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6. 3 © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-1 The subjunctive (il congiuntivo), is a grammatical mood that exists in both English and Italian to express attitudes or feelings such as opinion, happiness, fear, willingness, desire, obligation, necessity, or doubt. The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

6.3 © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-1 The subjunctive (il congiuntivo), is a grammatical mood that exists in both English and Italian to express

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Page 1: 6.3 © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-1 The subjunctive (il congiuntivo), is a grammatical mood that exists in both English and Italian to express

6.3

© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-1

• The subjunctive (il congiuntivo), is a grammatical mood that exists in both English and Italian to express attitudes or feelings such as opinion, happiness, fear, willingness, desire, obligation, necessity, or doubt.

The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

Page 2: 6.3 © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-1 The subjunctive (il congiuntivo), is a grammatical mood that exists in both English and Italian to express

6.3

© and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc. 6.3-2

The present subjunctive

• The present subjunctive of regular verbs is formed by adding the subjunctive endings to the stem. For verbs conjugated like finire, insert –isc– as you would in the present indicative.

The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

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The present subjunctive

ascoltare prẹndere dormire finire

che io

che tu

che lui/lei/Lei

che noi

che voi

che loro

ascolti

ascolti

ascolti

ascoltiamo

ascoltiate

ascọltino

prenda

prenda

prenda

prendiamo

prendiate

prẹndano

dorma

dorma

dorma

dormiamo

dormiate

dọrmano

finisca

finisca

finisca

finiamo

finiate

finịscano

The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

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The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

ATTENZIONE!

Since so many endings in the subjunctive are the same, you may need to use a subject pronoun to avoid confusion.

È importante che arrivi alle nove.It’s important for me/you/him/her to arrive at nine.

È importante che lui arrivi alle nove.It’s important for him to arrive at nine.

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• Verbs like cercare and pagare maintain the hard sound of the infinitive by inserting –h– between the stem and endings of all forms of the present subjunctive.

cercare: cerchi, cerchi, cerchi, cerchiamo, cerchiate, cẹrchino

pagare: paghi, paghi, paghi, paghiamo, paghiate, pạghino

The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

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The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

ATTENZIONE!

For other verbs ending in –iare, only one i is used unless the i is stressed.

sbagliare: sbagli, sbagli, sbagli, sbagliamo, sbagliate, sbaglino

sciare: scịi, scịi, scịi, sciamo, sciate, scịino

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• Many verbs that are irregular in the indicative are also irregular in the subjunctive.andare

avere

bere

dare

dire

essere

fare

potere

rimanere

sapere

stare

uscire

venire

volere

vada, vada, vada, andiamo, andiate, vạdano

abbia, abbia, abbia, abbiamo, abbiate, ạbbiano

beva, beva, beva, beviamo, beviate, bẹvano

dịa, dịa, dịa, diamo, diate, dịano

dica, dica, dica, diciamo, diciate, dịcano

sịa, sịa, sịa, siamo, siate, sịano

faccia, faccia, faccia, facciamo, facciate, fạcciano

possa, possa, possa, possiamo, possiate, pọssano

rimanga, rimanga, rimanga, rimaniamo, rimaniate, rimạngano

sappia, sappia, sappia, sappiamo, sappiate, sạppiano

stịa, stịa, stịa, stiamo, stiate, stịano

esca, esca, esca, usciamo, usciate, ẹscano

venga, venga, venga, veniamo, veniate, vẹngano

voglia, voglia, voglia, vogliamo, vogliate, vọgliano

The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

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Subjunctive with impersonal expressions, will, and emotion

• The subjunctive is generally used in dependent clauses introduced by che, where the subjects of the main and dependent clauses are different. The verb or verb phrase in the main clause triggers the use of the subjunctive in the clause.

MAIN CLAUSE

È possibile

It’s possible

CONJUNCTION

che

that

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

Giorgio vada alla manifestazione.

Giorgio is going to the demonstration.

The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

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ATTENZIONE!

Some additional impersonal expressions followed by che and the subjunctive include:

bisognaè facile/diffịcileè giustoè incredịbileè meglioè necessarioè ora

(è un) peccatoè (im)possịbileè raro/stranoè (in)ụtileoccorreparesembravale la pena

The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

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• Use the subjunctive in clauses introduced by impersonal expressions that state an opinion.

The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

Impersonal expressions followed by the subjunctive

è bene/male che... it is good/bad that…

è diffịcile che... it is difficult/unlikely that…

è importante che... it is important that…

è possịbile che... it is (not) possible that…

è probạbile che... it is likely that…

è strano che... it is strange that…

può darsi che... it is possible that…

si dice che... it is said/they say that…

È strano che Salvatore vada alla sinagoga: è cattolico!It’s strange that Salvatore is going to the synagogue; he’s Catholic!

Può darsi che il telefonino sia spento.It’s possible that the cell phone is off.

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The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

ATTENZIONE!

Not all clauses introduced by che require use of the subjunctive. Verbs and expressions indicating certainty or fact are followed by the indicative.

Sanno che Rita viene domani.They know that Rita is coming tomorrow.

È vero che Massimo fa lo scrittore.It’s true that Massimo is a writer.

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The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

• Use the subjunctive in subordinate clauses when the verb in the main clause expresses opinion, will, or emotion.

Expressions of will Expressions of emotion and opinion

desiderare… to desire…

esịgere… to require…

insịstere… to insist…

permẹttere… to allow…

preferire… to prefer…

ritenere… to maintain…

suggerire… to suggest…

volere… to want…

avere paụra… to be afraid…

credere... to believe...

dispiacere… to be sorry…

ẹssere + [emotion]

felice/contento/a… to be happy…

sorpreso/a… to be surprised…

pensare... to think...

piacere… to be pleased, to like…

sperare… to hope…

temere… to fear, to be afraid…

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The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

Loro desiderano che Chiara gli dica la verità.They want Chiara to tell him the truth.

Temo che questo libro non sia più disponibile.I am afraid that this book is no longer available.

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The subjunctive: impersonal expressions; will and emotion

ATTENZIONE!

If the subject of the main clause and the dependent clause is the same, use an infinitive instead of the subjunctive in the dependent clause.

Gianni vuole che tu finisca la lettera. Gianni wants you to finish the letter.

Gianni vuole finire la lettera.Gianni wants to finish the letter.