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Contents

Contributors ix

Preface xi

Chapter 1. Thermoplastics 1.1

1.1 Introduction 1.1

1.2 Polymer Categories 1.4

1.3 Comparative Properties of Thermoplastics 1.79

1.4 Additives 1.79

1.5 Fillers 1.82

1.6 Polymer Blends 1.83

References 1.85

Chapter 2. Thermosets, Reinforced Plastics, and Composites 2.1

2.1 Resins 2.1

2.2 Thermosetting Resin Family 2.22.3 Resin Characteristics 2.10

2.4 Resin Forms 2.10

2.5 Liquid Resin Processes 2.13

2.6 Laminates 2.29

2.7 Molding Compounds 2.38

References 2.88

Chapter 3. Elastomeric Materials and Processes 3.1

3.1 Introduction 3.1

3.2 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPEs) 3.1

3.3 Melt Processing Rubbers (MPRs) 3.24

3.4 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs) 3.26

3.5 Synthetic Rubbers 3.33

3.6 Natural Rubber 3.48

3.7 Conclusion 3.49

References 3.50

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Chapter 4. Plastic Additives 4.1

4.1 Introduction 4.1

4.2 Scope 4.2

4.3 Antiblock and Slip Agents 4.2

4.4 Antioxidants 4.6

4.5 Antistatic Agents 4.12

4.6 Biocides 4.16

4.7 Chemical Blowing Agents 4.19

4.8 Coupling Agents 4.23

4.9 Flame Retardants 4.26

4.10 Heat Stabilizers 4.36

4.11 Impact Modifiers 4.41

4.12 Light Stabilizers 4.46

4.13 Lubricants and Mold Release Agents 4.494.14 Nucleating Agents 4.54

4.15 Organic Peroxides 4.58

4.16 Plasticizers 4.62

4.17 Polyurethane Catalysts 4.66

Chapter 5. Processing of Thermoplastics 5.1

5.1 Material Concepts 5.2

5.2 Extrusion 5.18

5.3 Estrusion Processes 5.55

5.4 Injection Molding 5.84

References 5.121

Chapter 6. Processing of Thermosets 6.1

6.1 Introduction 6.1

6.2 Molding Processes 6.2

6.3 Techniques for Machining and Secondary Operations 6.24

6.4 Postmolding Operations 6.28

6.5 Process-Related Design Considerations 6.29

6.6 Mold Construction and Fabrication 6.34

6.7 Summary 6.37

Chapter 7. Auxiliary Equipment

7.2 Raw Material Delivery 7.5

7.3 Bulk Storage of Resin 7.8

7.4 Bulk Resin Conveying Systems 7.22

7.5 Bulk Delivery Systems 7.28

7.6 Blending Systems 7.35

7.7 Regrind Systems 7.38

7.8 Material Drying 7.43

7.9 Loading Systems 7.50

7.10 System Integration 7.57

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7.2

Section 1. Material Handling 7.37.1 Introduction 7.3

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10.7 Curing 10.55

10.8 Summary 10.58

References 10.59

Chapter 11. Plastics Testing 11.1

11.1 Introduction 11.1

11.2 The Need for Testing Plastics 11.1

11.3 Diverse Types of Testing 11.2

11.4 Test Methods for Acquisition and Reporting of Property Data 11.13

11.5 Uniform Reporting Format 11.66

11.6 Misunderstood and Misused Properties 11.70

11.7 Costs of Data Generation 11.73

Appendix 11.1 Selected ISO/IEC Standards/Documents 11.77

Appendix 11.2 Selected ASTM Standards 11.84

Appendix 11.3 List of Resources 11.87

Appendix 11.4 Some Unit Conversion Factors 11.92

References 11.92

Suggested Reading 11.94

Chapter 12. Plastics Recycling and Biodegradable Plastics 12.1

12.1 Introduction 12.1

12.2 Overview of Recycling 12.14

12.3 Design for Recycling 12.22

12.4 Recycling of Major Polymers 12.24

12.5 Overview of Plastics Degradation 12.71

12.6 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 12.80

12.7 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 12.92

12.8 Water-Soluble Polymers 12.97

12.9 Summary 12.99

References 12.100

Appendix A. Glossary of Terms and Definitions A.1

Appendix B. Some Common Abbreviations Usedin the Plastics Industry B.1

Appendix C. Important Properties of Plastics

and Listing of Plastic Suppliers C.1

Appendix D. Sources of Specifications andStandards for Plastics and Composites D.1

Appendix E. Plastics Associations E.1

Index follows Appendix E

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