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6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-1
• The subjunctive (il congiuntivo), is a grammatical mood that exists in both English and Italian to express attitudes or feelings such as opinion, happiness, fear, willingness, desire, obligation, necessity, or doubt.
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-2
The present subjunctive
• The present subjunctive of regular verbs is formed by adding the subjunctive endings to the stem. For verbs conjugated like finire, insert –isc– as you would in the present indicative.
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-3
The present subjunctive
ascoltare prẹndere dormire finire
che io
che tu
che lui/lei/Lei
che noi
che voi
che loro
ascolti
ascolti
ascolti
ascoltiamo
ascoltiate
ascọltino
prenda
prenda
prenda
prendiamo
prendiate
prẹndano
dorma
dorma
dorma
dormiamo
dormiate
dọrmano
finisca
finisca
finisca
finiamo
finiate
finịscano
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-4
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
ATTENZIONE!
Since so many endings in the subjunctive are the same, you may need to use a subject pronoun to avoid confusion.
È importante che arrivi alle nove.It’s important for me/you/him/her to arrive at nine.
È importante che lui arrivi alle nove.It’s important for him to arrive at nine.
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-5
• Verbs like cercare and pagare maintain the hard sound of the infinitive by inserting –h– between the stem and endings of all forms of the present subjunctive.
cercare: cerchi, cerchi, cerchi, cerchiamo, cerchiate, cẹrchino
pagare: paghi, paghi, paghi, paghiamo, paghiate, pạghino
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-6
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
ATTENZIONE!
For other verbs ending in –iare, only one i is used unless the i is stressed.
sbagliare: sbagli, sbagli, sbagli, sbagliamo, sbagliate, sbaglino
sciare: scịi, scịi, scịi, sciamo, sciate, scịino
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-7
• Many verbs that are irregular in the indicative are also irregular in the subjunctive.andare
avere
bere
dare
dire
essere
fare
potere
rimanere
sapere
stare
uscire
venire
volere
vada, vada, vada, andiamo, andiate, vạdano
abbia, abbia, abbia, abbiamo, abbiate, ạbbiano
beva, beva, beva, beviamo, beviate, bẹvano
dịa, dịa, dịa, diamo, diate, dịano
dica, dica, dica, diciamo, diciate, dịcano
sịa, sịa, sịa, siamo, siate, sịano
faccia, faccia, faccia, facciamo, facciate, fạcciano
possa, possa, possa, possiamo, possiate, pọssano
rimanga, rimanga, rimanga, rimaniamo, rimaniate, rimạngano
sappia, sappia, sappia, sappiamo, sappiate, sạppiano
stịa, stịa, stịa, stiamo, stiate, stịano
esca, esca, esca, usciamo, usciate, ẹscano
venga, venga, venga, veniamo, veniate, vẹngano
voglia, voglia, voglia, vogliamo, vogliate, vọgliano
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-8
Subjunctive with impersonal expressions, will, and emotion
• The subjunctive is generally used in dependent clauses introduced by che, where the subjects of the main and dependent clauses are different. The verb or verb phrase in the main clause triggers the use of the subjunctive in the clause.
MAIN CLAUSE
È possibile
It’s possible
CONJUNCTION
che
that
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Giorgio vada alla manifestazione.
Giorgio is going to the demonstration.
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-9
ATTENZIONE!
Some additional impersonal expressions followed by che and the subjunctive include:
bisognaè facile/diffịcileè giustoè incredịbileè meglioè necessarioè ora
(è un) peccatoè (im)possịbileè raro/stranoè (in)ụtileoccorreparesembravale la pena
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-10
• Use the subjunctive in clauses introduced by impersonal expressions that state an opinion.
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
Impersonal expressions followed by the subjunctive
è bene/male che... it is good/bad that…
è diffịcile che... it is difficult/unlikely that…
è importante che... it is important that…
è possịbile che... it is (not) possible that…
è probạbile che... it is likely that…
è strano che... it is strange that…
può darsi che... it is possible that…
si dice che... it is said/they say that…
È strano che Salvatore vada alla sinagoga: è cattolico!It’s strange that Salvatore is going to the synagogue; he’s Catholic!
Può darsi che il telefonino sia spento.It’s possible that the cell phone is off.
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-11
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
ATTENZIONE!
Not all clauses introduced by che require use of the subjunctive. Verbs and expressions indicating certainty or fact are followed by the indicative.
Sanno che Rita viene domani.They know that Rita is coming tomorrow.
È vero che Massimo fa lo scrittore.It’s true that Massimo is a writer.
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-12
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
• Use the subjunctive in subordinate clauses when the verb in the main clause expresses opinion, will, or emotion.
Expressions of will Expressions of emotion and opinion
desiderare… to desire…
esịgere… to require…
insịstere… to insist…
permẹttere… to allow…
preferire… to prefer…
ritenere… to maintain…
suggerire… to suggest…
volere… to want…
avere paụra… to be afraid…
credere... to believe...
dispiacere… to be sorry…
ẹssere + [emotion]
felice/contento/a… to be happy…
sorpreso/a… to be surprised…
pensare... to think...
piacere… to be pleased, to like…
sperare… to hope…
temere… to fear, to be afraid…
6.3
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The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
Loro desiderano che Chiara gli dica la verità.They want Chiara to tell him the truth.
Temo che questo libro non sia più disponibile.I am afraid that this book is no longer available.
6.3
© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-14
The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion
ATTENZIONE!
If the subject of the main clause and the dependent clause is the same, use an infinitive instead of the subjunctive in the dependent clause.
Gianni vuole che tu finisca la lettera. Gianni wants you to finish the letter.
Gianni vuole finire la lettera.Gianni wants to finish the letter.