-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
1/23
Lesson: 1.1. What is .NET Framework?Ans:The .NET Framework is
the foundation on which we can design, develop, and deploy
applicatiot is the core of the .NET infrastructure. t e!ists as a
layer "etween the .NET applications and underlying operating
system. The .NET Framework summari#es much of the "asic
functionality, suchde"ugging and security services, which was
earlier "uilt into various programming languages.
2. What does .NET Framework consists of?Ans:The .NET Framework
consists of $e" forms, $indows forms, and console applications that
reo the presentation layer of an application. $e" forms are used in
$e"%"ased applications, wher
$indows Forms are used in $indows%"ased applications for
providing an interactive user interfaceaddition, we can create
character%"ased console applications that can "e e!ecuted from the
commne. &esides these three components, the .NET Framework
consists of two other components, thahe .NET Framework &ase
'lasses and the 'ommon Language (untime )'L(* .
3. Write short notes on:+ns: .Net Framework comprised of
following things: %Programming Methodoogies : The isual -tudio .NET
programming methodology allows for mi!anguage programming. This is
esta"lished through a 'ommon Type -ystem )'T-* that is defined
forhe languages that .NET Framework supports. +ll these languages
compile into an intermedanguage "efore they compile in native code.
Therefore, the .NET developer has the independencecode one module
of an application in one language and the other module of the same
application
another language.Patform Technoogies : ! The .NET Framework
includes platform technologies like +/.N+-0.NET, and &.NET.
+/.NET allows .NET applications to communicate with a data"ase for
retrievaccessing, and updating data. +-0.NET is a framework for
"uilding enterprise%class $e" applicatio&.NET is an
o"ect%oriented language that provides features such as a"straction,
encapsulation, apolymorphism. &y using these technologies, we
can easily develop ro"ust $e" applications, $indoapplications, and
23L $e" services."ode E#ec$tion : !The code e!ecution process
involves the conversion of ntermediate Language native
or'04%specific code. The 'L( is completely architecture%neutral.
+ll the .NET languages get compiled ihe L. This intermediate
language gets compiled "y 5ust%in%Time )5T* compiler into the
native mach
code. +fter translating the L into native code, the converted
code is sent to the .NET runtime manag
The .NET runtime manager e!ecutes the code. $hile e!ecuting the
code, a security check is performo ensure that the code has the
appropriate permissions for accessing the availa"le resources.
%. Which are the Patform technoogies s$&&orted '( .NET
framework?+ns: -ome of the platform technologies supported "y .NET
Framework are: 6+/.NET 6+-0.&.NET. 6+/ .Net is the technology
that is used to access the data"ases. .Net has improved that k
of programming significantly from an ease%of%use standpoint,
through some features. The net effec+/ .Net for the developer has
greatly simplified and enhanced capa"ility of programming
wdata"ases. 6nternet was the certainly one of the keystone of the
development of .Net, we understand from the name. The particular
part of the technology, which deals with nternet, is ca+-0 .Net.
The idea for developing s7w for the nternet can "e tricky. t
"ecomes trickier, if we are tryo have reasona"le amount of
programming logic sitting "ehind a we" page. 6+nother place where
.
has innovated is in 84ser nterface esigning9. t was started in
the world of isual &asic. 6n ',struggle with hacking code to
position our "uttons and our te!t "o!es, where as the isual "asic
uwere ust dragging them on the screen and putting them where they
wanted them. 6That9s the "eaof the tools that 3icrosoft has "uilt,
that work with those languages. 6The $indow programs under .Net,
which are designed visually, are called ;$in%Forms
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
2/23
+ns: &ackward compati"ility refers to the a"ility of a
technology to work with its previous versionwith other earlier
technologies. For e!ample, the +ctive irectory structure of $indows
=>>>"ackward compati"le with $indows NT ?.@1 and A.>.
-imilarly, the .NET Framework supports "ackwcompati"ility. t is
capa"le of running applications developed in isual -tudio on isual
-tudio .Net. e!ample, we can compile and run applications created
in isual &asic B.> in isual -tudio =>>@.
*. +ist o$t the ad,antages of .NET framework.+ns: The .NET
Framework provides num"er of advantages to the developers, which
are state "elow C. "onsistent Programming Mode: % Every programming
language has different approaches
doing a task. 66For e!ample, accessing data with a &
application and a ' application is totdifferent. + developer has to
know "oth different techniDues to do the task. 6The .NET 'lass
Li"rprovides the functionality to all .NET languages resulting in a
consistent o"ect model regardless of programming language used "y
the developer.. +ang$age -nde&endence : % Language ndependence
means the developer has the freedom
code one module of an application in one language and other
module of same application in otanguage. 6This language
interopera"ility can help in code reuse and improve the efficiency
of development process.ii. No ,ersioning Pro'em :% t makes
deployment of applications very easy. 6The .NET ensures tall the
components the application depends on are availa"le on the computer
"efore the applicat"egins to run.v. -m&ro,ed ec$rit( :% The
.NET Framework provides several mechanisms for protecting
resour
and code from unauthori#ed users: 66a./+-0.NET $e" +pplication
-ecurity provides a way to conaccess to a we" site "y comparing
authenticated permissions with File -ystem permissions for
proauthori#ation. './ 'ode access security uses permissions to
control the code accessing protecesources and operations. c./
(ole%"ased security provides information needed to make decisi
a"out user9s permissions.v. $&&ort for We' er,ices :%
$ith the advent of .NET technology, we" services provide many "n
&ase 'lass li"rary facilities, which open up a whole new world
of information for users. 6$e" servican provide everything from
"asic te!t news information to vital data"ase or application
informationvi. 0(namic We' :% ynamic we" content is easier to
create with .NET. +-0.NET and isual -tudio.Nallow developers to
create dynamic we" much easier than - and +-0 technologies.vii.
is$a t$dio .NET :%isual -tudio .NET is the 3icrosoft application
and interface for programmn .NET isual -tudio.6This development
environment has e!tensive set of ready to use controls, g
de"ugging facilities, easy and simple programming features and
vast set of .NET &ase 'lasses.
. 0oes .NET &atform s$&&ort 'ackward
com&ati'iit(? E#&ain.+ns: The .NET platform supports
"ackward compati"ility. t is possi"le for an application
compiledone version of the .NET Framework to run on a different
version of the .NET Framework. For e!ampwe can run applications
developed in isual -tudio =>>=7=>>? on isual -tudio
=>>@.The .NET platform supports "ackward compati"ility in the
following ways:
The .NET Framework =.> &'L supports "ackward
compati"ility with the earlier versions.
.NET supports ' "ecause of "ackward compati"ility. To run a '
code on .Net Framewwe need to include the following line at the
"eginning of the code: $sing 4mscori'.d
& applications can work on &.NET and +-0 applications
can run on +-0.NET "ecause"ackward compati"ility.
$e can easily reference '/3 components in.NET applications.
+esson 2:1. With a neat diagram6 e#&ain the .NET Framework
architect$re.+ns: The .NET Framework is the foundation on which we
design, develop, and deploy applications.
2
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
3/23
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
4/23
A. E!ecuting code: The 'L( provides the environment that ena"les
e!ecution as well as a varietservices that can "e used during
e!ecution.
. 8ow the .NET e#ec$tion en,ironment with a&&ication
domain differs from traditiona wof e#ec$tion?Ans: .NET e#ec$tion
en,ironment differs from traditiona wa( of e#ec$tion in
foowmanners:
a* f we are writing application in ' compiler or writing in
isi"le &asic, we need a isual &acompiler, even for ', we
need a ' compiler. &ut in .Net e!ecution environment, approach
taken here is that all of those compilers compile into this same
intermediate languag
"* The intermediate language is then compilers compile into this
same intermediate language.c* -o, it really doesn9t matter what
language we write our code in, it all compiles into santermediate
language.
d* 5ust%n%Time compiler only needs to understands one language,
not all of them,. t only needunderstand the ntermediate
Language.
e* t compiles it into native code and naturally, that does not
take place until run time.f* This process is completely automatic
and independent of how the program is coded.
%. 0efine the foowings:!"ommon T(&e (stem ;"T/ ! This is a
standardi#ed agreed set of "asic data types. This systprovides a
way for language interopera"ility. Language nteropera"ility means
that an o"mplemented in one language can call a o"ect implemented
in another language. n more general wyou can say that an
application can "e developed in two or more languages supported "y
.ramework. To make use of language interopera"ility feature, the
developers have to follow 'T-.
"ommon +ang$age &ecification ;"+/ ! The set of rules of
"asic language features has "defined to enhance and ensure language
interopera"ility is called the 'ommon Language -pecificat'L-*. The
'L- rules define a su"set of the 'T-.
"+9 !'ommon Language (untime )'L(* is also known as .NET
(untime. The code management undamental principle of the runtime.
The responsi"ility of runtime is to load the code, run the code
a
provide all kinds of services. The services provided "y .NET
(untime are as memory managemehread management, remoting, strict
type safety, ensure code security and ro"ustness.Managed "ode !The
code that is developed with a language compiler that targets the
'L( is camanaged code. 3anaged code is one, which is designed to
run on .Net environment. The code whuns in windows environment is
unmanaged code.ntermediate +ang$age ;-+/ % This is also called as
3icrosoft ntermediate Language )3-L*. ntermediate language is
analogous to the "yte code of 5ava. The significant difference is
that the "code in interpreted while the L is compiled "y 5T
compilation to native machine code. The L codenot the machine code.
The .Net (untime calls the 5ust%in%Time )5T* compiler to get native
machine crom L code. This feature makes the .NET platform
independent.NET
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
5/23
A&&ication 0omain ! + "oundary that the common language
runtime esta"lishes around o"ecreated within the same application
is "y means of +pplication omain. +pplication domain allodifferent
code to run in the same process space. ar'age "oection !The ar"age
'ollector frhe application from the responsi"ility of freeing
memory when no longer reDuired. 'L( calls ar"a
collector to handle memory efficiently.
). What are assem'ies? What are static and d(namic
assem'ies?+ns: +n +ssem"ly is the unit in which compiled managed
code is stored. +n +ssem"ly contains L ametadata. 3etadata gives
details of the assem"ly, properties and methods stored in it,
secunformation etc.
+ssem"lies can "e static or dynamic.tatic assem'iescan include
.NET types )interfaces and classes*, as well as reDuired
resourceshe assem"ly )"itmaps, 50E files, resource files, and so
on*. -tatic assem"lies are stored on disk iniles.0(namic
assem'iesare one, which run directly from memory and are not saved
to disk "efe!ecution. They can "e saved disk after they have
e!ecuted.
>. Write a note on Metadata.+ns: Metadata:% n earlier days,
it was not possi"le that s7w component7module ).e!e or .dll*
writteone language could get used in another module, which is
written in another language. The solutcame in the form of '/3
components are: 6The .Net Framework makes language interoperation
eeasier "y allowing compilers to put additional information into
all compiled modules and assem"l
This information is called 3etadata. 63etadata is "inary
information descri"ing the program. $hencompile our code into 0E
file, metadata is inserted into one portion of the 0E file, while
the codeconverted to L and inserted into another portion of the 0E
file. 6Every type, mem"er, which are defior referenced in a module,
is descri"ed within metadata. $hen code is e!ecutedG the runtime
lometadata into memory and refers it to get information a"out the
codes class, mem"ers, anheritance and so on. 63etadata allows .NET
languages to descri"e themselves in a language%neumanner. 6t gives
reDuired information to 'L( to perform much of its functionalities.
6The presenmetadata makes the assem"ly -elf%descri"ing file. 6The
'L( modules or components or otassem"lies, which want to
communicate with each other users, these information stored in
metadatperform their tasks. 6t stores information like: % a/
escription of the assem"ly9s operation.+ssem"ly dentity. c/
E!ported types. d/ /ther dependent assem"lies. e/ -ecurity
permissionsescription of types. g/ 3em"ers like methods, fields,
properties, events, nested types, etc.
+ttri"utes.
. What is the f$nction of "T? E#&ain the cassification of
t(&es in "T with a diagram.Ans:The 'ommon Type -ystem )'T-*
defines how types are declared, used and managed in untime. t is an
important for Language nteropera"ility. t performs the following
functions:
1* -tart a common framework that ena"les cross%language
integration, type safety, and hperformance code e!ecution.
=* 0rovides an o"ect%oriented model.?* efines rules that
languages must follow, so that different languages can interact
with e
other."assifications of t(&es in "T are as foows:
1. a$e t(&es 2. 9eference t(&es
5
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
6/23
a* alue types directly stores data invaria"le. alue types can "e
"uiltype, user%defined types, enumerations.
"* (eference types store a reference to the data9s memory
address. (eference types can "e descri"ing types, pointer types, or
interface types. -elf%descri"ing types are further split iarrays
and class types.
c* The class types are user%defined classes, "o!ed value types,
and delegates.d* +ll types derive from the -ystem. /"ect "ase
types.
1@. -t is tod that if we earn an( one .NET ang$age6 then working
with other .Nang$ages wi 'e eas(B. 8ow? E#&ain with the
a&&ro&riate e#am&e.
+ns: t can "e told that if you have learned any one .NET
language, then working with other .NETanguages will "e easy. This
is "ecause all the .NET languages rely on the same managed classes
of&'L for the same services. The same classes, methods,
parameters, and types are used for all thesystem services
regardless of any .NET language.Let us look at the following code
that writes to and then reads from a file:// Program in C# using
-ystemG using -ystem./G static pu"lic void 3ain)* H
-tream$riter sw1Inew -tream$riter)Jtemp.t!tJ, true*G string
tempstringIJKi, this is opalJGsw1.$riteLine)tempstring*G
sw1.'lose)*G -tream(eader sr1Inew -tream(eader)Jtemp.t!tJ*G
string
ilestringIsr1.(eadToEnd)*G
sr1.'lose)*G'onsole.$riteLine)filestring*G // Program in VB.NET
shared pu"lic su" 3ain)*
dim sw1 as -tream$riterInew -tream$riter)Jtemp.t!tJ, true* dim
tempstring as stringI JKi, thiopalJ
sw1.$riteLine)tempstring* sw.'lose)* dim sr1 as
-tream(eaderInew-tream(eader)Jtemp.t!tJ*
dim filestring as stringIsr1.(eadToEnd)* sr1.'lose)*
'onsole.$riteLine)filestring* end su"f we see, "oth versions of the
a"ove program are nearly identical. The synt
and use of -tream(eader, -tream$riter, and the 'onsole class are
identical, same methods, anddentical parameters.
Lesson: 3.
1. +ist o$t the im&ortant feat$res of "?Ans:-m&ortant
feat$res of " are:' is a stylish, simple, type%safe, o"ect%oriented
language.
' has the a"ility to "uild ro"ust system%level components due to
following features: 66 '/370latform support for e!isting code
integration. 66(o"ustness through gar"age collection and tsafety.
66-ecurity provided through good design. 66Full support of
e!tensi"le metadata concepts.' supports Language nteropera"ility
and 0latform ndependence due to following features:
66nteropera"ility with '/3 and .NET Framework services, through
tight .NET Li"rary &ase classes23L support for we"%"ased
component interaction. 66ersiona"ility.
6
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
7/23
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
8/23
another.The deegate t(&e:elegates are roughly similar to
function pointers in ', "ut they
ype%safe and secure.0reprocessor directives are used for
conditional compilation. No header f
are used in '.' operators: ' supports additional operators such
as is and type of. t a
ntroduces different functionality of some logical operators.The
3ain method is declared differe
rom the main function in '. The usages of the command%line
arguments are also differenMethod &arameters:' supports ref and
out parameters, which are used instead of pointerpassing parameters
"y reference.0ointers are allowed in ' "ut only in unsafe
mode./verload
operators is performed differently in '.trings:' strings are
different from ' strings.
oreach keyword allows you to iterate through arrays and
collections.No glo"al methods or varia"
n ': 3ethods and varia"les must "e contained within a type
declaration.No header files or include directives in ': The using
directive is used to reference types in ot
namespaces without fully Dualifying the type names. 0estr$ctors:
n ', you don9t have conover when a destructor is called "ecause
destructors are called automatically "y the gar"collector.
"onstr$ctors: 4nlike ', if you don9t provide a class constructor in
', a defconstructor is automatically generated for you. The default
constructor initiali#es all the fields to tdefault values.' does
not support "it fields.
Lesson: %1. Which are two different categories of t(&e in
"?+ns: There are two different categories of type in ' are C Gi.H
a$e t(&e Gii.H 9eference t(&e.1/ a$e t(&es:% They
directly contain data.Q The varia"le have their own copy of the
data.Q +
varia"le of a type always stores a data value of that type.Q
+ssignment to a value type varia"le creaa copy of the value "eing
assigned.Q -ome e!amples of the alue type are C char, int, float.2/
9eference t(&es: % The (eference type does not contain data "ut
they contain a reference to thvaria"les, which are stored in
memory. Q 4sing more than one varia"les, we can use reference
typesefer to a memory location. Q This means that if the value in
the memory location is modified "y
one of the varia"les, the other varia"les automatically reflect
the changed value.Q n reference type, it is possi"le for a data to
reference an o"ect of other derived type.Q +ssignmeo a reference
type varia"le, copies the address of o"ect.Q -ome e!amples of
(eference type are C
class, string, interface, array, delegate type.
2. What are ,aria'es? 8ow man( categories of ,aria'es are there
in "? 0efine each.Ans:+ varia"le is a location in the memory that
has a name and contains a value. The alue could
an integer, decimal, character, string. + varia"le is associated
with a data type that defines the typedata, which can "e stored in
a varia"le. aria"les can "e initially assigned or initially not
assigned.' varia"les are categori#ed in R categories they are:/
tatic ,aria'es: !+ varia"le declared with the static modifier is
called a static varia"le. There
"e only one copy of the varia"le, regardless of how many
instances of class are created. ii/ -nsta,aria'es: ! + varia"les
declared without the static modifiers are instance varia"les. iii/
Areements: !The array is a container that has a list of storage
locations for a specified type. Telements for a specified type of
an array come into e!istence when an array instance is created,
e!ist until there are no references to that array instance. i,/ a$e
&arameters: !0arameters arguments passed to the function. +
parameter declared without a ref or out modifier is a vaparameter.
+ value parameter e!ists until the function returns. v* 9eference
&arameters: parameter declared with a ref modifier is a
reference parameter. + reference parameter does create a new
instance, it points to the same storage location of the parameter
passed as an argume,i/ D$t&$t &arameters: !+ parameter
declared with an out modifier is an output parameteeference
parameter does not create a new instance, it points to the same
storage location of
parameter passed as an argument. &ut output parameter must
"e definitely assigned "efore unction returns. ,ii/ +oca ,aria'es:
!+ local varia"le is declared and e!its within a "lock,
statement, switch% statement, using statement. + local varia"le
is not automatically initiali#ed, thus no default value.
3. What is the im&ortance of a$tomatic memor( management?
E#&ain with e#am&e?
8
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
9/23
Ans:n earlier days, developers need to manage the allocation and
de%allocation of "locks of memowhich is known as 3anual memory
management. 3anual memory management can "e "oth timconsuming and
difficult.Q &ut in .NET Framework, 'L( provides a run%time
environment, which manages the e!ecution of cand provides essential
services like +utomatic memory management. Q +utomatic
memmanagement eliminates memory leaks as well as some other common
programming errors. Q n automatic memory management is provided so
that developers are freed from this "urdensome task+utomatic memory
management increases code Duality and enhances developer
productivity withnegative impact on either e!pressiveness or
performance.
%. Write a note on e#&ression and o&erators in ".+ns:
E#&ression:% +n e!pression is a seDuence of operators and
operands that specifies computatand assigns the result to a
varia"le. E!pressions are constructed from operands and operators.
Toperators of an e!pression indicate which operations to perform.
Exampes !or operators are "# $# %# Exampes !or operands are iteras#
'ariabes# and expressions.D&erators:% There are three types of
operators 4nary, &inary, Ternary. +pplication use
operatorprocess the data entered "y a user. /perators like and C
are used to process varia"les and returvalue. +n operator is a set
of one or more characters that is used for computations or
compariso/perator can transform one or more data values, called
operands, into a new data value. -oe!amples of /perators are
+rithmetic, +rithmetic +ssignment, 4nary, 'omparison, Logical
operators
*. What are em&t( statement and a'eed statements? Wh( are
the( $sed?
Ans:Em&t( statement: !+n empty statement )S* simply
transfers control to the end point of statement. t is used when
there are no operations to perform, "ut reDuire a statement. +n
emstatement can "e used when writing a while statement with a null
"ody and can also "e used to decla la"el ust "efore the closing
;< of a "lock.+a'eed statement: !+ la"eled statement is prefi!ed
"y a la"el. La"eled statements are permitte"locks. + la"el is a
name given "y the identifier. The scope of a la"el is the "lock in
which the la"edeclared. f two la"els have same name we get compile
time error. + la"el can "e referenced from gstatements within the
scope of the la"el. La"els and other identifiers can have same
name.
). What is an iterati,e statement? E#&ain foreach statement
with e#am&e?Ans: terative statements repeatedly e!ecute a "lock
of statements. Q The num"er of iteratidepends on the condition
represented "y &oolean e!pression. Q The "lock of code will "e
iterated u
he condition is true.Foreach statement: C + foreach statement
lets us iterate over the elements in arrays collections.Q The
elements of single%dimensional arrays are traversed in increasing
order of indstarting with inde! > to Length%1.Q The elements of
multi%dimensional arrays elements are traversuch that the indices
of the rightmost dimension are incremented first, then the ne!t
left dimensand so on to the left.Q Following e!ample uses a foreach
statement to iterate over the elements ofarray Cusing -ystemG class
ForEachE!ample H static void 3ain )* H intM arr Inew intM
H1,=,?oreach )int i in arr*
'onsole.$riteLine );alue is H>
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
10/23
Ans:+ock tatements: !The lock statement o"tains the mutual
e!clusion lock for a given o"ect,e!ecutes statements, and then
releases the lock. The e!ample is shown "elow Ce.g.: % static void
3aH + a I ...G lock)a* H a.0 I a.0 1G
Ising tatements: !The using statement o"tains one or more
resources, e!ecutes statementand then releases of the resource.
e.g.: % static void 3ain)* H using )(esource r I new(esource)** H
r.Func)*G
. Which are different 7$m& statements s$&&orted '(
"?Ans:ifferent ump statements supported "y ' are: %1/ G while )trH
if )iIIar.Length*
"reakG 'onsole.$riteLine )arMi*G 2/ "ontin$e tatements: ! The
continue statement is used to skip all the su"seDuent instructiand
take the control "ack to the loop.e.g.: % using -ystemG class
E!'ontinue H static void 3ain )stringM ar* Hint iI>G wtrue*
H
'onsole.$riteLine )arMi*G if )i U ar.Length* continueG "reakG 3/
9et$rn tatement: !3ethods can either return a type or not. + method
that does not returype must give its return type as 8void9. +
method that does return a type must name the tyeturned. + method
will stop e!ecuting and return a value when it reaches a 8return9
statement at a
point in its e!ecution. The type returned is given at the end of
such a return statementG its type mcorrespond with the type
specified in the method declaration. For e!ample, the following
piece of colustrates this point.
e.g.: % using -ystemG class E!(eturn H static int add )int a,
int "* H return a"G stavoid 3ain )* H'onsole.$riteLine )add)1,=**G
returnG %/Throw tatement: !$e can throw an o"ect if the o"ect is
either directly or indirectly derirom -ystem.E!ception. $e can use
throw statement in the catch "lock to throw the present o"ect
we can also throw a new e!ception of a different type. + throw
without any e!pression can only "e un the catch "lock. -uch a throw
reverts the e!ception that is currently "eing handled.*/ Tr(
tatement: !The Try "lock guards statements that may throw an
e!ception. The "lock govestatements that are enclosed within it and
defines the scope of the e!ception handlers associated w
t. f an e!ception occurs within the try "lock, an appropriate
e!ception handler that is associated whe try "lock handles the
e!ception.e.g.: % using -ystemG class E!ThrowTryH static int F )int
a, int "* H if )"II>*hrow new e!ception );ivided "y Pero
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
11/23
string 0 HgetG setG pu"lic delegate void EventKandler )o"ect
sendEvent+rgs*G
12. What is deegate? What is the $se of it? i,e e#am&e?Ans:+
elegate is a reference type varia"le, which holds the reference to
a method. Q This referecan "e changed at runtime, as desired.Q
elegates in ' allow us to dynamically change the refereo the
methods in a class.Q elegates are primarily used in ' programming
for implementing eve
and the call%"ack methods.Q There are three steps in defining
and using delegates: declaratnstantiation and invocation.e.g.: %
First declare a delegate "y following synta! C delegate void
-impleelegate)*G us
-ystemG class TestH static void F)* H
'onsole.$riteLine);Test.F
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
12/23
mem"er declaration does not reDuire the static modifier. e.g.: %
class 'onstant H pu"lic cont +I1G pu"lic const int &I+1G The
a"ove e!ample shows a class named 'onstants that has two pu"lic
constants.
3. i,e an e#am&e of fied mem'er.Ans: + field is a mem"er
that represents a varia"le associated with an o"ect or class.Q The
fields nitiali#ed at some point "efore they are used, "ut after
this initiali#ation they can "e changed.e.g.: ! class 'olor H
internal ushort red0artG internal ushort "lue0artG internal
ushgreen0artGpu"lic 'olor)ushort red, ushort "lue, ushort green* H
red0art I redG "lue0art I "
green0art I greenG pu"lic static 'olor (ed I new 'olor)>!FF,
>, >*G pu"lic static 'olor &lue I new 'olor)>,
>!FF, >*Gpu"lic static 'olor reen I new 'olor)>, >,
>!FF*G pu"lic static 'olor $hite I new 'olor)>!FF,
>!>!FF*G n the abo'e exampe# the +oor cass has the !ieds,
redPart# buePart# greenPart# -ed# ue# /reen# and 0hite.
%. With a&&ro&riate e#am&es e#&ain
&arameter &assing in ".Ans: n ', parameter can "e passed
either '( ,a$e or '( reference. 0assing parameterseference allows
function mem"ers )methods, properties, inde!ers, operators and
constructors*
change the value of the parameters and have that change persist.
To pass a parameter "y referenuse the ref or out keyword.e.g.: n
the following e!ample, it is not the value of mynt that is passedG
rather, a reference to my
s passed. The parameter ! is not an intG it is a reference to an
int. therefore, when ! is sDuared inshe method, what actually gets
sDuared is what ! refers to: mynt. 4sing -ystemG
c0arameter0assingal&y(ef H static void -Duaret)ref int !* H !
6I!G'onsole.$riteLine);The value inside the method: H><
,mynt*G -Duaret)ref mynt*G'onsole.$riteline);The value after
calling the method: H>*
12
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
13/23
H temp I temp.Ne!tG inde! X XG return tempG pu"lic o"ect
thisMint indH get Hf )Yalidnde!)inde!** throw new E!ception);nde!
out of range.
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
14/23
operator\ keyword. /perator overloading allows user%defined
types such as structures and classesuse overloaded operators for
easy manipulation of their o"ects. /perator overloading can "e
achie"y defining the static mem"er functions using the operator
keyword.using -ystemG pu"lic struct 'omple!+dd H pu"lic int rG
pu"lic int imgG pu"lic 'omple!)innt img* Hthis.r I rG this.img I
imgG pu"lic static 'omple!+dd operator )'omple!+dd c1, 'omple!+
c=* Heturn new 'omple!+dd)c1.r c=.r, c1.img c=.img*G pu"lic
override string To-tring)* Hreturn)-tring.Format)JH> H1iJ, r,
img**G pu"lic static void 3ain)* H 'omple!+dd var
new 'omple!+dd)@,?*G
'omple! var= I new 'omple!)B,=*G 'omple!+dd total I var1 var=G
'onsole.$riteLine)JFcomple! num"er:
H>J,var1*G'onsole.$riteLine)J-econd comple! num"er:
H>J,var=*G 'onsole.$riteLine)JThe sum of the
num"ers: H>J,total*G n this program uses operator overloading
to create a comple! num"er class 'omple!+dd that deficomple!
addition. The program displays imaginary and the real parts of the
num"ers and the additesult using an override of the To-tring
method.
Lesson: B1. What is a &re&rocessor? What does the if6
ese6 eif6 endif6 define6 $ndwarning6 error6 and ine directi,es do?
i,e e#am&es for each.+ns: Pre&rocessor:$hile the compiler
does not have a separate preprocessor, the directives processed as
if there was a preprocessor. These directives are used during
conditional compilat4nlike ' and ' directives, we cannot use these
directives to create macros. + preprocessor direcmust "e the only
instruction on a line.if:%if, "egins a conditional directive for
testing a sym"ol, to see if they evaluate to true. f theyevaluate
to true, the compiler evaluates all the code "etween the if and the
ne!t correspond
directive. The following operators can also "e used to evaluate
multiple sym"ols, like: II )eDuasym"ol*,YI )ineDuality sym"ol*, ]]
)and sym"ol*, ^^ )or sym"ol*e.g.:%define E&4 define 'B using
-ystemG pu"lic class 3y'lass H pustatic void 3ain)* H
if )E&4 ]] Y'B* 'onsole.$riteLine)JE&4 is definedJ*G
elif )YE&4 ]] 'B*'onsole.$riteLine)J'B is definedJ*G elif
)E&4 ]] 'B* 'onsole.$riteLine)JE&
and 'B are definedJ*Gelse 'onsole.$riteLine)JE&4 and 'B are
not definedJ*G endif
ese:%else, creates a compound conditional directive, such that,
if none of the e!pressions in preceding if or elif directives did
not evaluate to true, the compiler will evaluate all code "etwelse
and the su"seDuent endif.e.g.: %%define E&4 define 'B using
-ystemG pu"lic class 3y'lass H pu
static void 3ain)* Hif )E&4 ]] Y'B*
'onsole.$riteLine)JE&4 is defined
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
15/23
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
16/23
%. What is threading? +ist o$t the ad,antages and disad,antages
of m$ti&e threads.+ns: Threading is defined as the e!ecution
path of a program. Threads are used to run applications tperform
large and comple! computations. Threads are the "asic unit to which
an operating systallocates processor time, and more than one thread
can run inside that process. Ad,antageM$ti&e threads:% 6'an
communicate over a network, to a $e" server and to a data"ase. 6
0erfooperations that take a large amount of time. 6 istinguish
tasks of varying priority. For e!ample, a hpriority thread manages
time%critical tasks, and a low%priority thread performs other
tasks. 6 +llow user interface to remain responsive, while
allocating time to "ackground tasks. 0isad,antageM$ti&e
threads: % 63emory reDuirement for the conte!t information reDuired
"y process
+pplication omain o"ects, and threads. Therefore, the num"er of
processes, +pplication omo"ects, and threads which can "e created
is limited "y memory availa"ility. 6 _eeping track of a lanum"er of
threads consumes significant processor time. f there are too many
threads, then there not "e any significant advantage of threads. 6
'ontrolling e!ecution of an application with mhreads can "e a
source of many "ugs and it is very comple!.
*. Write a note in +i'rar(
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
17/23
intint6 % &'(; ob)ecto % int6; try { intint7 %
int$o;Console.-riteine5nboxing 89.3
catc06nali!CastExceptione${Console.-riteine{23 Error: 6ncorrect
unboxing.4 e$;3 3
. What are the different methods s$&&orted '(
(stem.D'7ect cass? i,e an e#am&e each.+ns: Following are the
different methods supported "y -ystem./"ect: %
a/ The E$as Method: This is a common operation, especially for
searching and sortingcollections, it tests two o"ects for eDuality.
The EDuals method of the o"ect class providedefault implementation
that compares two reference type o"ects for reference eDuality.
following code snippet shows the use of the EDuals method:
e.g.:pu"lic static void 3ain)* Hstring str1I ;3ark
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
18/23
publicclass7agge!rrayTest { publicstaticoi!"ain$ { int
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
19/23
e!plicitly designed for data manipulation. The 'onnection o"ect
provides connectivity to a data souThe 'ommand o"ect ena"les access
to data"ase commands to return data, modify data, run
stoprocedures, and so on. The ata(eader provides a high%performance
stream of data from the dsource. Finally, the ata+dapter provides
the "ridge "etween the ata-et o"ect and the data souThe ata+dapter
uses 'ommand o"ects to e!ecute -L commands at the data source to
"oth load ata-et with data, and to update changes made to the data
in the ata-et "ack to the data source.
3. What is a data &ro,ider? E#&ain.+ns: + data provider
is used for connecting to a data"ase, retrieving data, storing the
data in a dataseading the retrieved data, and updating the
data"ase. There are two types of data providers:
a/ D+E 0< data &ro,ider: This type of data provider works
with all the /LE & providers, such-L /LE & provider, /racle
/LE & provider, and 5et /LE & provider. The /LE &
ataprovider classes are present in the -ystem.ata./le"
namespace.
'/ + er,er data &ro,ider: This type of data provider is used
to work specifically with3icrosoft -L -erver. + -L -erver data
provider is recommended for working with a 3icrosof-L -erver data
source, "ecause a -L -erver data provider allows fast access to a
data sourwithout going through an /LE & or /&' layer. The
-L -erver data provider classes arepresent in the
-ystem.ata.-Dl'lient namespace.
The .NET data provider is designed to "e lightweight, creating a
minimal layer "etween the data souand application code, increasing
performance without sacrificing functionality. The four
maincomponents of .NET data provider: %1* "onnection: Esta"lishes a
connection to a specified data source. =* "ommand: E!ecute
command against a data source.?* 0ata 9eader: (eads a
forward%only, read%only stream of data from a data source. A*
0Ada&ter: 0opulates a ata-et and resolves updates with a data
source.
%. What is a data set? E#&ain+ns: 0ataset:% The ataset is a
memory "ased relational representation of data. + ataset is a
parthe disconnected environment. + dataset is a disconnected,
cached set of records that are retrievedrom a data"ase.
+/.NET supports scala"ility "y working with datasets. ata"ase
operations are performed on thedataset instead of on the data"ase.
The dataset acts like a virtual data"ase containing ta"les,
rows,
and columns. +n application works with the data"ase records
stored in the dataset. + ataset present in the ataset class in the
-ystem.ata namespace. The key components of a ataset are : 1*
0ataTa'e"oection : ! t contains all the ta"les retrieved from the
atasource.=* 0ata9eation"oection : ! t contains relationship and
links "etween ta"les in a ataset?* 0ataTa'e : ! t represents a
ta"le in the datata"le 'ollection of a dataset.A* 0ata9ow"oection :
! t contains all the rows in a datata"le.@* 0ata"o$mn"oection : ! t
contains all the columns in a datata"le.
*. Write a &rogram to show the demonstration of A0D.NET.Ans:
usingSystem; usingSystem.Collections.Ieneric;
usingSystem.Text;usingSystem.Jata.SKlClient; namespaceJemoFJ8FNET {
classProgram {taticoi!"ainstringSKlConnectionconnectionString$;
cn.8pen$;KlComman!cm! % ne>SKlComman!sSM4cn$; SKlJataGea!er!r %
cm!.ExecuteGea!er$;>0ile!r.Gea!$${Console.-riteine!r
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
20/23
6+ $e" service is ust "etween computer to compuapplications. 6 t
is like a program on one compucalling a method that e!ists on
another computer calling it through the nternet.6 + $e" service
does have user interface. + $e" service is designedinteract with
applications.6 $e" service or 23L wservice is ust a collection of
methods that can "e cafrom some other computer, from a remote
location. cloud in the middle of figure is the nternet. 6 The
regoes "ack to the consumer. To the consumer ther
very little difference from calling a method tharunning on the
same machine, "ut it is running at soother location on the
nternet.
2. 8ow does the we' ser,ice differ from we' &age?Ans:
Following are the differences "etween $e" 0ages ] $e" -ervices:
%We' Page:% + $e" page has a user interface. That is main part of
it. The $e" page, since it hauser interface, it interacts with
users. /n the $e"%page side, naturally, a $e" "rowser is the
client.We' er,ice:% + $e" service does not have user interface. +
$e" service is ust "etween compuo computer applications. t is like
a program on one computer calling a method that e!ists on anot
computer and calling it through the nternet.
+ $e" service is designed to interact with applications. t is
code that is going to call my $e" servnot some user "y clicking
some "utton. /n the $e"%service side, the client can "e anything
that seriali#e a reDuest and de%seriali#e the result that comes
"ack. /n the $e"%service side, its work ype of the client.
%. What is AP.NET?Ans: +-0.NET is an entirely new paradigm for
server%side +-0 scripting. +-0.NET is a unified $development
platform that provides the services necessary for us to "uild
enterprise $e" applicatio+-0.NET is largely synta! compati"le with
+ctive -erver 0agesG it also provides a new programmmodel and
infrastructure that allow us to create secure, scala"le, sta"le and
powerful applicatio+-0.NET is a compiled, .NET%"ased environmentG
and allows us to take full advantage of the featurehe 'L(, such as
type safety, inheritance, language interopera"ility and versioning.
+-0.NET has "e
designed to work with ;$hat Oou -ee s $hat Oou et< )$O-$O*
KT3L editors and otprogramming tools, including 3icrosoft isual
-tudio .NET.
3. With a neat diagram e#&ain the e,ent handing &rocess
of win formsOwe' forms.
OPageanguage%C#utoEent-ireup%true
Co!eHile%Jeault.aspx.cs6n0erits%FJeaultRJ8CTPE 0tml P5B6C
1//-(C//JTJ UT" &.2
Transitional//0ttp://>>>.>(.org/TG/x0tml&/JTJ/x0tml&1transitional.!t!Q0tmlQ0ea!Q/0ea!Qscript
language%C# runat%sererQoi! SubmitBtnFClicL8b)ect
sen!Eentrgse${"essage.Text % Ui D Uttp5tility.UtmlEnco!eName.Text$
D 4 T0anLsRRRRR ou 0electe!: D
Category.Selecte!6tem;3/scriptQbo!yQcenterQorm action%Jeault.as
met0o!%postrunat%sererQ0(QName:
asp:textboxi!%Namerunat%serer/Q
2)
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
21/23
Category:
asp:!rop!o>nlisti!%Categoryrunat%sererQasp:listitemQT8S/asp:listitemQasp:listitemQSP8GTS
96T/asp:listitemQasp:listitemQH8-EGS/asp:listitemQ/asp:!rop!o>nlist/0(Qasp:buttontext%ooLup8nClicL%SubmitBtnFClicLrunat%serer/Qasp:labeli!%"essagerunat%serer/Q/ormQ/centerQ/bo!yQ/0tmlQ
Each +-0.NET server control is capa"le of e!posing an o"ect
model containing properties, methand events. +-0.NET developers can
use such o"ect model to cleanly modify and interact with page.6 The
a"ove mentioned e!ample demonstrates how an +-0.NET page developer
can handle /n'lick event from the Uasp:"utton runatIJserverJW
control to manipulate the te!t property of
Uasp:la"elrunatIJserverJ7W control.6 n this e!ample, when this we"
form loads on the we" "rowhere is two La"el, one Te!t"o!, one
ropownList, one &utton.6 $hen the 4-E( select any it
present in the ropownList and click on the &utton, it
displays a message along with the name
he selected item from the dropdownlist.This event occurs due to
+-0.NET server controls which handle it.
*. What is the $se of AP.NET?Ans:+-0.NET is precompiled code so
it "ecomes very easy to use it in we" applications developme$e can
easily use the "enefits of these technologies, which include
managed 'L( environment, tsafety, nheritance, language
interopera"ility and versioning. +-0.NET provides a new
programmmodel and infrastructure for more secure, scala"le, and
sta"le applications. $e can write applicatin any .NET compati"le
language, including &.NET, ', and 5-cript .NET. evelopers can
easily use "enefits of these technologies, which include the
managed 'L( environment, type safety, inheritanand so on.
). Write a &rogram to dis&a( LWecome to AP.NET times in
increasing order of theiront siKe $sing AP.NET.
Ans: OPageanguage%C#utoEent-ireup%true
Co!eHile%Jeault.aspx.csn0erits%FJeaultOQ
RJ8CTPE0tmlP5B6C1//-(C//JTJ UT" &.2
Transitional//EN0ttp://>>>.>(.org/TG/x0tml&/JTJ/x0tml&1transitional.!t!Q0tmlxmlns%0ttp://>>>.>(.org/&@@@/x0tmlQ
0ea!runat%sererQtitleQ5ntitle!
Page/titleQ/0ea!Qbo!yQcenterQormi!%orm&runat%sererQ!iQOorinti%2;
iA;iDD${OQ ontsiWe%O%iOQQ-elcome to t0e SP .NET/ontQbr/Q O3OQ
/!iQ /ormQ /centerQ/bo!yQ/0tmlQ
. What is the roe of (stem.We'?Ans: The -ystem.$e" namespace
supplies classes and interfaces that ena"le "rowser and
sercommunication. This namespace includes the Kttp(eDuest class
that provides e!tensive informa
a"out the current KTT0 reDuest, the Kttp(esponse class that
manages KTT0 output to the client, he Kttp-erver4tility class that
provides access to server%side utilities and processes. -ystem.$e"
ancludes classes for cookie manipulation, file transfer, e!ception
information, and output cache contr
. Write a &rogram to demonstrate handing of ser,er contro
e,ents.Ans: OPageanguage%C#utoEent-ireup%true
Co!eHile%Jeault.aspx.csn0erits%FJeaultOQRJ8CTPE0tmlP5B6C1//-(C//JTJ
UT" &.2
Transitional//EN0ttp://>>>.>(.org/TG/x0tml&/JTJ/x0tml&1transitional.!t!Q0tmlQ0ea!Q/0ea!Qscriptlanguage%C#runat%sererQoi!SubmitBtnFClicL8b)ectsen!er4
Eentrgse${"essage.Text % Ui D Uttp5tility.UtmlEnco!eName.Text$ D 4
T0anLsRRRRR ou 0ae Selecte!: D Category.Selecte!6tem;
3/scriptQbo!yQcenterQormaction%Jeault.aspxmet0o!%postrunat%sererQ
0(QName: asp:textboxi!%Namerunat%serer/Q Category:
asp:!rop!o>nli!%Categoryrunat%sererQasp:listitemQT8S/asp:listitemQ
asp:listitemQSP8GTS
96T/asp:listitemQasp:listitemQH8-EGS/asp:listitemQ/asp:!rop!o>nlistQ/0(Qasp:buttontext%ooLup8nClicL%SubmitBtnFClicLrunat%serer/Q
asp:labeli!%"essagerunat%serer/Q/ormQ/centerQ/bo!yQ/0tmlQ
Lesson [:1. What is .NET 9emoting?Ans:(emoting is the process of
communication "etween different processes, regardless of whetherhey
are on the same or different computers. The .NET remoting system is
an architecture designed
simplify communication "etween o"ects e!isting in different
application domains whether or not on same computer. t also
simplifies communication "etween different conte!ts whether or not
in thesame application domain. t can also use 23L encoding when
interopera"ility with other remoting
21
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
22/23
systems is essential. (emoting was designed with security in
mind, so we can seriali#e streams order to secure them "efore they
are transported over the channel.
2. 8ow is .NET 9emoting different from We' ser,ices and
0"DM?Ans:The differences "etween .NET (emoting and $e" services are
listed as follows:
+-0.NET "ased $e" services can only "e accessed over KTT0,
whereas the .NET (emoting "e used across protocol.
$e" services work in a stateless environment where each reDuest
results in a new o"created to service the reDuest. .NET (emoting
supports state management options and identify multiple calls from
the same client.
$e" services seriali#e o"ects through 23L contained in the -/+0
messages and can thus ohandle items that can "e fully e!pressed in
23L. .NET (emoting relies on the life of the metadwithin assem"lies
that contain information a"out data types. This limited metadata
informatis passed a"out an o"ect, when it is passed "y
reference.
$e" services support interopera"ility across platforms and are
good for heterogeneenvironments. .NET (emoting reDuires the clients
to "e "y "uilt using .NET, which meanhomogeneous environment.
The difference 'etween .NET 9emoting and 0"DM is isted as
foows:
'/3 relies on a proprietary "inary protocol that not all o"ect
models support. t also wantscommunicate over a range of ports that
are typically "locked "y firewalls. Kowever, .N(emoting supports
different transport protocol formats and communication protocols.
This allo.NET (emoting to "e adapta"le to the network environment
in which it is "eing used.
3. E#&ain remoting architect$re.Ans:The remoting
architecture consists of the remote component, server, client, and
a transportatiomedium that ena"les communication "etween the client
and the server. These com&onents aree#&ained 'eow.
The remote component is the o"ect that provides services to the
client.
The server creates and register a channel, which is a
transportation medium, to listen at aspecified port. The server
also registers the remote o"ect.
+ channel is a transportation medium through which communication
"etween a server and aclient takes place.
The client reDuests for the services of a remote o"ect. + client
can choose the registered
channels on the server to communicate with the remote o"ect. NET
remoting system, the com"ination of underlying technologies
reDuired to open a network
connection and use a particular protocol to send the "ytes to
the receiving application arerepresented as a transport
channel.
A.With a neat diagram e#&ain the remoting &rocess.Ans:
-uppose we have an application running on one computer, and we want
to use the functionahat is stored on another
computer. The a"ove state shows the general remoting proce$hen
"oth the server and client are configured properly, a clcreates a
new instance of the server class. The remoting systcreates a pro!y
o"ect that represents the class and returns to
client o"ect a reference to the pro!y. $hen a client calls a
meththe remoting system checks the type information, and sends the
over the channel to the server process. + listening channel
picksthe reDuest and forwards it to the server remoting system,
whlocates and calls the reDuested o"ect. The process is then
revers
as the server remoting system "undles the response into a
message and the server channel sendshe client channel. Finally, the
client remoting system returns the result of the call to the client
o"hrough the pro!y.
*. E#&ain the ste&s or &hases in,o,ed in
im&ementing .NET remoting a&&ications.
22
-
8/13/2019 61(Finish)
23/23
Ans:The phases involved in implementing .NET remoting
applications are: 1* 'reate a remota"leo"ect: + remota"le o"ect is
an o"ect that inherits from 3arshal&y(ef/"ect. 2/'reate a
server toe!pose the remote o"ect: + server o"ect acts as a listener
to accept remote o"ect reDuests. 3/'reate a client to use the
remote o"ect: + client o"ect will connect to the server, create an
instancehe o"ect using the server, and then e!ecute the remote
methods.
). Write a &rogram to dis&a( L8eo Word string to
demonstrate .NET remoting.Ans: usingSystem;
usingSystem.Guntime.Gemoting;
usingSystem.Guntime.Gemoting.C0annels;usingSystem.Guntime.Gemoting.C0annels.Tcp;
namespaceGemoting {publicclassSample8b)ect: "ars0alByGe8b)ect {
publicSample8b)ect$ {3publicstringUello-orl!$ { returnUello -orl!R;
3 3 3
