(A) Chemicals applied by farmers lower the level of pollution in drinking water. (B) Drinking water can become polluted from unsuspected sources. (C) Human activities do not affect groundwater. (D) Toxic waste is safe if buried below the level of the basements of nearby homes.

• 2. What type of water pollution is the farmer creating in this picture ?• 3. What problems could this pollution create?

Three Facts and a Fib:Write the # of the fib out of the four

statements below.

• 1. The Susquehanna River dumps 50% of the water into the Chesapeake Bay

• 2. The Rappahannock and James are two rivers in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.

• 3. Maryland and New Jersey are states in the Chesapeake Bay watershed

• 4. Plankton are microscopic drifters in the Chesapeake Bay

• 1. The York River is in Virginia.

• 2. The Potomac River runs through Washington D.C.

• 3. The James River is the most southern river in the Bay watershed.

• 4. The Patuxent River runs through PA.

• 1. Sediment is the only type of water pollution.

• 2. Baltimore is a major economic center for the Bay.

• 3. Crabs and Rockfish are two resources in the Bay.

• 4. The Codorus Creek runs into the Susquehanna River

2.W. VA

1PA. 3. MD

4. DE

Air Pollution

6 MC

Acid Rain RadonCarbon Monoxide Smog• 1. Caused by car exhaust and combines with water

droplets to form a brown dust cloud

• 2. Hazardous gas that comes from the ground. Long-term exposure can have negative effects on the body.

• 3. Factory smoke combines with precipitation. When it falls it drops the pH of the water.

• 4. Comes from exhaust and burning fuel. Very harmful and fatal if large amounts of these are in your house.

• City administrators can encourage energy conservation by

(1) lowering parking fees (2) building larger parking lots (3) decreasing the cost of gasoline (4) lowering the cost of bus and subway fares

Read the story below and answer the questions

• A pipe broke at the Emory Factory releasing a large amount of oil into the Codorus Creek. Scientists were able to trace the oil back to this specific location.

• 1. What kind of pollution is this? – A. Sediment– B. Nutrient– C. Chemical

• 2. Is this point or non-point? – A. Point– B. NonPoint

• 3. What kind of air pollution may a factory create? – A. Acid Rain– B. Radon – C. Smog

• Which graph best represents the relationship between the amount of pollutants in the air and the quality of the air?

Global Issues

Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming

5 MC

2 SR

Warm-up

• 1. The ozone layer protects us from…– A. Smog – B. Infrared Radiation – C. Ultraviolet radiation

• 2. Which statement is FALSE– A. CFC’s contribute to the ozone hole – B. New laws ban the use of CFC’s – C. The ozone hole is not getting any bigger

• 3. In one or two sentences, how does carbon dioxide affect the greenhouse effect and the theory of global warming?

• Base your answers to the following questions on the graph below, which shows average yearly temperatures for Earth from 1900 to 1990.

•

• Describe what happened to the average yearly temperature on Earth from 1970 to 1990. Give one possible reason why this change occurred.

• What was the lowest average yearly temperature in the period of time shown?

• In which 10-year time interval did the average yearly temperature show both an increase and a decrease? [1]

      1915–1925       1925–1935       1945–1955       1975–1985

• Which factor contributes to global warming?

(1) increased use of solar-powered cars (2) increased burning of fossil fuels (3) better long-term weather forecasts (4) changing distance between Earth and the Sun

Waste Disposal and Recycling

3 MC

Waste

• 1. What are the 3 methods of waste disposal?

• 2. Name 2 materials other than paper and plastic that can be recycled

• 1. Name the 1 non-hazardous waste out of the following group:

• Nitroglycerin , Sour Milk, Hydrochloric acid, Blood,

Agriculture

6 MC

• 1. With a partner, draw TWO best management practices without writing down the answer. Label them #1 and #2.

• After 5 minutes you will switch with another group.

• (USE #6 Soil and Nutrient Run-off Conservation Practices to help you !!!!!)

#1Water Control Structures

Grass Waterways

Stream Bank Fencing

Nutrient Management

Contour Plowing

#2

Water Control Structures

Grass Waterways

Stream Bank Fencing

Nutrient Management

Contour Plowing

#3Water Control Structures

Grass Waterways

Stream Bank Fencing

Nutrient Management

Contour Plowing

#4

Water Control Structures

Grass Waterways

Stream Bank Fencing

Nutrient Management

Contour Plowing

#5

Water Control Structures

Grass Waterways

Stream Bank Fencing

Nutrient Management

Contour Plowing

Integrated Pest Management

IPM