Lecture 21 Subjunctive Mood Objectives: 1. Subjunctive mood with basic unreal conditional sentences 2. Subjunctive mood in sentences of implied condition

Lecture 21 Subjunctive Mood

Objectives:

• 1. Subjunctive mood with basic unreal conditional sentences

• 2. Subjunctive mood in sentences of implied condition.

• 3. Subjunctive mood in special clauses

• 5. Subjunctive mood in certain formulaic expression

• 6. Subjunctive mood in nominal clauses


• Mood ， as a finite verb form has three types:

• Indicative mood :whether an utterance expresses a fact;

• Imperative mood,a command or question;

• subjunctive mood: a non-fact and hypothesis


• --He drives to work everyday.

• (Indicative mood )

• --Don’t be late for school.

• (Imperative mood )

• --If I were you , I would do it better

• (subjunctive mood)


•

• Conditional sentences include sentences of real condition and sentences of unreal condition

• If the hypothetical thing is likely to happen,

• conditional sentence is a sentence of real condition. Conversely, a sentence of unreal condition.

• Lecture 21 Subjunctive Mood

• A sentence of real condition can be expressed in indicative mood, but a sentence of unreal condition should be expressed in subjunctive mood.

• Compare:

• --If I know the truth, I shall tell you.

• --If I knew the truth, I would tell you.

1. Subjunctive mood with basic unreal conditional sentences

The unreal conditional sentences can be

classified into four kinds:

1) the present conditional

2) the past conditional

3) the future conditional

4) the conditional sentences of mixed time.


1) The present conditional. If-clause main-clause

did /were would (could, might, should) do.

2) The past conditional • had done would / could / might

have done

3) The future conditional • did • should do• were to do would / could/might have done

•


• 1) The present conditional.

• A hypothesis is contrary to the present

• or future event.

• In adverbial clauses or if-clauses of

• unreal condition, the present or future

• thing which is not likely to be fulfilled.

If-clause main-clause did /were would (could, might,

should) do.-- If he were invited, he would go to the dinner party.

--If it ___ too much trouble, I’d love a cup of tea. A. isn’t B. weren’t C. wasn’t D. hadn’t beenAnswer: B

1)The present conditional

--If she were alive today, how happy we would be!

--If she got a scholarship next year, she could be able to go on for graduate study in Canada.


Note: In if –clause “would” can be used to show the speaker’s disbelief.

--If he would lend me the money, I would buy a car.

--If she would do it for me, I should be very much obliged.


Lecture9 Subjunctive Mood

• 2) The past conditional. In adverbial clause or if-clause of unreal condition, the hypothesis is contrary to the past event.

• • If-clause main-clause• had done would / could / might

have done• --She would have come if she hadn’t been so

busy.

2) The past conditional.

• --If you had come a few minutes earlier,• you would have met her.• --You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put

on more clothes.

• --Things might have been much worse if the mother __ on her right to keep the baby.

• A. has been insisting B. had insisted • C. would insist D. insisted

• Answer: B

Lecture9 Subjunctive Mood

• 3) The future conditional

• if- clause main clause

• did

• were to do would / should / might do

• should do

--If it were to rain / should rain the football match would be cancelled.

--Jon doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she ___ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.

A.has to get B. had got C. were to get D. could have got.

Answer: C

3) The future conditional


• Note: Sometimes we can leave off “if” in if-clause, and put “were, had, should, could” before the subject.

• -- Should it rain/ Were it to rain,

• the football match would be cancelled.

• --Had I got up earlier, I could have caught the earlier bus.


• ____before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.

• A. had they arrived

• B. were they arriving

• C. would they arrive

• D. Were they to arrive

• Answer: D

4) Conditional sentences of mixed time

• -- If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would be quite well now.

• --If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we ___ a terrible time tomorrow.

• A. would have B. shall have • C. would have had D. should have had• Answer: A

Conditional Sentences of mixed time

-- If he were not careless, • he wouldn’t have made such a mistake.

• -- If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you __ now.

• A. wouldn’t be smiling • B. won’t smile• C. couldn’t have smiled • D. didn’t smile• Answer: A

Lecture 9 Subjunctive Mood• Exercises • 1. Complete the sentences by using the

correct forms of the given words.

• 1) If you play with matches, you___ (burn) your fingers.

• 2) If you broke this window, you ____(have to )pay for it.

• 3) If you _____(not apologize), he will never speak to you again.

• 4) He___( enjoy) this If he ___(be) present

• 5) He___( enjoy) this If he ___(be) present at that time

• 6) If you had told me about it earlier, I ____(be able to) to help you.

• 7) If you ____ (can, come) with us, we would have been pleased.

• 8) If I ___(be) in your position, I would have acted differently

• 9). If you ____(can )help me, I would be grateful.

• 10) If you ____ (can, make) him change his mind, you would have saved him much trouble.


• Answer• 1) will burn ; 2)would have to• 3) don’t apologize; • 4) would enjoy ;were• 5) Would have enjoyed , had been • 6) would be able to • 7) could have come • 8) had been 9) could• 10)could have made


2. Sentence of implied condition.1) Subjunctive sentence introduced by Prepositional phrase with, without , but for ,given etc

--Without air, there would be no living things.

• ( if there were no air)

--But for the traffic jam, we would have arrived long ago.

2) Subjunctive sentence introduced by but , but that , or, otherwise

--I would have let you know by letter, but there was no time.

--But that I saw it, I could not have believed it.

--Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich.

--He could have got the job, but he didn’t apply for it.

2. Sentence of implied condition.

• 2) Subjunctive sentence introduced by but , but that , or, otherwise.

• Such sentences have the feature of their own, that is, they are the combination of indicative mood and subjunctive mood.

• --I’m really busy, otherwise, I would certainly go with you.

• Lecture 9 Subjunctive Mood


• 1) Suppose / supposing

•

• Conditional clause introduced by

• Suppose / supposing can be contrary to the present time or future time


• 1) Suppose / supposing

•

• Suppose / Supposing it rained,

• we would still go.

• Suppose you had not taken those measures, what would have happened?

1) Suppose / supposing

• Note: In the clauses introduced by suppose / supposing ,in case, can also be expressed in indicative mood.

• Suppose (supposing) you fail a second time, do not get disappointed, but try again.

• In case you can’t come, be sure to

• let me know in time.

2) It’s (about, high) time … ( did )

• It’s high time you realized that you are not

• the one who can do everything.• (你该认识到你并非无所不能。 )

• It’s time you were taught to become yourself.

(1) How I wish you would be able to come here for another visit.

(2) Sometimes I wish I were living in a different time and a different place.

(3) How I wish I had a memory as good as yours.

3) I wish … did / were had done

4) as if / though … did had done

• I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.

• They talked as if they had been friends for years.

• He talks as if he were a professor.

5) If only… did had done

-- If only I were still young.

-- If only he didn’t come!

If only I had not it! both sides accept the agreement ____ a lasting peace be established in this region.

(TEM,2004, 50)A. Only if , will B. If only , would C. Should , will D. Unless, would

Answer: A

would rather did 6) would sooner

had rather had done

I would sooner he didn’t stay there too long.

I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.

7) lest, in case, for fear that (should+ v.)唯恐，以免

• He took a rain coat with him lest it should rain.

• He put his coat over the child for fear that /lest he should catch cold)

• Here’s some money in case you should need.

8) Whatever, whoever, no matter what… may + V.

– Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.

– No matter what you may say, I am determined to do what I think is right.

9) Had hoped

• expresses that sth. hadn’t been fulfilled in the past

• I had hoped that he would stay longer.

• His father had hoped that he would go into business with him.

• .

• 10) In clause of condition or clause of

• concession

• In clause of condition or clause of

• concession base form of the verb is used

• to express hypothesis or predication.

4. In clause of condition or clause of concession

• -If the rumor be true, everything is possible.• - Though everyone desert you, I will not.• -Whether he be alive or dead, we should find him.

---If he be found guilty, John shall have the right of appeal.

• -Whatever be his defense, we cannot • tolerate his disloyalty.

5. In certain formulaic expression ( base form of the verb）

• to express a wish, prayer, curse, etc.

• The formulaic use of the be-subjunctive

• tends to be formal and old –fashioned in style

• Long live the People’s Republic of China!

Suffice it to say that the open policy will remain unchanged.

（我只需说…就够了）Far be it from me to spoil the fun.

( 我极不情愿扫大家的兴 )He will remain here if need be.

Home is home, be it ever so homely.God damn you! （该死的！）Heaven forbid!( 天理难容！ )

So be it ( 但愿如此 )

5. In certain formulaic expression

6. Subjunctive Mood in Nominal Clauses

• Subjunctive Mood in Nominal Clauses

• Subject-clause 主语从句• Object -clause 宾语从句• Predicative -clause 表语从句• Appositive-clause 同位语

6. Subjunctive Mood in Nominal Clauses

• Nominal Clauses, also known as noun clauses can perform most functions of a noun phrase.

• This kind of clause is usually introduced

• by “that” or by a wh-word as

• who, what, which, where, when,

• how, why, etc.

• 1) Subjunctive mood In Object clause

• Subjunctive mood is commonly used in that-clause to express a command, decision, suggestion, etc.

• Verbs: advice, ask, order, beg,

• request, command, decide, demand, desire, determine, insist, suggest, propose, maintain, prefer, resolve, urge ,recommend, vote etc.

1) Subjunctive mood In Object clause

• The teacher demanded that the exam_____ before eleven.

• A. would be finished B. must be finished• C. be finished. D. was finished• Answer: C• The boss requires that Amy ____ at the

company by eight.• A. is B. would be C. be D. will be• Answer: C

Note: when the verb “insist” “suggest” means can be used in indicative mood , but has meanings other than

suggestion.

---He insisted that he was not involved in the case.

--His pale face suggested that he was ill.

All the facts suggest that he is not guilty.

1) Subjunctive mood In Object clause

2) Subjunctive mood in subject clause

• In In it is +adj./ -edit is +adj./ -ed structure indicates order, surpr structure indicates order, surprise, pityise, pity

• Adjectives : Adjectives : important, necessary, impossible,important, necessary, impossible,• obligatory(obligatory( 必须的必须的 ),advisable, appropriate, ),advisable, appropriate,

• desirable, essential, fitting(desirable, essential, fitting( 适合的，恰当的适合的，恰当的 ) ,) ,• • imperative(imperative( 必须的，命令的必须的，命令的 ); desired, arranged,); desired, arranged,

• proposed, requested, suggested ect.proposed, requested, suggested ect.

2) Subjunctive mood in subject clause

• It is desirable that he should attend the conference.

• I thought it advisable that an armed guard stand in readiness.

• It was arranged that she leave the next week.

• 3) Subjunctive mood appositive clause and

• Predicative clause

nouns: advice, demand, order, necessity,

resolution, decision, proposal, requirement,

suggestion, idea, recommendation, request,

plan, motion ect.

• --His order that the troops withdraw at once • was carried at out.

• --The demand is that manuscripts be written on one side only.

• --What the workers insisted on was that they ____

• more pay.

• A. should give B. be given • C. would be given D. were given

Exercises chosen from ECT-band4 and TEM

(1) ____ their help, we would not have succeeded(TEM,1992)A. Hadn’t been for B. Had it not been forC. It hadn’t been for D. Had not it been for

(2) Home is home , _____ ever so homely. (TEM,1992) A. It is B. is were C. be it D. it be

(3) It was recommended that passengers ____ smoke during the flight. (TEM,1994)A. not B. need not C. could not D, would


• (4) ____ your timely advice, I would never

• have known how to go about the work.• ( TEM,1994)• A. unless B. But for • C. Except for D. Not for• (5) We could ____ him with a detached house • when he came, but he had specifically asked • for a mall flat. (TEM,1995,62)• A. provide B. have provided • C. not provide D. not have provided

(6)_______, He would not have recovered so quickly (TEM,1995,65)

A. Hadn’t he been taken good care ofB. Had he not been taken good care ofC. Had not he been taken good care ofD. Had he been not taken good care of

(7) All of us would have enjoyed the party much moreif there ___ quite such a crowd of people. (TEM, 2000, 49)

A. weren’t B. hasn’t been C. hadn’t been D. wouldn’t be

(8) He _____ unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful. (TEM,1999, 48) A. may have acted B. must have acted C. should act D. would act.

(9)If you have really been studying English for long, it’s about time you ____ able to write letters in English. (TEM,1999, 49)A. should be B. were C. must be D. are

(10) That was not the first time he ___ us. I think it’s high time we ___ strong actions against him. (TEM,2005, 60)A. betrayed… take B. had betrayed… tookC. has betrayed…took D. has betrayed … take

(11) ___ you ____ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice. (TEM,2005, 63)

A. If , had B. Have, had C. Should , have D. In case, had

(12) If only I ____ 　 play the guitar as well as you! (TEM,2006, 52)

A. would B. could C. should D. might.

(13) It’s high time we _____ cutting down the rainforests.(TEM,2006, 54)

A. stopped B. had to stop C. shall stop D. stop

(14) Loud speakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone ______ an opportunity

to hear the speech. (TEM,2006, 56)A. ought to have B. must have

C. may have D. should have

(15) I am surprised ____ this city is a dull place to live in. (TEM,2006, 57)

A. that you should think B. by what you are thinking

C. that you would think D. with what you were thinking

(16) It’s imperative that the government______ more investment

into the shipbuilding industry.( 造船业 ) (TEM,2006, 59)A. attracts B. shall attract C. attract D. has to attract

(17) ____ time, he’ll make a first –class tennis player.(TEM,1996, 42)

A.Having B. Given C. Giving D. Had

(18) ____ enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. (TEM,1998, 51)

A. Giving B. to give C. Given D. Being given

• (19) ____ if I had arrived yesterday • without letting you know beforehand? • (TEM,2004, 44)• A. Would you be surprised B. Were you

surprised?• C. Had you been surprised • D. Would you have been surprised• (20) ____ both sides accept the agreement __ a

lasting peace be established in this region. (TEM,2004, 50)

• A. Only if , will B. If only , would • C. Should , will D. Unless, would• Answer: 1-5 BCABB 6-10 BCABB• 11-15 CBBCA 16-20CBCAA

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Lecture 21 Subjunctive Mood Objectives: 1. Subjunctive mood with basic unreal conditional sentences 2. Subjunctive mood in sentences of implied condition