6/10/2015 3:41:00 AM 1 CSE 307 COMPUTER GRAPHICS OVERVIEW OF GRAPHICS SYSTEMS GRAPHICS OUTPUT PRIMITIVES GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATIONS TWO DIMENSIONAL

04/18/23 08:31 PM 1

CSE 307 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

OVERVIEW OF GRAPHICS SYSTEMS

GRAPHICS OUTPUT PRIMITIVES

GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

TWO DIMENSIONAL VIEWING

THREE DIMENSIONAL VIEWING

PARAMETRIC CURVES

VISIBLE SURFACE DETECTION METHODS

ILLUMINATION MODELS

COMPUTER ANIMATION

Narendra V G CSE MIT

04/18/23 08:31 PM 2

Text Book:1. Donald Hearn, Pauline Baker M., “Computer Graphics with OpenGL”, Pearson Education, 3rd Edition, (2010)References:1.Edward Angel, “Interactive Computer Graphics- A top down approach using OpenGL”, Pearson Education, 5th Edition.2.Foley J. D., VanDam A., Feiner S. K., Hughes J. F., “Computer Graphics, Principles and Practice” , Addision-Wesley, 2nd Edition.3.Malay Pakhira K., “Computer Graphics Multimedia and Animation”, PHI Learning, . 2nd Edition.4.Amarendra Sinha N., Arun Udai D., “Computer Graphics”, Tata McGraw Hill publishing.

5.Er. Rajiv Chopra “Computer Graphics”, S. Chand & Company Ltd. 2nd Edition.


04/18/23 08:31 PM 3

Computer Graphics Applications


Computer Graphics is about animation (films)

Major driving force now

04/18/23 08:31 PM 4Narendra V G CSE MIT

Games are very important in Computer Graphics


Medical Imaging is another driving force

Much financial support

Promotes linking of graphics with video, scans, etc.


Computer Aided Design too


Scientific Visualisation

To view below and above our visual range


Graphics Pipelines

• Graphics processes generally execute sequentially• Typical ‘pipeline’ model• There are two ‘graphics’ pipelines

– The Geometry or 3D pipeline– The Imaging or 2D pipeline


04/18/23 08:31 PM 10

Computer Graphics ?


Computer Graphics

• Computer graphics deals with all aspects of creating images with a computer– Hardware– Software– Applications

1104/18/23 08:31 PM Narendra V G CSE MIT

Example

• Where did this image come from?

• What hardware/software did we need to produce it?


Preliminary Answer

• Application: The object is an artist’s rendition of the sun for an animation to be shown in a domed environment (planetarium)

• Software: Maya for modeling and rendering but Maya is built on top of OpenGL

• Hardware: PC with graphics card for modeling and rendering


Basic Graphics System

14

Input devices

Output device

Image formed in FB


CRT

Can be used either as a line-drawing device (calligraphic) or to display contents of frame buffer (raster mode)


Computer Graphics: 1950-1960

• Computer graphics goes back to the earliest days of computing– Strip charts– Pen plotters– Simple displays using A/D converters to go from

computer to calligraphic CRT

• Cost of refresh for CRT too high – Computers slow, expensive, unreliable



• Wireframe graphics– Draw only lines

• Sketchpad• Display Processors• Storage tube

17

wireframe representationof sun object


Sketchpad

• Ivan Sutherland’s PhD thesis at MIT– Recognized the potential of man-machine

interaction – Loop

• Display something• User moves light pen• Computer generates new display

– Sutherland also created many of the now common algorithms for computer graphics


Display Processor

• Rather than have the host computer try to refresh display use a special purpose computer called a display processor (DPU)

• Graphics stored in display list (display file) on display processor

• Host compiles display list and sends to DPU


Direct View Storage Tube

• Created by Tektronix– Did not require constant refresh– Standard interface to computers

• Allowed for standard software• Plot3D in Fortran

– Relatively inexpensive• Opened door to use of computer graphics for CAD

community



• Raster Graphics• Beginning of graphics standards

– IFIPS• GKS: European effort

– Becomes ISO 2D standard

• Core: North American effort– 3D but fails to become ISO standard

• Workstations and PCs


Raster Graphics

• Image produced as an array (the raster) of picture elements (pixels) in the frame buffer


Raster Graphics

• Allows us to go from lines and wire frame images to filled polygons


PCs and Workstations

• Although we no longer make the distinction between workstations and PCs, historically they evolved from different roots– Early workstations characterized by

• Networked connection: client-server model• High-level of interactivity

– Early PCs included frame buffer as part of user memory

• Easy to change contents and create images



Realism comes to computer graphics

25

smooth shading environment mapping

bump mapping



• Special purpose hardware– Silicon Graphics geometry engine

• VLSI implementation of graphics pipeline

• Industry-based standards– PHIGS– RenderMan

• Networked graphics: X Window System• Human-Computer Interface (HCI)



• OpenGL API• Completely computer-generated feature-

length movies (Toy Story) are successful• New hardware capabilities

– Texture mapping– Blending– Accumulation, stencil buffers


Computer Graphics: 2000-

• Photorealism• Graphics cards for PCs dominate market

– Nvidia, ATI

• Game boxes and game players determine direction of market

• Computer graphics routine in movie industry: Maya, Lightwave

• Programmable pipelines


Graphics Definitions

• Point– a location in space, 2D or 3D– sometimes denotes one pixel

• Line– straight path connecting two points– infinitesimal width, consistent density– beginning and end on points



• Vertex– point in 3D

• Edge– line in 3D connecting two vertices

• Polygon/Face/Facet– arbitrary shape formed by connected vertices– fundamental unit of 3D computer graphics



• Raster– derived from TV systems for a row of pixels– commonly referred to as a scanline– does influence algorithms – reducing memory

requirements, parallelism, etc.– is the derivation of rasterization, scan-line

algorithms


Summary

• The course is about algorithms, not applications

• Graphics execution is a pipelined approach

• Basic definitions presented


Programming with OpenGL

Basics

Objectives

• Development of the OpenGL API• OpenGL Architecture

– OpenGL as a state machine

• Functions – Types– Formats

• Simple program

Narendra V G CSE MIT 3404/18/23 08:31 PM

Early History of APIs

• IFIPS (1973) formed two committees to come up with a standard graphics API– Graphical Kernel System (GKS)

• 2D but contained good workstation model

– Core • Both 2D and 3D

– GKS adopted as IS0 and later ANSI standard (1980s)

• GKS not easily extended to 3D (GKS-3D)– Far behind hardware development


PHIGS and X

• Programmers Hierarchical Graphics System (PHIGS)– Arose from CAD community– Database model with retained graphics

(structures)• X Window System

– DEC/MIT effort– Client-server architecture with graphics

• PEX combined the two– Not easy to use (all the defects of each)


SGI and GL

• Silicon Graphics (SGI) revolutionized the graphics workstation by implementing the pipeline in hardware (1982)

• To access the system, application programmers used a library called GL

• With GL, it was relatively simple to program three dimensional interactive applications


OpenGL

The success of GL lead to OpenGL (1992), a platform-independent API that was – Easy to use– Close enough to the hardware to get excellent

performance– Focus on rendering– Omitted windowing and input to avoid window

system dependencies


OpenGL Evolution

• Originally controlled by an Architectural Review Board (ARB)– Members included SGI, Microsoft, Nvidia, HP, 3DLabs,

IBM,…….– Relatively stable (present version 2.1)

• Evolution reflects new hardware capabilities– 3D texture mapping and texture objects– Vertex programs

– Allows for platform specific features through extensions

– ARB replaced by Kronos


OpenGL Libraries

• OpenGL core library– OpenGL32 on Windows– GL on most unix/linux systems (libGL.a)

• OpenGL Utility Library (GLU)– Provides functionality in OpenGL core but avoids

having to rewrite code• Links with window system

– GLX for X window systems– WGL for Windows– AGL for Macintosh


GLUT

• OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT)– Provides functionality common to all window

systems• Open a window• Get input from mouse and keyboard• Menus• Event-driven

– Code is portable but GLUT lacks the functionality of a good toolkit for a specific platform

• No slide barsNarendra V G CSE MIT 4104/18/23 08:31 PM

Software Organization

Narendra V G CSE MIT 42

GLUT

GLU

GL

GLX, AGLor WGL

X, Win32, Mac O/S

software and/or hardware

application program

OpenGL Motifwidget or similar

04/18/23 08:31 PM

OpenGL Architecture


Immediate Mode

DisplayList

PolynomialEvaluator

Per VertexOperations &

PrimitiveAssembly

RasterizationPer Fragment

Operations

TextureMemory

CPU

PixelOperations

FrameBuffer

geometry pipeline

04/18/23 08:31 PM

OpenGL Functions

• Primitives– Points– Line Segments– Polygons

• Attributes• Transformations

– Viewing– Modeling

• Control (GLUT)• Input (GLUT)• Query


OpenGL State

• OpenGL is a state machine• OpenGL functions are of two types

– Primitive generating• Can cause output if primitive is visible• How vertices are processed and appearance of

primitive are controlled by the state

– State changing• Transformation functions• Attribute functions


Lack of Object Orientation

• OpenGL is not object oriented so that there are multiple functions for a given logical function– glVertex3f – glVertex2i – glVertex3dv

• Underlying storage mode is the same• Easy to create overloaded functions in C++ but

issue is efficiency


OpenGL function format


glVertex3f(x,y,z)

belongs to GL library

function name

x,y,z are floats

glVertex3fv(p)

p is a pointer to an array

dimensions

04/18/23 08:31 PM

OpenGL #defines

• Most constants are defined in the include files gl.h, glu.h and glut.h– Note #include <GL/glut.h> should

automatically include the others– Examples– glBegin(GL_POLYGON)– glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)

• include files also define OpenGL data types: GLfloat, GLdouble,….


A Simple Program

Generate a square on a solid background


simple.c


#include <GL/glut.h>void mydisplay(){ glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

glBegin(GL_POLYGON); glVertex2f(-0.5, -0.5); glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.5); glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5); glVertex2f(0.5, -0.5);

glEnd();glFlush();

}int main(int argc, char** argv){

glutCreateWindow("simple"); glutDisplayFunc(mydisplay); glutMainLoop();

}04/18/23 08:31 PM

Event Loop

• Note that the program defines a display callback function named mydisplay– Every glut program must have a display callback– The display callback is executed whenever

OpenGL decides the display must be refreshed, for example when the window is opened

– The main function ends with the program entering an event loop


Defaults

• simple.c is too simple• Makes heavy use of state variable default

values for– Viewing– Colors– Window parameters

• Next version will make the defaults more explicit


Notes on compilation

• See website and ftp for examples• Unix/linux

– Include files usually in …/include/GL– Compile with –lglut –lGLU –lGL loader flags– May have to add –L flag for X libraries– Mesa implementation included with most linux

distributions– Check web for latest versions of Mesa and glut


Compilation on Windows

• Visual C++– Get glut.h, glut32.lib and glut32.dll from web– Create a console application– Add opengl32.lib, glut32.lib, glut32.lib to project

settings (under link tab)

• Borland C similar• Cygwin (linux under Windows)

– Can use gcc and similar makefile to linux– Use –lopengl32 –lglu32 –lglut32 flags


To display window and line segment #include<GL/gl.h>#include<GL/glu.h>#include<GL/glut.h>void init (void){ glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,0.0) ;//set display-window color to white glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); //set projection parameter gluOrtho2D(0.0,200.0,0.0,150.0); }void lineSegment(void){ glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); //clear display window glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0); //set line segment color to red glBegin(GL_LINES);

glVertex2i(180,15); //specify line-segment geometry glVertex2i(10,145); glEnd(); glFlush(); }

04/18/23 08:31 PM Narendra V G CSE MIT 55

void main(int argc, char** argv) { glutInit(&argc, argv); // Initialize GLUT glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE|GLUT_RGB); //set display mode glutInitWindowPosition(50,100); //set top-left display window position glutInitWindowSize(400,300); //set display window width and height glutCreateWindow(“An Example OpenGL Program”); //create dis-win init( ); //Execute initialization procedure glutDisplayFunc(lineSegment); //send graphics to display window glutMainLoop( );//Display everything and wait}

04/18/23 08:31 PM Narendra V G CSE MIT 56

To display window and line segment

Documents

6/10/2015 3:41:00 AM 1 CSE 307 COMPUTER GRAPHICS OVERVIEW OF GRAPHICS SYSTEMS GRAPHICS OUTPUT PRIMITIVES GEOMETRICAL TRANSFORMATIONS TWO DIMENSIONAL