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United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention
Draft Risk Evaluation for Methylene Chloride
(Dichloromethane, DCM)
Systematic Review Supplemental File: Data Extraction Tables for Consumer and Environmental
Exposure Studies
CASRN: 75-09-2
October 2019 NOTICE: This information is distributed solely for the purpose of pre-dissemination peer review under applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally disseminated by EPA. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent any Agency determination or policy. It is being circulated for review of its technical accuracy and science policy implications.
H
H ClCl
PEER REVIEW DRAFT, DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
1
Mon
itori
ng D
ata
Extr
act
ed f
or
Met
hyle
ne
Ch
lori
de
for
Ind
oor
Air
, P
ers
on
al
Bre
ath
ing Z
on
e, S
urf
ace
Wate
r, a
nd
Wast
ewate
r
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(HE
RO
ID
)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
Ind
oor
Air
(µ
g/m
3)
US
C
A (
fiv
e re
gio
ns)
C
om
mer
cia
l/P
ub
lic
Co
mm
erci
al b
uil
din
gs
(n=
37
), 1
m f
rom
flo
or:
Fle
et s
ervic
e /
Gas
sta
tio
n
con
ven
ien
ce s
tore
,
Den
tist
off
ice
/
Hea
lth
care
fac
ilit
y,
Gro
cery
/ R
esta
ura
nt,
Hai
r sa
lon
/ G
ym
,
Off
ice,
Mis
cell
aneo
us,
Ret
ail
20
11
40
(1
) 1
.68
ND
to
17
.1
NR
(m
ean
);
0.8
3 (
GM
)
--
10
62
23
9
(Wu
et
al.,
20
11
)
Hig
h
US
C
A
Sch
oo
l
Ear
ly c
hil
dh
ood
edu
cati
on f
acil
itie
s
(n=
34
) at
sam
ple
hei
gh
t o
f 1
m.
20
10
-
20
11
34
(0
.03
) 0
.36
0.3
6 t
o
0.5
0.3
6
(mea
n);
0.3
6
(med
ian
)
1.3
3
453
09
2
(Ho
ang e
t
al.,
20
16
)
Hig
h
US
D
etro
it,
MI
area
R
esid
enti
al
Ho
mes
(n
=1
26
) w
ith
chil
dre
n w
ith
ast
hm
a
20
09
-
20
10
12
6
(0.0
6)
0.7
1
ND
to
7.8
5
0.5
4
(mea
n);
0.7
1
(med
ian
)
0.9
1
24
43
35
5
(Ch
in e
t al
.,
20
14
)
Hig
h
US
B
ost
on,
MA
R
esid
enti
al
Gar
age
of
resi
den
ces
20
04
-
20
05
16
(0
.25
) 0
.39
to
1.2
5
ND
to
14
7
(95
th)
9.8
(m
ean
);
0.3
(med
ian
)
36
10
65
84
4
(Do
dso
n e
t
al.,
20
08
)
Hig
h
US
B
ost
on,
MA
R
esid
enti
al
Ap
artm
ent
hal
lway
of
resi
den
ces
20
04
-
20
05
10
(0
.2)
0.3
9 t
o
1.2
5
ND
to
15
(95
th)
2.6
(m
ean
);
0.4
(med
ian
)
4.6
1
065
84
4
(Do
dso
n e
t
al.,
20
08
)
Hig
h
US
B
ost
on,
MA
R
esid
enti
al
Bas
emen
t o
f
resi
den
ces
20
04
-
20
05
52
(0
.42
) 0
.39
to
1.2
5
ND
to
0.6
6
(95
th)
9.5
(m
ean
);
0.4
(med
ian
)
28
10
65
84
4
(Do
dso
n e
t
al.,
20
08
)
Hig
h
2
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(H
ER
O I
D)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
US
B
ost
on,
MA
R
esid
enti
al
Inte
rio
r ro
om
of
resi
den
ces
20
04
-
20
05
83
(0
.4)
0.3
9 t
o
1.2
5
ND
to
10
(95
th)
0.2
8
(mea
n);
0.2
1
(med
ian
)
8.7
1
065
84
4
(Do
dso
n e
t
al.,
20
08
)
Hig
h
US
N
R
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
(Nea
r S
ou
rce:
pri
ntm
akin
g)
Pri
ntm
akin
g a
rt s
tud
io
at a
un
iver
sity
(n
=1
).
Mec
han
ical
ly v
ente
d
seco
nd
-flo
or
stu
dio
,
wit
h a
rea
sam
ple
s
coll
ecte
d n
ear
a
clea
nin
g s
tati
on
an
d i
n
the
mid
dle
of
the
stu
dio
du
rin
g a
pri
ntm
akin
g s
essi
on
.
20
02
18
(N
R)
NR
N
R
27
.2
(mea
n);
9.6
(med
ian
)
0.5
4
941
4
(Ryan
et
al.,
20
02
)
Hig
h
US
N
R
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
No
n-a
rt r
elat
ed f
loo
r at
a u
niv
ersi
ty,
thre
e
flo
ors
ab
ove
a
pri
ntm
akin
g f
loo
r w
ith
sep
arat
e ven
tila
tio
n (
n
=1
).
Are
a sa
mp
les
coll
ecte
d f
rom
hal
lway
.
20
02
18
(<
1)
NR
N
D t
o
NR
0.2
(m
ean
);
0.2
5
(med
ian
)
0.9
4
941
4
(Ryan
et
al.,
20
02
)
Hig
h
US
L
os
An
gel
es,
CA
R
esid
enti
al
Ho
mes
(n
=3
2)
in
inn
er-c
ity
nei
gh
bo
rhoo
d,
sam
ple
d i
n t
he
fall
20
00
32
(1
) 0
.22
0.2
to
4.3
1
.4 (
mea
n);
1.1
(med
ian
)
1.2
1
066
04
9
(Sax
et
al.,
20
04
)
Hig
h
3
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(H
ER
O I
D)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
US
L
os
An
gel
es,
CA
R
esid
enti
al
Ho
mes
(n
=4
0)
in
inn
er-c
ity
nei
gh
bo
rhoo
d,
sam
ple
d i
n t
he
win
ter
20
00
40
(0
.95
) 0
.27
0.2
7 t
o
8.7
2.4
(m
ean
);
1.9
(med
ian
)
2
10
66
04
9
(Sax
et
al.,
20
04
)
Hig
h
US
M
inn
eapo
lis,
MN
R
esid
enti
al
Indo
ors
in
th
e ch
ild
's
pri
mar
y r
esid
ence
,
du
rin
g t
he
spri
ng.
20
00
11
3
(0.2
0)
NR
N
D t
o
1.2
(90
th)
NR
(m
ean
);
0.3
(med
ian
)
--
63
23
10
(Ad
gat
e et
al.,
20
04
)
Med
ium
US
M
inn
eapo
lis,
MN
R
esid
enti
al
Indo
ors
in
th
e ch
ild
's
pri
mar
y r
esid
ence
,
du
rin
g t
he
win
ter.
20
00
11
3
(0.2
3)
NR
N
D t
o
1.3
(90
th)
NR
(m
ean
);
0.4
(med
ian
)
--
63
23
10
(Ad
gat
e et
al.,
20
04
)
Med
ium
US
M
inn
eapo
lis,
MN
S
choo
l
Indo
ors
in
fiv
e
ran
do
mly
sel
ecte
d
clas
sro
om
s in
eac
h
sch
oo
l, d
uri
ng t
he
spri
ng.
20
00
11
3
(0.0
2)
NR
N
R
NR
(m
ean
);
0.3
(med
ian
)
--
63
23
10
(Ad
gat
e et
al.,
20
04
)
Med
ium
US
M
inn
eapo
lis,
MN
S
choo
l
Indo
ors
in
fiv
e
ran
do
mly
sel
ecte
d
clas
sro
om
s in
eac
h
sch
oo
l, d
uri
ng t
he
win
ter.
20
00
11
3
(0.0
2)
NR
N
R
NR
(m
ean
);
0.4
(med
ian
)
--
63
23
10
(Ad
gat
e et
al.,
20
04
)
Med
ium
US
N
ew Y
ork
, N
Y
Res
iden
tial
Ho
mes
(n
=3
0)
in
inn
er-c
ity
nei
gh
bo
rhoo
d,
sam
ple
d i
n t
he
sum
mer
19
99
30
(0
.28
) 1
.63
1.6
3 t
o
17
6
10
(m
ean
);
1.4
(med
ian
)
32
.9
10
66
04
9
(Sax
et
al.,
20
04
)
Hig
h
4
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(H
ER
O I
D)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
US
N
ew Y
ork
, N
Y
Res
iden
tial
Ho
mes
(n
=3
6)
in
inn
er-c
ity
nei
gh
bo
rhoo
d,
sam
ple
d i
n t
he
win
ter
19
99
36
(0
.97
) 0
.22
0.2
to
69
5.5
(m
ean
);
2.2
(med
ian
)
12
.3
10
66
04
9
(Sax
et
al.,
20
04
)
Hig
h
US
S
ou
thea
st C
hic
ago
Res
iden
tial
Urb
an h
om
es (
n=
10
)
sam
ple
d o
ver
a 1
0-
mo
nth
per
iod
.
Sta
tio
nar
y s
amp
les
wer
e co
llec
ted
fro
m
the
kit
chen
in
th
e
bre
ath
ing z
on
e.
19
94
-
19
95
48
(1
) N
R
0.7
6 t
o
11
90
14
0 (
mea
n);
60
.5
(med
ian
)
23
5
31
21
0
(Van
Win
kle
an
d
Sch
eff,
20
01
)
Hig
h
US
D
enver
, C
O
Res
iden
tial
VO
Cs
fro
m h
om
es,
pre
-occ
up
ancy
(n
=8
)
19
94
9 (
0.7
8)
0.1
4
0.1
4 t
o
NR
2.6
4
(mea
n);
1.5
7
(med
ian
)
2.6
3
78
78
2
(Lin
dst
rom
et a
l.,
19
95
)
Med
ium
CA
N
R
Res
iden
tial
Ho
mes
(n
=6
), m
ain
flo
or
19
87
6 (
1)
NR
4
to N
R
26
.9
(mea
n);
NR
(med
ian
)
--
27
97
4
(Ch
an e
t al
.,
19
90
)
Med
ium
CA
N
R
Res
iden
tial
Ho
mes
(n
=1
2),
mai
n
flo
or
19
86
12
(0
.92
) N
R
ND
to
NR
9.1
(m
ean
);
NR
(med
ian
)
--
27
97
4
(Ch
an e
t al
.,
19
90
)
Med
ium
SA
K
uw
ait
Res
iden
tial
Ho
use
s (n
=20
),
sam
ple
d f
rom
liv
ing
roo
m
19
98
22
6
(0.6
6)
0.2
6
ND
to
NR
NR
(m
ean
) 1
.36
17
44
15
7
(Bo
uh
amra
and
Elk
ilan
i,
19
99
)
Med
ium
5
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(H
ER
O I
D)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
CN
N
R
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
No
n-o
ffic
e p
rem
ises
(n=
10
) in
clu
din
g o
ne
lib
rary
, o
ne
soci
al
serv
ices
cen
ter,
tw
o
cust
om
er s
ervic
es
cen
ters
, tw
o s
ho
pp
ing
mal
ls,
two
rec
reat
ion
al
bu
ild
ing u
nit
s, o
ne
rece
pti
on
are
a an
d o
ne
trai
nin
g c
ente
r u
nd
er
ren
ovat
ion
. 1
.1 m
abo
ve
the
flo
or
level
.
19
98
-
20
00
10
(0
.9)
0.2
N
D t
o
35
.8
14
.1
(mea
n);
10
.7
(med
ian
);
7.4
1 (
GM
)
9.6
8
245
55
(Ch
ao a
nd
Ch
an, 2
00
1)
Med
ium
CN
M
etro
po
lita
n a
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Res
tau
ran
ts (
n=
4)
in
urb
an a
rea,
ven
tila
ted
usi
ng c
entr
al a
ir-
con
dit
ion
ing s
yst
ems.
Sam
ple
s co
llec
ted
du
rin
g d
inn
er o
r lu
nch
in m
ain
sea
tin
g a
rea.
20
00
16
(1
) 0
.2
0.9
to
13
9
7.1
(m
ean
);
NR
(med
ian
)
--
16
42
24
8
(Lee
et
al.,
20
01
)
Med
ium
CN
S
ou
ther
n C
hin
a C
om
mer
cia
l/P
ub
lic
New
ho
tels
(n
=13
),
sam
ple
d f
rom
1 m
eter
abo
ve
flo
or
20
06
-
20
07
13
(N
R)
NR
N
R t
o 3
4
10
(m
ean
);
NR
(med
ian
)
4.5
3
19
78
79
0
(Ch
an e
t al
.,
20
11
)
Hig
h
6
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(H
ER
O I
D)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
CN
B
eiji
ng
Res
iden
tial
50
res
iden
ces
du
rin
g
the
hea
tin
g s
easo
n
(Dec
emb
er 2
01
1)
and
50
res
iden
ces
du
rin
g
the
no
n-h
eati
ng s
easo
n
(Ap
ril/
May
20
12
).
20
11
-
20
12
10
0 (
NR
) N
R
NR
to
78
0
12
.5
(mea
n);
4.0
5
(med
ian
);
(GM
)
--
34
49
44
9
(Du
an e
t al
.,
20
16
)
Hig
h
CN
S
han
gh
ai
Res
iden
tial
Eig
ht
resi
den
ces
that
had
bee
n r
eno
vat
ed
wit
hin
th
e p
revio
us
yea
r. T
hre
e sa
mp
lin
g
site
s w
ere
use
d i
n e
ach
par
tici
pat
ing r
esid
ence
(th
e li
vin
g r
oo
m,
bed
roo
m,
and
stu
dy).
20
15
8 (
NR
) N
R
NR
4
7.4
3
(mea
n);
15
.48
(med
ian
)
--
34
53
72
5
(Dai
et
al.,
20
17
)
Hig
h
JP
Kat
sush
ika
War
d,
To
kyo
Res
iden
tial
Ho
use
s (n
=30
),
sam
ple
d f
rom
bed
roo
ms
19
95
23
8 (
1)
NR
0
.76
9 t
o
17
90
10
8 (
mea
n);
NR
(med
ian
);
36
.1 (
GM
)
--
35
45
46
9
(Am
agai
et
al.,
19
99
)
Med
ium
JP
Kat
sush
ika
War
d,
To
kyo
Res
iden
tial
Ho
use
s (n
=30
),
sam
ple
d f
rom
bat
hro
om
s.
19
95
11
7 (
1)
NR
0
.75
to
10
30
56
.2
(mea
n);
NR
(med
ian
);
22
.3 (
GM
)
--
35
45
46
9
(Am
agai
et
al.,
19
99
)
Med
ium
JP
Kat
sush
ika
War
d,
To
kyo
Res
iden
tial
Ho
use
s (n
=30
),
sam
ple
d f
rom
liv
ing
roo
ms
19
95
23
7 (
1)
NR
1
.13
to
22
80
11
2 (
mea
n);
NR
(med
ian
);
33
.1 (
GM
)
--
35
45
46
9
(Am
agai
et
al.,
19
99
)
Med
ium
JP
Kat
sush
ika
War
d,
To
kyo
Res
iden
tial
Ho
use
s (n
=30
),
sam
ple
d f
rom
kit
chen
s.
19
95
11
6 (
1)
NR
1
.46
to
19
50
10
9 (
mea
n);
NR
(med
ian
);
34
.6 (
GM
)
--
35
45
46
9
(Am
agai
et
al.,
19
99
)
Med
ium
7
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(H
ER
O I
D)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
JP
Kat
sush
ika
War
d,
To
kyo
Res
iden
tial
Ho
use
s (n
=13
),
sam
ple
s co
llec
ted
fro
m
livin
g r
oo
ms
19
95
51
(1
) N
R
2.5
7 t
o
34
1
58
.1
(mea
n);
NR
(med
ian
);
35
(G
M)
--
35
45
46
9
(Am
agai
et
al.,
19
99
)
Med
ium
JP
Kat
sush
ika
War
d,
To
kyo
Res
iden
tial
Ho
use
s (n
=13
),
sam
ple
s co
llec
ted
fro
m
kit
chen
s
19
95
51
(1
) N
R
3.8
1 t
o
36
8
62
.6
(mea
n);
NR
(med
ian
);
38
.7 (
GM
)
--
35
45
46
9
(Am
agai
et
al.,
19
99
)
Med
ium
JP
Kat
sush
ika
War
d,
To
kyo
Res
iden
tial
Ho
use
s (n
=13
),
sam
ple
s co
llec
ted
fro
m
bed
roo
ms
19
95
50
(1
) N
R
1.0
4 t
o
30
5
55
.7
(mea
n);
NR
(med
ian
);
35
.4 (
GM
)
--
35
45
46
9
(Am
agai
et
al.,
19
99
)
Med
ium
JP
Kat
sush
ika
War
d,
To
kyo
Res
iden
tial
Ho
use
s (n
=13
),
sam
ple
d f
rom
bat
hro
om
s.
19
95
51
(1
) N
R
2.7
9 t
o
29
4
46
(m
ean
);
NR
(med
ian
);
31
.5 (
GM
)
--
35
45
46
9
(Am
agai
et
al.,
19
99
)
Med
ium
Per
son
al
Bre
ath
ing
Zo
ne
(µg
/m3)
US
N
R
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
(Nea
r S
ou
rce:
pri
ntm
aki
ng
)
12
stu
den
ts a
nd 1
facu
lty m
emb
er i
n
un
iver
sity
art
(pri
ntm
akin
g)
stu
dio
.
Mec
han
ical
ly
ven
tila
ted
sec
on
d-
flo
or.
20
02
90
(N
R)
NR
N
R
4.9
(m
ean
);
2.6
(med
ian
)
8.4
4
941
4
(Ryan
et
al.,
20
02
)
Hig
h
US
M
inn
eapo
lis,
MN
R
esid
enti
al
In p
erso
nal
bre
ath
ing
zon
es,
du
rin
g t
he
spri
ng.
20
00
11
3
(0.1
7)
NR
N
R
0.3
(med
ian
)
--
63
23
10
(Ad
gat
e et
al.,
20
04
)
Med
ium
8
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(H
ER
O I
D)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
US
M
inn
eapo
lis,
MN
R
esid
enti
al
In p
erso
nal
bre
ath
ing
zon
es,
du
rin
g t
he
win
ter.
20
00
11
3
(0.1
9)
NR
N
R
0.4
(med
ian
)
--
63
23
10
(Ad
gat
e et
al.,
20
04
)
Med
ium
US
M
inn
eapo
lis-
St.
Pau
l, M
N
Gen
era
l
Ad
ult
s, n
on
-sm
okin
g
(n=
70
) li
vin
g i
n t
hre
e
nei
gh
bo
rhoo
ds:
(in
ner
-
city
/eco
no
mic
ally
dis
advan
taged
, b
lue-
coll
ar/n
ear
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g p
lan
ts,
and
aff
luen
t)
19
99
33
3 (
1)
NR
N
R
6.7
(m
ean
);
1.4
(med
ian
)
--
73
01
21
(Sex
ton
et
al.,
20
07
)
Hig
h
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Dep
artm
ent
Sto
res
(n=
10
).
20
04
5 (
NR
) 2
.55
ND
to
10
.5
2.0
4 (
GM
) --
2
442
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Dru
g S
tore
s (n
= 8
)
20
03
7 (
NR
) 2
.55
ND
to
9.6
7
2.3
1 (
GM
) --
2
442
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Ele
ctro
nic
s S
tore
s
(n=
9)
20
04
7 (
NR
) 2
.55
ND
to
4.7
5
1.0
6 (
GM
) --
2
442
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
9
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(H
ER
O I
D)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Fu
rnit
ure
Sto
res
(n=
11
)
20
03
6 (
NR
) 2
.55
ND
to
14
.5
1.2
75
(GM
)
--
24
42
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Gro
cery
Sto
res
(n=
16
)
20
03
12
(N
R)
2.5
5
ND
to
6.1
3
1.2
75
(GM
)
--
24
42
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Har
dw
are
Sto
res
(n=
32
)
20
03
-
20
04
23
(N
R)
2.5
5
4.1
7 t
o 1
23
1
1.1
2
(GM
)
--
24
42
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Ho
me
Sto
res
(n=
16
)
20
03
7 (
NR
) 2
.55
ND
to
3.6
4
1.2
75
(GM
)
--
24
42
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Mu
ltip
urp
ose
Sto
res
(n=
24
)
20
03
-
20
05
15
(N
R)
2.5
5
ND
to
9.3
6
3.9
7 (
GM
) --
2
442
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Sp
ort
ing G
oo
ds
Sto
res
(n=
14
)
20
03
7 (
NR
) 2
.55
ND
to
7.4
5
1.2
75
(GM
)
--
24
42
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Din
ing S
tore
s (n
=20
)
20
04
20
(N
R)
2.5
5
ND
to
90
.3
NR
--
2
442
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
US
G
reat
er B
ost
on
Met
ropo
lita
n A
rea
Co
mm
erci
al/
Pub
lic
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
n S
tore
s
(n=
5)
20
03
-
20
04
21
(N
R)
2.5
5
ND
to
1.4
6
1.2
75
(GM
)
--
24
42
84
6
(Lo
h e
t al
.,
20
06
)
Hig
h
10
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(H
ER
O I
D)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
Su
rface
Wate
r (µ
g/L
)
US
N
R
Ba
ckg
roun
d
Nat
ion
-wid
e; S
urf
ace
wat
er f
or
dri
nkin
g
wat
er s
ou
rces
(ri
ver
s
and
res
ervo
irs)
19
99
-
20
00
37
5
(0.0
027
)
0.2
N
D t
o
2.6
NR
N
R
39
75
04
6
(Usg
s,
20
03
)
Med
ium
US
to
CL
N
R
Ba
ckg
roun
d
Eas
tern
Pac
ific
Oce
an
(Cal
ifo
rnia
, U
S t
o
Val
par
aiso
, C
hil
e)
19
79
-
19
81
30
(0
.93
) 0
.00
04
ND
to
0.0
08
0.0
031
(mea
n);
NR
(med
ian
)
0.0
032
29
19
2
(Sin
gh
et
al.,
19
83
)
Med
ium
BR
N
R
Ba
ckg
roun
d
San
to A
nto
nio
da
Pat
rulh
a, T
res
Co
roas
,
and
Par
ob
e in
th
e
Sin
os
Riv
er B
asin
;
Riv
er s
amp
les
coll
ecte
d f
rom
sev
en
po
ints
on
th
e th
ree
mai
n r
iver
s o
f th
e
Sin
os
Riv
er B
asin
20
12
-
20
13
60
(0
.72
) N
R
ND
to
0.0
058
0.0
019
(mea
n)
NR
3
489
82
7
(Bia
nch
i et
al.,
20
17
)
Med
ium
CN
N
R
Ba
ckg
roun
d
Dal
iao
Riv
er (
n=
20
site
s),
hea
vil
y
indu
stri
aliz
ed
20
11
20
(0
.75
) 0
.67
5
ND
to
4.4
7
0.6
78
(mea
n)
NR
3
488
89
7
(Ma
et a
l.,
20
14
)
Hig
h
EU
N
R
Ba
ckg
roun
d
Est
uar
ies
of
the
Sch
eld
t, T
ham
es,
Lo
ire,
Rh
ine
19
97
-
19
99
73
(1
) N
R
0.0
003
to
4.9
8
NR
N
R
32
42
83
6
(Ch
rist
of
et
al.,
20
02
)
Hig
h
11
Cou
ntr
y
Sta
te/C
ity
/Reg
ion
S
ite
Yea
r
No.
of
Sa
mp
les
(Det
.
Fre
q.)
Det
ecti
on
Lev
el
Con
cen
trati
on
R
efer
en
ce
(H
ER
O I
D)
Ran
ge
Cen
tral
Ten
den
cy
Sta
nd
ard
Dev
iati
on
H
ER
O
Cit
ati
on
Data
Eval.
Sco
re
FR
N
R
Ba
ckg
roun
d
Par
is;
Riv
er s
amp
les
(raw
) co
llec
ted
fro
m
the
Riv
er S
ein
e
(n=
14
sta
tio
ns)
,
Riv
er M
arn
e (n
=1
stat
ion
) an
d R
iver
Ois
e (n
=1
sta
tion
).
Was
tew
ater
trea
tmen
t p
lan
ts a
re
loca
ted
on
th
e ri
ver
.
19
94
-
19
95
43
(1
) N
R
0.0
16
to
4.9
2
1.0
04
(mea
n);
0.4
73
(med
ian
)
1.2
18
35
87
94
4
(Du
clo
s et
al.,
20
00
)
Med
ium
JP
NR
B
ack
gro
un
d
Osa
ka;
Riv
ers
and
estu
arie
s (3
0 s
ites
) in
indu
stri
aliz
ed c
ity
19
93
-
19
95
13
6 (
NR
) N
R
NR
to
13
4
1.7
(med
ian
)
NR
6
457
89
(Yam
amo
to
et a
l.,
19
97
)
Hig
h
Wast
ewate
r (u
g/L
)
IR
NR
N
ear
Fa
cili
ty
(WW
TP
fo
r
au
tom
oti
ve
ma
nu
fact
uri
ng
indu
stry
)
Infl
uen
t w
aste
wat
er
20
12
15
(N
R)
NR
N
R
64
(m
ean
) 1
2
26
67
55
7
(Ab
tah
i et
al.,
20
13
)
Med
ium
IR
NR
N
ear
Fa
cili
ty
(WW
TP
fo
r
au
tom
oti
ve
ma
nu
fact
uri
ng
indu
stry
)
Eff
luen
t fo
llo
win
g
trea
tmen
t b
y f
low
equ
aliz
atio
n b
asin
,
pri
mar
y
sed
imen
tati
on
tan
k,
con
ven
tion
al
acti
vat
ed s
lud
ge
pro
cess
20
12
15
(0
) N
R
ND
--
--
2
667
55
7
(Ab
tah
i et
al.,
20
13
)
Med
ium
KR
N
atio
n-w
ide
Nea
r F
aci
lity
(in
du
stri
al
WW
TP
s)
Infl
uen
t/E
fflu
ent
20
12
81
1
1 t
o 1
20
5 (
med
ian
) --
3
580
14
1
(Lee
et
al.,
20
15
)
Med
ium
12
KR
N
atio
n-w
ide
Nea
r F
aci
lity
(in
du
stri
al
WW
TP
s)
Eff
luen
t
20
12
81
1
ND
--
--
3
580
14
1
(Lee
et
al.,
20
15
)
Med
ium
Stu
dy I
nfo
: T
he
info
rmat
ion
pro
vid
ed i
ncl
ud
es t
he
HE
RO
ID
and
cit
atio
n;
coun
try a
nd
yea
r sa
mp
les
coll
ecte
d;
nu
mb
er o
f sa
mp
les
and
det
ecti
on f
req
uen
cy.
Ab
bre
via
tio
ns:
If
a val
ue
was
no
t re
po
rted
, it
is
sho
wn
in t
his
tab
le a
s “-
-";
ND
= n
ot
det
ecte
d a
t th
e re
po
rted
det
ecti
on l
imit
; G
M =
geo
met
ric
mea
n;
DF
= d
etec
tion
fre
qu
ency
; N
R
= N
ot
rep
ort
ed.
Th
e fo
llo
win
g a
bb
revia
tio
ns
are
for
cou
ntr
ies/
con
tin
ents
: B
R =
Bra
zil;
CA
= C
anad
a; C
L =
Ch
ile;
CN
= C
hin
a; E
U =
Eu
rop
e; F
R =
Fra
nce
; IR
= I
ran
; JP
= J
apan
; K
R =
Ko
rea;
SA
= S
aud
i A
rab
ia;
US
= U
nit
ed S
tate
s.
Par
amet
ers:
All
sta
tist
ics
are
sho
wn
as
rep
ort
ed i
n t
he
stu
dy.
All
min
imu
m v
alu
es d
eter
min
ed t
o b
e le
ss t
han
th
e d
etec
tio
n l
imit
are
sh
ow
n i
n t
his
tab
le a
s “N
D”.
If
a m
axim
um
val
ue
was
no
t p
rovid
ed, th
e h
igh
est
per
cen
tile
avai
lab
le i
s sh
ow
n (
as i
nd
icat
ed i
n p
aren
thes
es);
if
a m
inim
um
val
ue
was
no
t p
rovid
ed, th
e lo
wes
t p
erce
nti
le a
vai
lab
le i
s sh
ow
n (
as
ind
icat
ed i
n p
aren
thes
es).
13
DC
M B
iom
on
ito
rin
g S
tud
ies
Syst
emat
ic r
evie
w i
den
tifi
ed b
iom
on
itori
ng m
easu
rem
ents
fro
m o
nly
one
sourc
e, t
he
Nat
ional
Hea
lth
an
d N
utr
itio
n E
xam
inat
ion
Surv
ey
(NH
AN
ES
), c
on
duct
ed b
y C
DC
’s N
atio
nal
Cen
ter
for
Hea
lth S
tati
stic
s (N
CH
S).
The
surv
ey i
s “a
com
ple
x, st
rati
fied
, m
ult
ista
ge,
pro
bab
ilit
y-
clust
er d
esig
n s
urv
ey”
des
ign
ed t
o c
oll
ect
dat
a on t
he
hea
lth a
nd n
utr
itio
n o
f a
repre
sen
tati
ve
sam
ple
of
the
US
po
pu
lati
on
. B
ased
on
su
bsa
mp
les
of
appro
xim
atel
y 2
,50
0 p
arti
cip
ates
in
eac
h 2
-yea
r su
rvey
cycl
e, t
he
conce
ntr
atio
n o
f m
ethyle
ne
chlo
ride
in b
lood
of
mal
es a
nd
fem
ales
age
12
to
60
+
yrs
wer
e non
-det
ect
bet
wee
n 2
00
3 a
nd
20
16. D
etec
tio
n l
imit
s var
ied b
etw
een 0
.07 a
nd 0
.25 n
g/m
L (
Cd
c, 2
01
9).
Note
, only
CD
C 2
01
7 w
as i
den
tifi
ed i
n s
yst
emat
ic r
evie
w w
hic
h h
as d
ata
from
2003
-2008.
The
2019 r
epo
rt h
ad t
he
sam
e d
ata,
plu
s new
dat
a
thro
ugh 2
016.
Ref
eren
ces
Abta
hi,
M;
Nad
daf
i, K
; M
esd
agh
inia
, A
; Y
aghm
aeia
n, K
; N
abiz
adeh
, R
; Ja
afar
zadeh
, N
; R
astk
ari,
N;
Sae
edi,
R;
Naz
mar
a, S
. (2
01
3).
Dic
hlo
rom
eth
ane
emis
sio
ns
fro
m a
uto
moti
ve
man
ufa
cturi
ng i
ndust
ry i
n I
ran:
Cas
e st
udy o
f th
e S
AIP
A a
uto
mo
tive
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g
com
pan
y. T
ox
icol
En
vir
on
Ch
em 9
5:
757
-764.
htt
p:/
/dx.d
oi.
org
/10.1
080/0
2772248
.2013.8
211
26
Adgat
e, J
L;
Chu
rch
, T
R;
Ryan
, A
D;
Ram
achan
dra
n,
G;
Fre
dri
ckso
n,
AL
; S
tock
, T
H;
Mora
ndi,
MT
; S
exto
n, K
. (2
00
4).
Ou
tdo
or,
in
doo
r, a
nd
per
son
al e
xp
osu
re t
o V
OC
s in
chil
dre
n.
Envir
on H
ealt
h P
ersp
ect
112:
1386
-1392.
htt
p:/
/dx.d
oi.
org
/10
.128
9/e
hp
.71
07
Am
agai
, T
; O
lansa
ndan
; M
atsu
shit
a, H
; O
no, M
; N
akai
, S
; T
amura
, K
; M
aeda,
K. (1
999).
A s
urv
ey o
f in
do
or
po
llu
tio
n b
y v
ola
tile
org
anoh
alo
gen
com
po
un
ds
in K
atsu
shik
a, T
okyo
, Ja
pan
. In
door
Buil
t E
nvir
on 8
: 255
-268.
htt
p:/
/dx.d
oi.
org
/10
.115
9/0
00
02
46
49
Bia
nch
i, E
; L
essi
ng, G
; B
rin
a, K
R;
An
gel
i, L
; A
ndri
guet
ti,
NB
; P
eruzz
o, J.
R.;
Do N
asci
men
to,
CA
; S
pil
ki,
FR
; Z
iulk
osk
i, A
L;
da
Sil
va,
LB
.
(201
7).
Mon
ito
rin
g t
he
Gen
oto
xic
and C
yto
toxic
Pote
nti
al a
nd t
he
Pre
sence
of
Pes
tici
des
an
d H
yd
roca
rbo
ns
in W
ater
of
the
Sin
os
Riv
er
Bas
in, S
ou
ther
n B
razi
l. A
rch
En
vir
on C
onta
m T
oxic
ol
72:
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-334.
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oi.
org
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00
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002
44
-01
6-0
33
4-0
Bouham
ra,
WS
; E
lkil
ani,
AS
. (1
99
9).
In
ves
tigat
ion a
nd m
odel
ing o
f su
rfac
e so
rpti
on
-des
orp
tion b
ehav
ior
of
vo
lati
le o
rgan
ic c
om
po
un
ds
for
indoor
air
qual
ity a
nal
ysi
s. E
nvir
on T
echnol
20:
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oi.
org
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959333
20
086
16
84
9
Cdc.
(2019).
Fou
rth
Nat
ional
Rep
ort
on
Hum
an E
xposu
re t
o E
nvir
onm
enta
l C
hem
ical
s, U
pdat
ed T
able
s, J
anuar
y 2
01
9, V
olu
me
2.
Atl
anta
, G
A:
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. D
epar
tmen
t o
f H
ealt
h a
nd
Hum
an S
ervic
es.
htt
ps:
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ww
.cdc.
go
v/e
xp
osu
rere
port
/pdf/
Fourt
hR
eport
_U
pdat
edT
able
s_V
olu
me2
_Ja
n2019
-50
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df
Chan
, C
; L
ee, S
C;
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; H
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; T
ian
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; L
ai,
S;
Li,
Y;
Huan
g,
Y,
u.
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Char
acte
risa
tion o
f V
ola
tile
Org
anic
Co
mp
ou
nd
s at
Ho
tels
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South
ern
Chin
a. I
nd
oo
r B
uil
t E
nvir
on 2
0:
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Chan
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C;
Vai
ner
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; M
arti
n, JW
; W
illi
ams,
DT
. (1
990).
Det
erm
inat
ion o
f org
anic
conta
min
ants
in r
esid
enti
al i
nd
oor
air
usi
ng a
n a
dso
rpti
on
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ther
mal
des
orp
tio
n t
echn
iqu
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Air
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te M
anag
Ass
oc
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Chao
, C
Y;
Ch
an, G
Y.
(20
01
). Q
uan
tifi
cati
on o
f in
door
VO
Cs
in t
wen
ty m
echan
ical
ly v
enti
late
d b
uil
din
gs
in H
on
g K
on
g.
Atm
os
En
vir
on
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. h
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i.org
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1)0
0410
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Chin
, JY
; G
od
win
, C
; P
arker
, E
; R
ob
ins,
T;
Lew
is, T
; H
arbin
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; B
atte
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Lev
els
and s
ourc
es o
f vo
lati
le o
rgan
ic c
om
po
un
ds
in
hom
es o
f ch
ildre
n w
ith
ast
hm
a. I
ndoor
Air
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na.
12086
Chri
stof,
O;
Sei
fert
, R
; M
ich
aeli
s, W
. (2
002).
Vola
tile
hal
ogen
ated
org
anic
com
pounds
in E
uro
pea
n e
stu
arie
s. B
iogeo
chem
istr
y 5
9:
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3-1
60
.
14
Dai
, H
; Ji
ng, S
; W
ang, H
; M
a, Y
; L
i, L
; S
ong,
W;
Kan
, H
. (2
017).
VO
C c
har
acte
rist
ics
and i
nhal
atio
n h
ealt
h r
isks
in n
ewly
ren
ovat
ed r
esid
ence
s
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han
gh
ai, C
hin
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ci T
ota
l E
nvir
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RE
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uen
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f bas
emen
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gar
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d c
om
mo
n h
allw
ays
on
in
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r re
siden
tial
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tile
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anic
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mp
ou
nd
co
nce
ntr
atio
ns.
Atm
os
Envir
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oi.
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sen
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0.0
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; L
iu, X
; Y
an, M
; W
u, Y
; L
iu, Z
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Char
acte
rist
ics
of
carb
onyls
and v
ola
tile
org
anic
co
mp
ou
nd
s (V
OC
s) i
n r
esid
ence
s in
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jin
g,
Chin
a. F
ront
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v S
ci E
ng 1
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Y;
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nch
ard
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he
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rin
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t co
nce
ntr
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ns
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R;
Gas
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; M
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; Je
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L;
Zhan
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TE
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door
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ity a
t re
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iffe
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Lee
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ater
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elec
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roen
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eth
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rin
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ater
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urc
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Vo
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