6065914 Stress Psychological Disorders Combined[1]

8/14/2019 6065914 Stress Psychological Disorders Combined[1]

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Week 8: OverviewWeek 8: OverviewHealth, Stress, andHealth, Stress, and

CopingCopingPsychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

TherapiesTherapies


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Health Psychology andHealth Psychology and

Behavioral Risk FactorsBehavioral Risk Factors

Health Psychology: Uses behavioralHealth Psychology: Uses behavioralprinciples to prevent illness andprinciples to prevent illness andpromote healthpromote health

Behavioral Medicine: AppliesBehavioral Medicine: Applies

psychology to manage medicalpsychology to manage medicalproblemsproblems

Lifestyle Diseases: Diseases related toLifestyle Diseases: Diseases related tohealth-damaging personal habitshealth-damaging personal habits

Behavioral Risk Factors: Behaviors thatBehavioral Risk Factors: Behaviors thatincrease the chances of disease, injury,increase the chances of disease, injury,or premature deathor premature death


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Ways to Promote HealthWays to Promote Health

Refusal Skills Training: Program thatRefusal Skills Training: Program thatteaches young people how to resistteaches young people how to resist

pressures to begin smokingpressures to begin smoking

Life Skills Training: Teaches stressLife Skills Training: Teaches stressreduction, self-protection, decisionreduction, self-protection, decision

making, self-control, and social skillsmaking, self-control, and social skills

Wellness: Positive state of good healthWellness: Positive state of good health

and well-being; more than the absenceand well-being; more than the absenceof diseaseof disease


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StressStress

Mental and physical condition thatMental and physical condition thatoccurs when a person must adjust oroccurs when a person must adjust or

adapt to the environmentadapt to the environment

Includes marital and financialIncludes marital and financial

problemsproblems Eustress: Good stress (e.g., travel,Eustress: Good stress (e.g., travel,

dating)dating)

Stress Reaction: Physical response toStress Reaction: Physical response tostress; Autonomic Nervous System isstress; Autonomic Nervous System is

arousedaroused


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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress;Series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress;

occurs in three stagesoccurs in three stages

Alarm ReactionAlarm Reaction Body resources are mobilized to cope withBody resources are mobilized to cope with

added stressadded stress

Stage of ResistanceStage of Resistance

Body adjusts to stress but at a high physicalBody adjusts to stress but at a high physical

cost; resistance to other stressors is loweredcost; resistance to other stressors is lowered

Stage of ExhaustionStage of Exhaustion

Bodys resources are drained and stressBodys resources are drained and stresshormones are depleted, possibly resulting in:hormones are depleted, possibly resulting in:

Psychosomatic diseasePsychosomatic disease

Loss of healthLoss of health

Complete collapseComplete collapse


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ImmunityImmunity

Immune System: Mobilizes bodilyImmune System: Mobilizes bodilydefenses like white blood cellsdefenses like white blood cells

against invading microbes andagainst invading microbes and

other diseasesother diseases Psychoneuroimmunology: StudyPsychoneuroimmunology: Study

of connections among behavior,of connections among behavior,

stress, disease, and immunestress, disease, and immunesystemsystem


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StressorStressor

Condition or event that challengesCondition or event that challenges

or threatens the personor threatens the person

Pressure: When a person mustPressure: When a person mustmeet urgent external demands ormeet urgent external demands or

expectationsexpectations


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Appraising StressorsAppraising Stressors

Primary Appraisal: Deciding if aPrimary Appraisal: Deciding if a

situation is relevant or irrelevant,situation is relevant or irrelevant,

positive or threateningpositive or threatening

Secondary Appraisal: DecidingSecondary Appraisal: Decidinghow to cope with a threat orhow to cope with a threat or

challengechallenge

Perceived lack of control is just asPerceived lack of control is just asthreatening as an actual lack ofthreatening as an actual lack of

controlcontrol


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Threats/StressThreats/Stress

Emotion-Focused Coping: TryingEmotion-Focused Coping: Tryingto control ones emotionalto control ones emotionalreactions to the stressful situationreactions to the stressful situation

Problem-Focused Coping:Problem-Focused Coping:Managing or remedying theManaging or remedying thedistressing situationdistressing situation


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FrustrationFrustration

Negative emotional state thatNegative emotional state thatoccurs when one is prevented fromoccurs when one is prevented fromreaching desired goalsreaching desired goals

External Frustration: Based onExternal Frustration: Based onexternal conditions that impedeexternal conditions that impedeprogress toward a goalprogress toward a goal

Personal Frustration: Caused byPersonal Frustration: Caused bypersonal characteristics thatpersonal characteristics thatimpede progress toward a goalimpede progress toward a goal


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Reactions to FrustrationReactions to Frustration

Aggression: Any response made withAggression: Any response made withthe intention of doing harmthe intention of doing harm

Displaced Aggression: RedirectingDisplaced Aggression: Redirectingaggression to a target other than theaggression to a target other than the

source of ones frustrationsource of ones frustration Scapegoating: Blaming a person orScapegoating: Blaming a person or

group for conditions they did notgroup for conditions they did notcreate; the scapegoat is a habitualcreate; the scapegoat is a habitual

target of displaced aggressiontarget of displaced aggression Escape: May mean actually leaving aEscape: May mean actually leaving a

source of frustration (dropping out ofsource of frustration (dropping out ofschool) or psychologically escapingschool) or psychologically escaping

(apathy)(apathy)


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ConflictsConflicts

A stressful condition that occursA stressful condition that occurswhen a person must choosewhen a person must choosebetween contradictory needs,between contradictory needs,desires, motives, or demandsdesires, motives, or demands


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Approach-Approach ConflictsApproach-Approach Conflicts

Choosing between two desirable,Choosing between two desirable,

or positive, alternativesor positive, alternatives


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Avoidance-Avoidance ConflictsAvoidance-Avoidance Conflicts

Being forced to choose betweenBeing forced to choose between

two negative or undesirabletwo negative or undesirable

alternatives (e.g., choosingalternatives (e.g., choosing

between going to the doctor orbetween going to the doctor or

contracting cancer)contracting cancer)

NOT choosing may be impossibleNOT choosing may be impossible

or undesirableor undesirable


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Approach-Avoidance ConflictsApproach-Avoidance Conflicts

Being attracted (drawn to) andBeing attracted (drawn to) andrepelled by the same goal orrepelled by the same goal or

activity; attraction keeps person inactivity; attraction keeps person in

the situation, but negative aspectsthe situation, but negative aspects

can cause distresscan cause distress

Ambivalence: Mixed positive andAmbivalence: Mixed positive and

negative feelings; centralnegative feelings; central

characteristic of approach-characteristic of approach-

avoidance conflictsavoidance conflicts


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Multiple ConflictsMultiple Conflicts

Double Approach-Avoidance Conflicts:Double Approach-Avoidance Conflicts:Each of two alternatives has bothEach of two alternatives has bothpositive and negative qualitiespositive and negative qualities

Vacillation: When one is attracted toVacillation: When one is attracted to

both choices; seeing the positives andboth choices; seeing the positives andnegatives of both choices and goingnegatives of both choices and goingback and forth before deciding, ifback and forth before deciding, ifdeciding at all!deciding at all!

Multiple Approach-AvoidanceMultiple Approach-AvoidanceConflicts: When several alternativesConflicts: When several alternativeshave positive and negative featureshave positive and negative features


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AnxietyAnxiety

Feelings of tension, uneasiness,Feelings of tension, uneasiness,

apprehension, worry, andapprehension, worry, and

vulnerabilityvulnerabilityWe are motivated toWe are motivated to avoidavoid

experiencing anxietyexperiencing anxiety


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Work by avoiding, denying, orWork by avoiding, denying, or

distorting sources of threat or anxietydistorting sources of threat or anxiety If used short term, can help us getIf used short term, can help us get

through everyday situationsthrough everyday situations

If used long term, we may end up notIf used long term, we may end up not

living in realityliving in reality

Protect idealized self-image so we canProtect idealized self-image so we can

live with ourselveslive with ourselves

Freudian Defense MechanismsFreudian Defense Mechanisms

Defense Mechanisms: Habitual andDefense Mechanisms: Habitual and

unconscious (in most cases)unconscious (in most cases)psychological processes designed topsychological processes designed to

reduce anxietyreduce anxiety


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Freudian Defense Mechanisms:Freudian Defense Mechanisms:

Denial: Most primitive; denying reality;Denial: Most primitive; denying reality;usually occurs with death and illnessusually occurs with death and illness

Repression: When painful memories,Repression: When painful memories,anxieties, and so on are held out of ouranxieties, and so on are held out of ourawarenessawareness

Reaction Formation: Impulses are repressedReaction Formation: Impulses are repressedand the opposite behavior is exaggeratedand the opposite behavior is exaggerated

Projection: When ones own feelings,Projection: When ones own feelings,shortcomings, or unacceptable traits andshortcomings, or unacceptable traits and

impulses are seen in others; exaggeratingimpulses are seen in others; exaggeratingnegative traits in others lowers anxietynegative traits in others lowers anxiety

Rationalization: Justifying personal actionsRationalization: Justifying personal actionsby giving rational but false reasons for themby giving rational but false reasons for them


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DepressionDepression

State of feeling despondent defined byState of feeling despondent defined byfeelings of powerlessness andfeelings of powerlessness and

hopelessnesshopelessness

One of the most common mentalOne of the most common mentalproblems in the worldproblems in the world

Some symptoms: Loss of appetite or sexSome symptoms: Loss of appetite or sex

drive, decreased activity, sleeping toodrive, decreased activity, sleeping too

muchalso other less knownmuchalso other less knownsymptoms.symptoms.


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How to Recognize Depression (Beck)How to Recognize Depression (Beck)

You have a consistently negativeYou have a consistently negativeopinion of yourselfopinion of yourself

You engage in frequent self-criticismYou engage in frequent self-criticismand self-blameand self-blame

You place negative interpretations onYou place negative interpretations onevents that usually would not botherevents that usually would not botheryouyou

The future looks grimThe future looks grim

You cant handle your responsibilitiesYou cant handle your responsibilitiesand feel overwhelmedand feel overwhelmed

Anxiety, self-medicating, also canAnxiety, self-medicating, also canindicateindicate


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HassleHassle

Any distressing day-to-dayAny distressing day-to-day

annoyance; a.k.a. microstressorannoyance; a.k.a. microstressor

Acculturative StressAcculturative Stress

Stress caused by many changesStress caused by many changes

and adaptations required whenand adaptations required whenone moves to a foreign cultureone moves to a foreign culture


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Psychosomatic DisordersPsychosomatic Disorders Psychosomatic Disorders:Psychosomatic Disorders:

Psychological factors contribute toPsychological factors contribute toactual bodily damage or to damagingactual bodily damage or to damagingchanges in bodily functioningchanges in bodily functioning

Hypochondriacs: Complain aboutHypochondriacs: Complain about

diseases that appear to be imaginarydiseases that appear to be imaginary Certain kinds of ulcers areCertain kinds of ulcers are notnot

psychosomaticpsychosomatic

Most common complaints:Most common complaints:

respiratory and gastrointestinalrespiratory and gastrointestinal


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Hardy PersonalityHardy Personality

Personality type associated withPersonality type associated withsuperior stress resistancesuperior stress resistance

Sense of personal commitmentSense of personal commitment

to self and familyto self and family Feel they have control overFeel they have control over

their livestheir lives

See life as a series ofSee life as a series ofchallenges, not threatschallenges, not threats

S MS M


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Stress ManagementStress Management Use of behavioral strategies to reduce stressUse of behavioral strategies to reduce stress

and improve coping skillsand improve coping skills

Progressive Relaxation: Produces deepProgressive Relaxation: Produces deeprelaxation throughout the body by tighteningrelaxation throughout the body by tightening

all muscles in an area and then relaxing themall muscles in an area and then relaxing them

Guided Imagery: Visualizing images that areGuided Imagery: Visualizing images that are

calming, relaxing, or beneficialcalming, relaxing, or beneficial

Stress Inoculation: Using positive copingStress Inoculation: Using positive coping

statements internally to control fear andstatements internally to control fear and

anxiety; designed to combat:anxiety; designed to combat:

Negative Self-Statements: Self-criticalNegative Self-Statements: Self-critical

thoughts that increase anxiety and lowerthoughts that increase anxiety and lower

performanceperformance

Coping Statements: Reassuring, self-Coping Statements: Reassuring, self-

enhancing statements that are used to stopenhancing statements that are used to stop

negative self-statementsnegative self-statements

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6065914 Stress Psychological Disorders Combined[1]