Power to Gas

Innovation for the

Gas Infrastructure

Dr. Jürgen Lenz, Vice-President, DVGW

6th Pipeline Technology Conference 2011

Source: "KIC Sustainable Energy Research“; Paper by Professor De Doncker, July 2009

Energy supply requirements are getting complicated

Role of gas in the future energy supply system

Power Gas

Coal

Nuclear energy

Renewables,

wind

Natural gas

Biogas

- manure, RRM

- biomass, wood

Synthetic gas(e.g. from coal with

carbon capture)

Carbon capture

Hydrogen

CCGT power plants

Combined

heat and

power

Use of electrical energy and heat

Vast number of energy sources, especially renewables

Vast number of new applications

Political reservations, subsidies

Increasing volatility

Declining demand on heating market

Fossil energies, especially gas, will not be a bottleneck

because of the huge volumes of unconventional gas

New technologies

Energy supply structures are changing:

Vast number of energy sources, especially renewables

Vast number of new applications

Political reservations, subsidies

Increasing volatility

Declining demand on heating market

Fossil energies, especially gas, will not be a bottleneck

because of the huge volumes of unconventional gas

New technologies

Energy supply structures are changing:

Political orientation from Meseberg:

Gas-firedheating systems Power generation

Use of power + waste heat

Decentralisepower supply

Centraliseheat supply

Power stationBHKWSingle-familyhome

Decentralised CHP systems: higher potential of intelligent

waste heat use

Vast number of energy sources, especially renewables

Vast number of new applications

Political reservations, subsidies

Increasing volatility

Declining demand on heating market

Fossil energies, especially gas, will not be a bottleneck

because of the huge volumes of unconventional gas

New technologies

Energy supply structures are changing:

Wind power unsuitable for baseload

Source: DENA paper at EVU Summit 2010 in Heiligendamm

Wind energy fed into grid in Dec. 2009 / Jan. 2010W

ind

en

erg

y i

n M

W

hours

Wind fed in:

Fluctuating levels of renewable energies fed into grid in

2010 (in MW)

Fe

ed

-in

pro

file

s f

or

ren

ew

ab

le e

ne

rgie

s

0

10'000

20'000

30'000

40'000

50'000

60'000

70'000

1 501 1001 1501 2001 2501 3001 3501 4001 4501 5001 5501 6001 6501 7001 7501 8001 8501

PV Wind-Onshore Wind-Offshore

Onshore wind 25 GW

Offshore wind 0 GW

PV capacity 10 GWOffshore windOnshore wind

Fluctuating levels of renewable energies fed into grid in

2030 (in MW) – Prognos model data for wind & PV)

Fe

ed

-in

pro

file

s f

or

ren

ew

ab

le e

ne

rgie

s

0

10'000

20'000

30'000

40'000

50'000

60'000

70'000

1 501 1001 1501 2001 2501 3001 3501 4001 4501 5001 5501 6001 6501 7001 7501 8001 8501

PV Wind-Onshore Wind-Offshore

Onshore wind 35 GW

Offshore wind 20 GW

PV capacity 40 GW

Offshore windOnshore wind

8760 Availability in hours per year

Distribution function

of generation capacity

Load management

Grid

expansionDemand curve

Grid capacity

Rectangle =

annual offtake

Installed ( )

and available

renewable

capacities

(wind & PV)

1

2

4

53

1. Electricity demand

2. Load management is

close its limits

3. There are limits to

network expansion

4. Excess production:

Renewable generation

capacity is shut down

5. Peak-shaving = full use

of renewable power

Enhancement of wind power requires huge storage

capacities

Stability of power grid requires a parallel structure of

central power stations

decentralised CHP and micro CHP systems

storage systems

power conversion systems especially

to reduce the peak load

electrolysis systems

Electrolysis for H2 production from peak wind power:

- Known technology; flexibility to be optimised for greater economic

viability

- To be built at only a few strategic locations in the grid

- Much more affordable than grid expansions for peak load

if existing infrastructure can be used

- Very substantial storage capacity

- Very high efficiency if H2 is converted back into electricity

using electricity-controlled CHP system with

waste heat recuperation

- Removes restrictions on further development of renewable electricity

sources

Intersections between natural gas and power transmission

systems

Natural gas storage facility

Natural gas transmission lines > 60 bar

380 kV power lines

220 kV power lines

Ability of natural gas grid to accommodate hydrogen

- Estimate -

In 2008, the natural gas pipeline system shipped some 1,000 TWh of

energy (compared with approx. 540 TWh in electricity grid)

Natural gas pipeline system capacities for different scenarios

100% of the wind energy yield (approx. 27 TWh/a) in 2009 would give an

average hydrogen content in the natural gas pipeline system of 7.8 vol.%

20 % of the wind energy yield (of approx. 15 TWh/a) acc. to the IECP*

target for 2020 assumed to be excess electricity would give an average

hydrogen content in the natural gas pipeline system of 4 vol.%

* Integrated Energy and Climate Protection Programme

Vast number of energy sources, especially renewables

Vast number of new applications

Political reservations, subsidies

Increasing volatility

Declining demand on heating market

Fossil energies, especially gas, will not be a bottleneck

because of the huge volumes of unconventional gas

New technologies

Energy supply structures are changing:

Energy demand in homes

Source: Prognos AG 2007

78%

2%

9%

2%

2% 1%1%

5% Space heating

Lighting

Electric appliances

I&C appliances

Power

Others

Hot water

Cooking

Source: Prognos 2007

Changes in primary energy demand due to

legal requirements

Decentralised energy supply - potential for meeting own electricity demand

Source: BEE 2009

Household electricity

Fan electricity

Hot water

Space heating* ** ***

* Building stock** Thermal Insulation Ordinance*** Energy Conservation Ordinance

Heat energy demand

Status by floor area distribution (single-family homes)

Source: BMVBS 2007

115

180

215235

365

330

370

260225

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Anteil der Wohnfläche

Hei

zwär

meb

edar

f vo

n E

FH in

kW

h/m

2a

bis

191

8

1919

-194

8

1958

- 1

968

1969

- 1

977

1978

- 1

983

1984

-19

94

2002

- 20

06

1995

- 2

001

1949

-195

7

Hea

t e

nerg

y d

em

an

d o

f s

ing

le-f

am

ily h

om

es

in

kW

h/m

²a

un

til

Floor area share

DVGW Innovation Initiative

Gas (natural gas, biogas, H2) is a key element of an integrated energy

supply concept with

- Use of H2 to stabilise electricity grids

- Reduced expansion of electricity transit grids

- Electricity-controlled CHP to compensate PV and wind

- Incorporation into smart grid- control systems

- Intelligent use of waste heat to reduce

- scope of insulation measures planned for today’s building stock

- today’s electric appliances for heating water

3-level model

Macro level: primary energy, utilisation paths

Network level: smart grids

Heat energy market,

residential & commercial

users: heating and

system integration

Convergence of grids at distribution level up to

supra-regional transmission

Interconnected energy system, especially via CHP

Greater use of gas-to-power

Use of gas as a flexible element to compensate fluctuating

electricity sources

Excess electricity is fed into the next voltage level

The rules need to be defined!

Only gas-to-power will increase natural gas use going

forward.

This is why it is critically important to develop highly

efficient decentralised CHP units

with:

electricity-controlled concepts for tying CHP into

smart grid control systems

intelligent and optimised heat integration and

waste heat use

Power generation from gas

– but with waste heat use!

Storage

Storage

Natural

gas

Biogas,

H2

Electricity Export

Engine, generator

400°C

<100°C

Own use

Cold energy /

freezer

Cooling system

Washing machine

Dishwasher

Domestic hot water

Heating system

Electricity

credit

- Highest primary energy efficiency

- Electricity generation in line with demand

- Replaces battery system

Further development of CHP technology

Development of domestic energy needs

Share

of po

wer i

n tota

l ene

rgy de

mand

[kW

h el/kW

h th]

Total heat demand

(space heating + hot water)

[kWh/(a m²)]Passive house Present building stock Old buildingsSpace heating 50 kWh/(a m²) 220 kWh/(a m²)Hot water 12.5 kWh/(a m²)Power demand 29.5 kWh/(a m²)

Today's micro-CHP systems:"Power-generating heating systems"

e.g. Stirling

Tomorrow's micro-CHP systems:Low thermal output, high electrical output

e.g. fuel cell

Power consumption share

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 50 100 150 200 250

Stromkennzahl

Broad range of CHP systems – Example: Wankel engine

KKM 351 (with integrated PMG)

Single-rotor engine with a combustion

chamber volume of 350 cm3

Ideal for gas operation at (5) ... 20 kWe.

Compact

High energy density

Robust technology

Wankel engine: Dimensions and performance parameters

KKM 150(with integrated PMG)

- Single-rotor engine with

a combustion chamber

volume of 150 cm³

- Ideal for gas operation

at up to approx. 5 kWe.

approx. dimension of KKM 150

max. length approx. 195 mm

Fuel Cells

Change of physical principle

Combustion process

with the limitation

of the Law of Carnot

Electrochemical reaction

without this limitation

Therefore the high efficiency of gas conversion to power

29

Gas

cleaning

Air blower

Power

management

system

Fuel cell

module

Water

treatment

Flueincl. waste heat recovery

Fuel cell: SOFC example

Source: CFCL Heinsberg

30

Fuel cell: High efficiencies for SOFC technology

Source: CFCL Heinsberg

Extended operating periods for nuclear + lignite + hydropower

= 51% of generated power

30 % wind energy by 2020 has political backing

The delta will be provided by CHP, CCGT and coal-fired plants

Key aspects:

- Primary energy efficiency

- Flexibility to balance fluctuation (wind, consumption)

- Specific investments (overall economics) and costs

- Renewable and carbon-reduced share in feedstock

18 million homes (approx. 85 % older than 10 years), 50 % of which have

been converted; at approx. 2 kWh per residential unit, this equates to

approx. 18,000 MW

General conditions and assumptions

Intelligent waste heat use for electricity-controlled

CHP systems

- also allows the use of gas in extremely low-energy homes

- allows carbon saving targets to be met more quickly and at

lower costs for existing build stock

Data for different building types will be available shortly.

IGCC process: Gas (H2,CH4) produced from coal can be transported on existing pipelines and be used as a feed for decentralised CHP units

Coal gasificationShiftCO+H2O=CO2

+H2

CO2

sequestration

Coal

O2from

ASU

Steam CO2

storageH2,CH4

CCGT

plant

PipelineElectricity

Use of

heat &

power

decentra-

lised CHP

Characteristics of the innovative concept for gas

and the gas infrastructure:

- Gas to play major role for overall energy supply system

- Energy supply based on a power grid and a gas grid

- H2 electrolysis reduces volatility of the power grid and, in

combination with gas grid, provides huge storage capacity

- allows greater use of wind power

- decentralised efficient (micro)-CHP systems

- allow compensation of PV on DSO level

- use waste heat, which reduces demand for power

- intelligent waste heat use helps optimise the economics of

of thermal insulation of buildings