6.0 Fuels: Oil/Natural Gas

Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology

1/28/2010, Rev. 2.1.1

fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377

www.fit.edu/~fleslie

Rootsweb.ancestry.com

In Other News . . .

Chrysler developing ENVI plug-in hybrid vehicle drive for many models, but Fiat may own them by then

Large oil companies are under Federal ruling on January 20, 2009 in the Southern District of Florida because of ethanol-containing boat fuel. The fuel destroys fiberglass fuel tanks, absorbs water and phase separation. --- Maritime Reporter 1/27/09Lawsuit filed in Tampa to recover damages Jan.,

2010 --- could be huge settlementPres. Obama stated that he wants offshore oil

drilling in the State of the Union address, also nuclear plus weatherization of buildingsHigh speed rail at 168 to 180 mph in Florida

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6. Events: Oil and Coal-to-Liquids (CTL)

1955 South African Sasol CTL started1973 Arab oil embargo due to Israel-Egypt Six-Day

War1981 Saudi Ghawar field peaked at 5.7Mbbl/day1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait1991 First Gulf War3/19/2003 US invades Iraq2005 Kuwait’s second largest Burgan field

exhausted, 1.7Mbbl/day10/2008 Crude hits $147/bbl intraday high2009 Crude oil falls to $331/20/2009 Crude oil at $38, $46 on 1/23/09, $73

1/2010100124

6.0.1 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas

Petroleum or crude oil is a complex hydrocarbon mixture (mostly gasoline) that is refined to get its constituents or feedstock for chemical transformations

Oil (crude) and natural gas are often found in the same area, and thus are treated together in this presentation

Oil provides our principal transportation fuels of gasoline and diesel, while natural gas provides heating

Coal-to-liquids results in primarily gasoline-like fluids and is just mentioned here

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Quads normalize the energy

6.0 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas Reserves

Revised 030124

Ref.: National Energy Technology Lab. Why Combustion? CD_ROM

6.0 About This Presentation

6.1 Oil Consumption6.2 Oil Refining6.3 Natural Gas6.4 Natural Gas Turbine Peaking Power6.5 Oil/Gas Reserves6.6 Oil/Gas TransportationConclusion

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6.1 Oil Source and Sink Chart

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Source:   Oil Market Basics

http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/petflow.htm

Petroleum Flow,  2006(Million Barrels per Day)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/default.htm

6.1.1 Amount of oil to be produced and consumed

The World consumption of oil was some 74,500,000 barrels of oil per day in 2000

What does this large number represent, and how can we relate to it?[What do 2 million Mac hamburgers look like?]

Some interesting figures follow by permission of Jim Woodfin, former Chair of the Sierra Club Turtle Coast Group, Melbourne FL (January, 2003 group meeting)

100124 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/

6.1.1.1 Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

How can we relate to such large numbers?

74,500,000 Barrels Per Day (year 2000)3,129,000,000 Gallons Per Day130,375,000 Gallons Per Hour2,172,917 Gallons Per Minute36,215 Gallons Per Second

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6.1.1.2a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in West Brevard County

? Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Melbourne, Florida

Revised 030124

6.1.1.2b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in the St. Johns River?

? Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Melbourne, Florida

River Flowgallons/second

3,115 average

9,000 high

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Water digitally “replaced” with oil

6.1.1.3a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil ? Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Jacksonville FL

Revised 030124

6.1.1.3b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil ? Gal/Sec – St. Johns River @ Jacksonville FL

43,610 gallons/second

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A little too much!

6.1.1.4a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of OilHow Long to fill Lake Okeechobee?

(1,200,000,000,000 gallons)

Revised 030124

6.1.1.4b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of OilHow Long to fill Lake Okeechobee?

(1,200,000,000,000 gallons)

394 days

Revised 030124

6.1.2.1 Oil History – A chronology

Oil was first discovered in ancient times, and asphalt was used to caulk the seams of ships

1814 First oil well in Caldwell, Ohio discovered oil instead of salt water; Darn! (:-((www.aoghs.org

1829 Oil discovered in Burkesville KY; 50,000 bbls total; they wanted salt water − Why? Hint: foodhttp://www.fohbc.com/images/American%20Oil.pdf

1850 Samuel Kerr distilled oil shale to produce oil 1857 E. L. Drake hired to drill for industrial oil in

Pennsylvania 1866 First “gusher” in Texas 1866 PA oil was about $6 a barrel (~$35, 2004; $73, 2010) 1901 Lucas Spindletop “gusher” near Beaumont, Texas,

and “Big Oil” began

100128http://www.sjgs.com/history.html

6.1.2 Old Oil Well Field in Pennsylvania

http://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/08/gallery-the-worlds-first-oil-field/

See http://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/08/gallery-the-worlds-first-oil-field/ for a 3-D photo; adjust browser photo width to match your eye spacing, stare at infinity, and watch the well pop into 3-DThere are perhaps 20 stereopticon slides at this site

6.1.2.2 Oil History – A chronology

1901 Oil found in Louisiana 1905 Oil found in California 1920 Chevron-Texaco prospecting in the Middle East 1932 California Arabian Standard Oil Company found oil in

Bahrain 1938 SOCAL discovered oil at Damman, Kuwait In the 1950s, oil and natural gas replaced coal due to the

lower pollution and ease of use; natural gas predominated Oil is produced mainly in Saudi Arabia, Russia, and US Some important products are plastics, detergents, drugs,

fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, paint rubber, epoxies, recording disks, Crayons

Known reserves will be economically gone in mid-21st century (2050)

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6.2 Oil Refining

Crude oil contains many compounds; not homogenousRefining separates the various compounds by

evaporation temperature (fractional distillation)Conversion causes chemical changes to make a

different product by recombining the molecular chainsMethane (CH4), 1 C; propane, 3C; butane, 4C;

pentane, 5C; hexane, 6C; heptane, 7C; octane, 8COctane rating is percentage of octane mixed with

heptane and determines pre-ignition point in a standard engine (knocking is bad for the engine)

See http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm for a good animated drawing of distilling crude oil

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6.2.1 Crude Oil is A Complex Mixture!

The mixture contains many useful products that must be refined out of the crude oil

Distillate fuel oil is “diesel” oil or home heating oil

Gasoline, a complex mixture, is much of the barrel

090124 http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html

6.2.9 Will Oil Shale Save Us?

From Peoples Gas briefing to FECCColorado mined a lot in ~1970s before cheap oil returned

6.3 Natural Gas (NG) History – A chronology

6000-2000 yr BCE Gas seeps discovered in IranMarco Polo saw gas seeps in 1264 at Baku

"Eternal Fires of the Apsheron Peninsula“ http://www.sjgs.com/history.html#baku

1659 Gas discovered in England1815 NG found in US while digging a well for salt

brine1859 Fredonia Gas Light Co. formed (West New York)1860 Liquefied natural gas used as a portable fuel1885 Coffee roasted by NG and air flame1905 NG discovered in California1918 Texas well produced 70 million cubic feet of gas

per day

090124http://hearth.com/what/gashistory.html

6.3.1 Natural Gas Heating Values

State

Location Btu/cu. ft.

KS Leavenworth 964

MO Kansas City 967

LA Caddo Parish 1039

OK Park City 1076

CA Los Angeles 1108

TX Abilene 1129

OH Cleveland 1150

WV Charleston 1172

OK Kiefer 1272

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Zerban and Nye, 1952

Heat content affects the price(true of hot peppers, too! [see Scoville units])

6.3.2 Butane, Propane, Etc. Energy Densities

060115

Name Composition Btu/lb

Propane C3H8 21690

Butane C4H10 21340

Coke-oven gas 19320

Blast-furnace gas

1208

Water gas (coke)

mixture of CO and H2

6600

Gasoline C8H18 (C6H14 to C12H26) 20336

JP-4 jet fuel 95% kerosene 18725

No. 2 fuel oil C14H30 to C20H42 19440

Hydrogen H2 61100

Crude oil, Avg. US

mixture 19589Harder, 1982; Zerban and Nye, 1952

6.4.1 Gas Turbine Peaking Systemssuch as Oleander Energy Plant at Cocoa FL

$200M, 650 MW peaking plant west of Cocoa near I-95Located close to gas pipeline and transmission linesFive 150 MW aeroderivative gas turbines spin generators

(derived from aircraft engines)Muffled hot exhaust is directed straight up into the airA more-efficient design would use heat recovery steam

generators to cool the exhaust by making steamThat type of combined cycle plant would not qualify

under the previous PURPA law, so that wasn’t builtPURPA was intended for solar and wind energy systems,

but was written inadvertently such that other merchant plants could be licensed; “unintended consequences”

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6.4.2 Oleander Energy Plant -- 600 MW

090127

http://www.constellation.com/generation/oleander.asp

Now owned by the Southern Company

http://www.southerncompany.com/southernpower/pdfs/SP_Plant_Oleander.pdf

5 x 160 MW The turbine is directly

coupled to the generator and jointly turns at 3,600 RPM. The first four combustion turbines produce electricity at 18,000 volts before being “stepped up” in a transformer to 230,000 volts for transmission, while the 5th combustion turbine produces electricity at 18,000 volts before being “stepped up” in a transformer to 138,000 volts for transmission.

6.4.3 The Mighty Snow Natural Gas Engine

Photo by F. Leslie, 2003

This Snow engine ran on natural gas in a New Jersey water plant

It produced 400hp, less than some SUVs

It’s now in the Florida Flywheelers Museum near Ft. Meade, FL

(Sorry, I could only get the right end in the photo) Feb 24 thru 28, 2009 - 18th Annual Antique Engine &

Tractor Show www.floridaflywheelers.org/

6.5.1 Estimated Crude Oil Reserves

Production Oil in billion barrels to May 2009

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http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/2

hslu.wordpress.com/2009/08/13

6.5.1 US Imported Crude Oil --- 2003

Crude Oil Imports (Top 15 Countries) (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Country Nov-09 Oct-09 YTD 2009 Nov-08 YTD 2008

CANADA 1,984 1,858 1,927 2,028 1,949

MEXICO 951 1,015 1,099 1,296 1,192

NIGERIA 948 853 748 775 927

SAUDI ARABIA 837 938 998 1,487 1,514

VENEZUELA 809 879 983 1,080 1,040

IRAQ 458 499 460 476 636

ANGOLA 408 437 466 450 499

KUWAIT 287 104 188 292 207

BRAZIL 261 169 304 280 233

ALGERIA 219 327 272 381 319

COLOMBIA 216 282 261 160 181

RUSSIA 169 159 238 152 122

ECUADOR 150 174 182 222 210

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 136 32 95 124 75

LIBYA 116 67 66 63 71

100128 http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html

6.5.2 Estimated Natural Gas Reserves

Natural Gas in trillion cubic feet

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http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/sld015.htm

6.6 Oil/Gas Transportation

LNG is vented at ~100 psiNG is piped to customers

at ~0.5 psi

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http://www.kmss.no/www/01/wProd.nsf/AllWeb/14CE017B56B8367FC125694A006CE37D?OpenDocument

http://www.nkk.co.jp/en/jigyosho/tsu/text_02.html

Oil Tanker

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/lngtank.jpg

LNG Tankers

Conclusion: Oil & Natural Gas

Oil is an energy-dense liquid, easy to store and transport, and thus works well in vehicles

Many chemicals are made from oil, thus burning it may prevent a better, higher use for materials

Choices are made from the economics and cost of doing business; supply and demand sets prices

Natural gas is the feedstock for fertilizers, plastics, etc.97% of hydrogen is now made from natural

gasHow can enough hydrogen be made to replace

existing transportation fuels?090127

References: Books

Pickens, T. Boone. The First Million is the Hardest. NY: Crown Business, 2008, p. 136.

Harder, Edwin L. Fundamentals of Energy Production. NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1982.

Zerban, Alexander H. and Edwin P. Nye. Power Plants. Scranton: International Textbook Co., 1952.

Anon. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2002.

Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973.

Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991

Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5

Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136

Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4.

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References: Websites, etc.

Woodfin, Jim. Personal communication. Slides on oil rate from a Sierra Club meeting, 1/23/2003http://www.naturalgas.org/http://www.sjgs.com/history.html#bakuhttp://hearth.com/what/gashistory.htmlhttp://www.pa-roots.com/~clarion/books/caldwell/oil2.htmlhttp://www.koffeekorner.com/koffeehistory.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm a good animated refining processhttp://www.participate.net/files/syrianaDiscussion.pdfhttp://www.silverbearcafe.com/private/expectation.html______________________________________________________________________________-mailto:energyresources@egroups.com

www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon populationwww.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commissionwww.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22solstice.crest.org/dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

080121

Olin Engineering Complex 4.7 kW Solar PV Roof Array

080116

Questions?

Slide stockpile follows!

Older slides follow this one. Look at these if you have interest or time. It’s difficult to decide what to leave out of the lecture to save time!