5Report Final (1)

Home Automation System using Raspberry PI 2014-15

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION1.1 Overview

The Internet of Things (IoT) can be described as connecting everyday objects like

smart-phones, Internet TVs, sensors and actuators to the Internet where the devices are

intelligently linked together enabling new forms of communication between things and

people, and between things themselves. Building IoT has advanced significantly in the last

couple of years since it has added a new dimension to the world of information and

communication technologies.

The Internet has come a long way over the last 30 years. Old-fashioned IPv4 is giving

way to IPv6 so that every device on the Internet can have its own IP address. Machine-to-

machine (M2M) communication is on the rise, enabling devices to exchange and act upon

information without a person ever being involved. The scope and scale of the Internet have

changed as well: industry leaders predict that the number of connected devices will surpass

15 billion nodes by 2015 and reach over 50 billion by 2020. The challenge for the embedded

industry is to unlock the value of this growing interconnected web of devices, often referred

to as the Internet of Things (IoT), describing it as the ultimate tool in our future surveillance.

Fig 1.1: Internet of Things

Dept. of CSE, PESCE, Mandya Page 1


Fig 1.1 shows the environment of Internet of Things. Potentialities offered by the

IoT make possible the development of a huge number of applications, of which only a

very small part is currently available to our society. Many are the domains and the

environments in which new applications would likely improve the quality of our lives: at

home, while travelling, when sick, at work, when jogging and at the gym, just to cite a

few. These environments are now equipped with objects with only primitive intelligence,

most of times without any communication capabilities. Giving these objects the

possibility to communicate with each other and to elaborate the information perceived

from the surroundings imply having different environments where a very wide range of

applications can be deployed. These can be grouped into the following domains:

Transportation and logistics domain.

Healthcare domain.

Smart environment (home, office, plant) domain.

Personal and social domain.

At the edge of the IoT are the appliances and equipment we use every day. These

“things” are interconnected across an infrastructure or backbone using combinations of

ZigBee, sub-GHz, Wi-Fi or power line communications (PLC) connectivity to provide a

robust bi-directional communications link with relatively long range, low latency for fast

responsiveness, low power and a sufficient data rate to aggregate information from many

connected devices. This infrastructure also serves as the gateway to the Internet and enables

remote monitoring and control of devices by other networks, utility companies and end users.

Home automation or Smart Homes can be described as introduction of technology

within the home environment to provide convenience, comfort, security and energy

efficiency to its occupants. Adding intelligence to home environment can provide increased

quality of life. With the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT), the research and

implementation of home automation are getting more popular.



1.2 Problem statement

The objective of our system is to take care of several domestic systems that may

normally be difficult for those who are handicap or elderly to take care of. The proposed idea

will allow a user with any android enabled device to run a piece of downloadable software on

any mobile device such as a smartphones. This application will allow the user to control a

device that is connected to any home appliance that is Pi enabled. The focus of this

application will be to direct a security system with webcam surveillance, door sensor

notification and a light control system. Sensors will be connected to the home appliances

with Pi so that they can be monitored and controlled. Suppose an employee who has gone to

work and during this period a thief sneaks up into the house breaking through a window.

The proposed system would enable the client to monitor home when a door or a

window sensor triggers the alarm. Client monitors home with webcam and could

immediately inform local authority or a policeman. The Client could also check the status of

the outside light and turn on and off the light without the need to get out of bed. These

devices would also benefit users with limited mobility that may have a difficult time getting

to or even reaching their light switch. These objectives require a large amount of technology.

The user interface must be as simple and powerful as possible and operate in a self-organized

way.

1.3 Solution

Innovative designs were produced wherein a Magnetic Door Sensors, a Microsoft

LifeCam webcam and LED’s could interact with Raspberry Pi with help of an Android

Smartphone. These applications rely on the use of smartphones, microprocessors and

magnetic door sensors to collect signals through a wireless network to provide users with a

simple interface to interact with appliances in the home. The smartphone enables the user to

control the appliances using pre-existing devices such as their mobile phone. The interfaces

are intuitive and easy to use and provide the user with a more accessible interface than those

found in the home. The devices are also very easy to integrate into existing applications and

require only a small amount of expertise to install.



1.4 OBJECTIVES

The following lists of objectives must be completed with this in mind:

Raspberry Pi: A microprocessor will interface with the android module to perform

the automation. A simple microprocessor will receive signals from the smartphone

and it will be processed.

Develop Software Interface Mobile Device: An android application to be developed

using the ADT (Android Developer Tools) java platform for programs running on

mobile devices that communicates between pi and home devices easily.

Integrate the Sensors to a Device: The Raspberry Pi needs to be integrated with the

lighting, door sensors and webcam control systems at a low cost with easy

installation.

Conduct Experiments and Analyse Data: Using the mobile device and the

appliance controller, conduct tests on usability and product range for a home

environment.

1.5 Existing system

Most commercially available home automation systems are all-in-one solutions which

require that all controllable appliances are from the same company, or must be approved as

compatible with said company’s system. Moreover these systems normally come with a

proprietary, dedicated device which acts as the control center. To control the system from

multiple locations, additional control devices must be purchased. These complex systems

usually need to be integrated when the building is constructed and must be planned in

advance. They are also difficult to upgrade or replace once installed. The overall investment

adds up considerably and is financially infeasible in most cases. These drawbacks hinder the

popularity of such systems.

1.6 Proposed system

Every user who is experienced in the existing system may think of a system that may

add more flexibility and run with some common applications such as android. The proposed



system is designed in such a way to avoid the limitations of the existing system. The

proposed system supports more flexibility, comfort ability and security. This home

automation system is working with very popular android phones. It is having mainly three

components; the android enabled user device, a Wi-Fi router having good scalable range and

a raspberry pi board. Here the users have provision to control the home appliances through

android enabled device. This will improve the system popularity since there is no need for a

wired connection, internet etc. The instructions from the user will be transmitted through the

Wi-Fi network. The raspberry pi board is configured according to the home system and it

will enable the relay circuit as per user request. The relay circuit can control the home

appliances also. We can add appliances to the system which will boost additional security

features.

Advantages of Proposed system

The new system will provide the following features

It allows more flexibility through android device.

It allows a good range of scalability.

It provides security and authentication.

Additional vendors can be easily added.



CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Survey papers

1. 1Sarthak Jain, 2Anant Vaibhav [1] Proposed That Home automation is becoming more and

more popular day by day due to its numerous advantages. This can be achieved by local

networking or by remote control. This paper aims at designing a basic home automation

application on Raspberry Pi through reading the subject of E-mail and the algorithm for

the same has been developed in python environment which is the default programming

environment provided by Raspberry Pi. Results show the efficient implementation of

proposed algorithm for home automation. Here LEDs were used to indicate the switching

action.

The popularity of network enabled home automation has been increasing greatly in recent

years due to simplicity and much higher affordability. Introduction of technology within the

home to enhance the quality of life of its occupants, through the provision of different

services such as tele health, multimedia entertainment and energy conservation. This paper

presents a basic application of Raspberry Pi in home automation control through internet (E-

mail) where subject of the received e-mail is read by the developed algorithm fed into

raspberry Pi and system responds to the corresponding instructions. The presented system in

this paper is interactive, efficient and flexible according to the consumer needs. It

immediately replies the status of work done by raspberry Pi to the consumer.

2. 1Nausheen Belim, 2Harshada Bhambure, 3Priyanka Kumbhar, 4Simranjit Tuteja [2]

proposed the design of an automation system that uses switch and get to know status of the

home appliances by using computer and Zigbee wireless technology. Zigbee is a new

technology, whose goal is to eliminate wired connections between electrical appliances and

computer. Instead of connecting with wires, every electrical appliance has small Zigbee. The

home appliances are connected to the ports of the microcontroller board and their status are



passed to the home server. The combination of NetBeans and EmbeddedC is used for

monitoring and controlling software.

The home Appliances can be monitored and accessed remotely by user via SMS or EMAIL

where GSM Modem comes into use. Multi-vendor appliances can be added to the system

with no major changes and hence system is scalable. Password protection is one of the

functionality of the system so that unauthorized user can be denied from accessing home

appliances. Another important feature is the security system that will continuously monitor

the status of home appliances and take adequate actions if required. The system will carry out

the goal of modernized home integration system of automation control and management,

house burglarproof and security and remotely control the household electric appliances

through internet. The basic target of intellectual home automation system is to provide people

a comfortable, safe, convenient and high efficient life environment and a humanistic service.

3. 1Dr. S. Kanaga suba raja, 2C. Viswanathan, 3Dr. D. Sivakumar, 4M. vivekanandan [3]

proposed the system that deals with the design and implementation of Secure Home

Automation using Raspberry Pi for mobile devices that leverage mobile technology to

provide essential security to homes and associated control operations. The proposed home

security solution hinges on novel integration of cameras and motion detectors into web

application. Raspberry Pi operates and controls motion detectors and video cameras for

remote sensing and surveillance, streams live video and records it for future playback, and

finally manages operations on home appliances, such as turning ON/OFF a television or

microwave. For instance, when motion is detected, the cameras automatically initiate

recording operation and the Raspberry Pi device alerts the homeowner of the possible

intrusion.

This paper looks into the development of an ANDROID application which interprets the

message a mobile device receives on possible intrusion and subsequently a reply SMS which

triggers an alarm/buzzer in the remote house making others aware of the possible intrusion.

With the widespread diffusion of mobile devices and their integration with new auto-



identification technologies, the need to control and manage the smart home through these

devices is increasing. In this context, the main goal of this work is to develop and validate an

architecture, both hardware and software, able to monitor and manage a KNX based home

automation system through an Android mobile device in an efficient and safe way.

4. 1Ali Ziya Alkar [4] proposed that home automation is to control home devices from a

central control point. In this paper, the author has presented the design and implementation of

a low cost but yet flexible and secure internet based home automation system. The

communication between the devices is wireless. The protocol between the units in the design

is enhanced to be suitable for most of the appliances. The system is designed to be low cost

and flexible with the increasing variety of devices to be controlled.

The control of the devices when completely taken over by the machines, the process of

monitoring and reporting becomes more important. The power for simple but routine tasks

while we need to maintain as much control as we can over the automated processes.

Automation lowers the human judgment to the lowest degree possible but does not

completely eliminate it. This paper suggests a framework of the communication protocol

between the devices to be used in home automation. To be used in this framework they

proposed a novel communication protocol to control devices with more than just the

switching functionality. The designed system will be open to expansion and will enable

control of different types of devices. The system is designed to be low cost however at the

same time more flexible alternative with respect to similar systems.

5. 1R.A.Ramlee [5] proposed the overall design of Home Automation System (HAS) with

low cost and wireless remote control. This system is designed to assist and provide support in

order to fulfill the needs of elderly and disabled in home. Also, the smart home concept in the

system improves the standard living at home. The main control system implements wireless

Bluetooth technology to provide remote access from PC/laptop or smart phone. The design

remains the existing electrical switches and provides more safety control on the switches

with low voltage activating method. The switches status is synchronized in all the control

system whereby every user interface indicates the real time existing switches status. The

system intended to control electrical appliances and devices in house with relatively low cost

design, user-friendly interface and ease of installation.



In order to improve the standard living in home, this system provides three different types of

physical control methods to the Main Control Board. The first physical control method is by

pressing on the modified Low Voltage Activating Switches. The conventional high voltages

switches will be replaced by the modified 5 Volt push buttons as the activating switches. The

low voltage switch eliminates the risk of dangerous electrical shock by wet hand. The second

and third control methods are performed as wireless remote control to the appliances. The

second control method is by clicking on Window GUI on PC/laptop by using mouse or touch

pad. This method provides facility to the computer user to control the home appliances

without walk to the switches on the wall. Third control method is done by Android GUI

installed in Smart Phone. The user can easily touch on the screen of the phone to control the

home appliances. This portable method is able to assist the disabled people who have

problem with locomotion difficulty.

6. 1Ali Ziya Alkar [6] proposed that Smart Home is an emerging technology growing

continuously which includes number of new technologies which helps to improve human’s

quality of living. This paper proposes an adaptive home system for optimum utilization of

power, through Artificial Intelligence and Wireless Sensor network. Artificial Intelligence is

a technology for developing adaptive system that can perceive the environment, learn from

the environment and can make decision using Rule based system. Zigbee is a wireless sensor

network used to efficiently deliver solution for an energy management and efficiency for

adaptive home. An algorithm used in adaptive home system is based on software agent

approach that reduce the energy consumption at home by considering the user’s occupancy,

temperature and user’s preferences as input to the system.

A Smart Home refers to a home with intelligent to control, monitoring and automate the

home system. The Intelligent System proposed is based on the rule-based expert system and

unsupervised learning techniques where the problem is how to adapt to new knowledge

without destroying the existing knowledge. The core controller unit is equipped with

distributed sensors i.e., intelligent agents, which use the rule-based expert system and

artificial intelligence concepts to learn and adapt. The proposed system in this paper enables

the comfort zone adjustment, i.e., the control of heating/cooling of individual rooms and/or

of the entire house; and is capable of processing inputs to and from the EGU Utility/Smart

Meter to the core controller unit. The goal of the Adaptive Learning System is to adapt to the



occupant’s pattern and schedule changes by providing comfort, while not ignoring the energy

conservation aspect.

7. 1Raveendra.k [7] proposed simple, low cost, low power consumption and an energy

efficient image capturing novel method for implementing the intruder security using ZigBee

(802.15.4) standard and also a security protocol for detecting and localizing identity based

attacks in the system. It consists of PIR sensor node, cmos camera deployed in the location as

well as the doors/ windows of the shopping malls, railway station together with the ZigBee

modules which act as end devices that monitor continuously and send the security status of

each location to the coordinator node connected to a PC which acts as the master. It

sends/informs over sms to the concerned department in case of most wanted person

detection. The software has been implemented using Embedded and application program for

image authentication using Mat lab.

8. 1Rajeev Piyare [8] proposed a low cost and flexible home control and monitoring system

using an embedded micro-web server, with IP connectivity for accessing and controlling

devices and appliances remotely using Android based Smart phone app. The proposed

system does not require a dedicated server PC with respect to similar systems and offers a

novel communication protocol to monitor and control the home environment with more than

just the switching functionality. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this

system, devices such as light switches, power plug, temperature sensor and current sensor

have been integrated with the proposed home control system.

A low cost and flexible home control and monitoring system using an embedded micro-web

server, with IP connectivity for accessing and controlling devices and appliances remotely

using Android based Smart phone app. The proposed system does not require a dedicated

server PC with respect to similar systems and offers a novel communication protocol to

monitor and control the home environment with more than just the switching functionality.

The author have utilized RESTful based Web services as an interoperable application layer

that can be directly integrated into other application domains like e-health care services,

utility, distribution, or even vehicular area networks.



9. 1Armando Roy Delgado, 2Rich Picking and 3Vic Grout [9] proposed remote controlled

operation of home automation systems. It considers problems with their implementation,

discusses possible solutions through various network technologies and indicates how to

optimize the use of such systems. The home is an eternal, heterogeneous, distributed

computing environment (Greaves, 2002) which certainly requires a careful study before

developing any suitable Home Automation System (HAS) that will accomplish its

requirements. Nevertheless the latest attempts at introducing Home Automation Systems in

actual homes for all kinds of users are starting to be successful thanks to the continuous

standardization process that is lowering the prices and making devices more useful and easier

to use for the end user. Even so several important issues are always to be handled strictly

before developing and installing a Home Automation System; factors like security,

reliability, usefulness, robustness and price are critical to determine if the final product will

accomplish the expected requirements.

10. 1Y.Usha Devi [10] proposed that Home Automation industry is growing rapidly; this is

fuelled by provide supporting systems for the elderly and the disabled, especially those who

live alone. Coupled with this, the world population is confirmed to be getting older. Home

automation systems must comply with the household standards and convenience of usage.

This paper details the overall design of a wireless home automation system (WHAS) which

has been built and implemented. The automation centers on recognition of voice commands

and uses low-power RF ZigBee wireless communication modules which are relatively cheap.

The home automation system is intended to control all lights and electrical appliances in a

home or office using voice commands. The system has been tested and verified. The

verification tests included voice recognition response test, indoor ZigBee communication

test. The tests involved a mix of 10 male and female subjects with different Indian languages.

7 different voice commands were sent by each person. Thus the test involved sending a total

of 70 commands and 80.05% of these commands were recognized correctly.

The Wireless Home Automation System (WHAS) is an integrated system to facilitate elderly

and disabled people with an easy-to-use home automation system that can be fully operated

based on speech commands. The system is constructed in a way that is easy to install,

configure, run, and maintain. The speech recognition system is a completely assembled and

easy to use programmable speech recognition circuit. Programmable, in the sense that you



train the words (or vocal utterances) you want the circuit to recognize. This board allows you

to experiment with many facets of speech recognition technology. It has 8 bit data out which

can be interfaced with any microcontroller for further development. Some of interfacing

applications which can be made are controlling home appliances, robotics movements,

Speech Assisted technologies, Speech to text translation.

11. 1Mitali Patil, 2Ashwini Bedare, 3Varsha Pacharne [11] proposed that Intelligent Home

Automation Systems are gaining importance in today’s technology dependent world. Home

Automation Systems provide a sense of security and comfort. Using Wireless technology like

ZigBee the cost of wiring of Home Automation System can be reduced as well as a reliable

and secure communication can be achieved. ZigBee is a low data rate wireless network

standard with added features like low-cost, low power consumption and fast reaction. ZigBee

is most suitable for small area networks like homes. This System also allows controlling of

devices using Voice commands which reduce user interaction with system directly. This

System uses SAPI (Speech Application Programming Interface) a Microsoft Application to

enable voice recognition when a user gives voice command to the system. This system

contains of three main components: i) Intelligent Home Server with ZigBee module, ii)

Intelligent environment detection sensor modules and iii) Voice command controlling

module. The various features of the system include turning any home appliances or devices,

playing media applications, downloading RSS feeds, sending mail.

The Intelligent Home System is a voice-controlled home automation system which controls

home appliances over a ZigBee wireless network. Voice controlling enables users a sense of

comfort as no direct operation with the home automation system is required. ZigBee helps in

achieving a rapid rate, low power consumption and low cost network for the server to

communicate with the devices. The future work for Intelligent Home System can be porting

the system to the cloud so that any device eventually could be used to control and monitor

the Intelligent Home System remotely over cloud.

12. 1Sharon Panth, 2Mahesh Jivani [12] proposed home appliances are connected to the on/off

relay via microcontroller ports and controlled through two ways: one way is conventional



domestic switch and second is through mobile phone. The communication between the

mobile phone and the home automation system is through Bluetooth wireless technology.

This system is designed to be economical and scalable allowing one to twenty four

appliances to be controlled with minimum efforts. Password protection is being used to only

allow authorized users to control the appliances at home. Discovery method where the device

discovers other Bluetooth enabled devices. In second case, is the Known method which

allows direct connection to be established between the remote devices that are already

known.

The application works using the second method. The advantage of using the second method

is that we can establish connection directly by specifying the known device’s address (here

Bluetooth Serial Adapter) within very less time as compared to the first method where it

searches for Bluetooth enabled devices first in its range and then establishes connection, if

wanted. The JABWT implementation includes the support for btspp protocol over RFCOMM

service. For the communication between the mobile phone and the embedded system (i.e.

Home Automation system) the connection string must contain the btspp protocol in the URL.

This is implemented by using the Connector class in the GCF Hierarchy. The Connector

class creates new connections dynamically using the protocol implementation class formed

from platform name and protocol name.

13. 1Faisal Baig, 2Saira Beg and 3Muhammad Fahad Khan [13] proposed Home automation is

a wide and varied field that involves devices as small as temperature, light and motion

sensor, and as powerful as modern home appliances. In today’s world technology is available

for home automation but these technologies are incompatible with each other and addresses

only communication and physical media, the main objective of this work is to facilitate the

user to control appliances by two ways one is remotely via voice command, second is using

remote control to control the appliances which is also an override control.

For that purpose a mobile application is developed that convert the user voice command into

SMS and send through GSM network. Such application is developed using java for mobile

technology and MPLAB for microchip family of controller. This proposed system is

affordable to everyone, cheap and easy to install.



A low cost and flexible home control and monitoring system using an embedded micro-web

server, with IP connectivity for accessing and controlling devices and appliances remotely

using Android based Smart phone app. The proposed system does not require a dedicated

server PC with respect to similar systems and offers a novel communication protocol to

monitor and control the home environment with more than just the switching functionality.

14. 1Rajeev Piyare and 2Seong Ro Lee [14] proposed that Home automation or smart homes

(also known as domotic) can be described as introduction of technology within the home

environment to provide convenience, comfort, security and energy efficiency to its

occupants. With the introduction of the Internet of Things, the research and implementation

of home automation are getting more popular. Various wireless technologies that can support

some form of remote data transfer, sensing and control such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID, and

cellular networks have been utilized to embed various levels of intelligence in the home. The

studies have presented Bluetooth based home automation systems using Android Smart

phones without the Internet controllability. The devices are physically connected to a

Bluetooth sub-controller which is then accessed and controlled by the Smart phone using

built-in Bluetooth connectivity. Researchers have also attempted to provide network

interoperability and remote access to control devices and appliances at home using home

gateways. Proposed mobile IP based architecture and its potential applications in Smart

homes security and automation without any actual deployment and testing.

15. 1Basma M. Mohammad El-Basioni, 2Sherine M. 3Abd El-kader and 4Mahmoud

Abdelmonim Fakhreldin [15] proposes a new design for the smart home using the wireless

sensor network and the biometric technologies. The proposed system employs the biometric

in the authentication for home entrance which enhances home security as well as easiness of

home entering process. The proposed smart home Wireless Biometric Smart Home (WB-SH)

design is one of the few designs or it is the only design that addresses the integration between

the wireless sensor network and biometric in building smart homes. The structure of the

system is described and the incorporated communications are analyzed, also an estimation

for the whole system cost is given which is something lacking in a lot of other smart home

designs offers. The cost of the whole WB-SH system is determined to be approximately

$6000, which is a suitable cost with respect to the costs of existing systems and with respect



to its offered services. WB-SH is designed to be capable of incorporating in a building

automation system and it can be applied to offices, clinics, and other places.

16. 1Ulya Sabeel, 2Nidhi Chandra [16] proposed that Security is the major part of home

automation systems for the people. With the development of network and automatic control

technology, a home security monitoring and alarming system becomes more and more

practicable today. In this paper they have proposed simple, low cost, low power consumption

and a novel method for implementing the home security using Zigbee (802.15.4) standard

and also a security protocol for detecting and localizing identity based attacks in the system.

They have named the scheme as Wireless Home Security System (WHSS) and protocol as

Wireless Home Security Protocol (WHSP). It consists of many sensor nodes deployed in the

rooms as well as the doors/ windows of the house together with the zigbee modules which act

as end devices that monitor continuously and send the security status of each room to the

coordinator node connected to a PC which acts as the master.

The communication in this case is multi-hop which provides unlimited range. Here they have

used the XBEE Pro series1 (XBP24-AWI-001) radios for RF communication, DYP-ME003

PIR sensor, and Contact Door / window sensor based on magnetic reed switch

(ORD221).The hardware implementation has been tested for validation successfully. The

software has been implemented using C#. Also the performance of the proposed security

protocol has been analysed using NS2 and is found to be satisfactory. Passive Infrared (PIR)

sensor has been used to sense human motion by detecting the IR radiations emitted from

human body. The door/ window sensor is basically a magnetic contact reed switch. The

switch remains open when no magnetic field is present.



CHAPTER 3

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Functional requirements

The goal was to develop a robust application which would allow a user to turn on and

off a light or that triggers an alarm with door sensors. The application required both user

input and feedback which takes user input and sends a signal to the Raspberry Pi. The Pi then

performs the desired action and returns a response to the application. The application also

needs to be memory and processor conscious as both these factors are often limited on most

smartphone devices. Also, the server application would be stored on open shift cloud

interface i.e. stored in a client/server architecture where the code for the interface is on the

open shift server application and is communicated to smartphone device and Pi, when user

connects. Creating an interface that is too large results in increased download time and this

needed to be avoided. With these factors in mind, the initial prototype of the application was

produced.

3.2 Non-functional requirements

The interface needs to be simple so that it could still be used by customers that were

not technically savvy. The end user may be someone very familiar with mobile applications

or it may be an elderly person who is new to the technology. The goal was to produce a

product that would be easy to use for all users while still maintaining an atheistically pleasing

interface which was similar to the common look and feel of other mobile applications.

3.3 System requirements

3.3.1 Software Requirements

As mentioned earlier, the android application communicates with Raspberry Pi

microprocessor created with Broadcom SoC. They provide a simple development interface



language python which can be used to write software for the microprocessor. A backend

code is written to communicate between the user interface and the electronic devices.

Pre-defined Toothpick Services

Several Toothpick services are preinstalled in the Raspberry Pi module in protected

memory which helps aid in programming for the module. Several of these functions were

used in generating the backend code and are explained in detail below.

Raspbian

Raspbian is a free operating system based on Debian optimized for the Raspberry Pi

hardware. An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your

Raspberry Pi run. However, Raspbian provides more than a pure OS: it comes with over

35,000 packages, pre-compiled software bundled in a nice format for easy installation on

your Raspberry Pi.

Python ide

Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language. Its

design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to

express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C. The

language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large

scale.

Raspberry pi GPIO

The Raspberry Pi GPIO uses a development interface called RPi GPIO library to

interact with the Raspberry Pi GPIO pins. Therefore we need to set up a setting up a Python

library to allow access to the GPIO. RPi.GPIO is a small python library that takes some of

the complexity out of driving the GPIO pins. Installing the library is almost as simple, either

at a text console or using LXTerminal we need to enter the following commands.

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get upgrade

sudo apt-get install python-dev

sudo apt-get install python-rpi.gpio



3.3.2 Android Developer Tools (ADT)

Android software development is the process by which new applications are created

for the Android operating system. Applications are usually developed in the Java

programming language using the Android Software Development Kit, but other development

tools are available.

Android SDK

The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of

development tools. These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU,

documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms

include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.5.8

or later, Windows XP or later; for the moment one can develop Android software on Android

itself by using [AIDE - Android IDE - Java, C++] app and [Android java editor] app. The

officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse using the Android

Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though IntelliJ IDEA IDE (all editions) fully supports

Android development out of the box. Android applications are packaged in .apk format and

stored under /data/app folder on the Android OS (the folder is accessible only to the root user

for security reasons). APK package contains .dex files (compiled byte code files called

Dalvik executable), resource files, etc.

3.3.3 Hardware

The various hardware components which are used mainly are listed below

Raspberry Pi

Wi-Fi router

Android device

Camera

Lights

Door sensor



SIM900A

Stepper motor

CHAPTER 4

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1 System analysis

Once the template is produced, it is time to integrate all the development work to

make a complete interface. The python code manages the list of controls that are to be

displayed to the user. The software package provides various views to control different

aspects of the controls, such as how they are managed and how they appear on specific client

software. The Servlet application runs on OpenShift PAAS wherein the Raspberry Pi

microprocessor and the users are clients to it. Since OpenShift can provide more powerful

applications, a more advanced user interface can be created.

4.2 High level design

The backend code that we produce for the application is explained in this section.

The code flow charts will help describe the flow of the code. The server and client

application is written using Python code as the interface for Raspberry Pi to connect to lights

and sensors. The software produced utilizes both the built in functions as well as user

defined methods.

The application consists of several classes which will be discussed in detail in this

section. The first section describes the code produced by the interface design software and

several header files which must be included. The second section describes code we produced.

4.2.1 System Architecture

The Android client application was developed using Eclipse Kepler IDE which is an

integrated development environment (IDE). It contains a base workspace and an extensible

plug-in system for customizing the environment. Written mostly in Java, Eclipse can be used

to develop applications. The Eclipse software development kit (SDK), which includes the

Java development tools, is meant for Java developers.



The Android SDK provides you the API libraries and developer tools necessary to

build, test, and debug apps for Android. We can use ADT Bundle to quickly start developing

apps. It includes the essential Android SDK components and a version of the Eclipse IDE

with built-in ADT (Android Developer Tools) to streamline your Android app development.

The SDK has Eclipse with ADT plugin, Android SDK Tools, Android Platform-tools, the

latest Android platform and the latest Android system image for the emulator.

Fig 4.1: Data Flow Diagram

As shown in the above Fig 4.1, the mobile is connected to the Wi-Fi Router. The

message sent by the user will hit the router (Right IP addresses port number). Now the

message is sent to the system to which we would like to connect, whose IP address is

obtained.


HOME CONTROL DEVICE

MOBILE DEVICE

WEB SERVICES

RASPBERRY PI


Raspberry pi chip is a device in which an Operating System is installed and it

contains the IP address. Here we will connect the router to the Raspberry pi chip, as simple

as we plug in the wire. The appliances such as camera, lights are connected to the Raspberry

pi chip.

API Overview

The sections below provide a technical overview of new APIs in Android 4.0.3.

SOCIAL STREAM API IN CONTACTS PROVIDER

Applications that use social stream data such as status updates and check-ins can now

sync that data with each of the user’s contacts, providing items in a stream along with photos

for each.

The database table that contains an individual contact’s social stream is defined by

ContactsContract.StreamItems, due to the Uri is nested within the

ContactsContract.RawContacts directory to which the stream items belong. Each social stream

table includes several columns for metadata about each stream item. Photos associated with a

stream are stored in another table, defined by ContactsContract.StreamItemPhotos, which is

available as a sub-directory of the ContactsContract.StreamItems Uri.

HOME SCREEN WIDGETS

Starting from Android 4.0, home screen widgets should no longer include their own

padding. Instead, the system now automatically adds padding for each widget, based the

characteristics of the current screen. This leads to a more uniform, consistent presentation of

widgets in a grid. To assist applications that host home screen widgets, the platform provides

a new method getDefaultPaddingForWidget(). Applications can call this method to get the

system-defined padding and account for it when computing the number of cells to allocate to

the widget.

BLUETOOTH

New public methods fetchUuidsWithSdp() and getUuids() let apps determine the features

(UUIDs) supported by a remote device. In the case of fetchUuidsWithSdp(), the system

performs a service discovery on the remote device to get the UUIDs supported, then

broadcasts the result in an ACTION_UUID intent.

UI TOOLKIT



New methods setUserVisibleHint() and getUserVisibleHint() allow a fragment to set a hint of

whether or not it is currently user-visible. The system defers the start of fragments that are

not user-visible until the loaders for visible fragments have run. The visibility hint is "true"

by default.

GRAPHICS

New method setDefaultBufferSize(int, int) in SurfaceTexture sets the default size

of the image buffers. This method may be used to set the image size when

producing images with Canvas (via lockCanvas(Rect)), or OpenGL ES (via an

EGLSurface).

Adds definitions for the enums of the GS_OES_EGL_image_external openGL ES

extension GL_REQUIRED_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS_OES.

ACCESSIBILITY

Clients of RemoteViews can now use the method setContentDescription() to set

and get the content description of any View in the inflated layout.

The methods getMaxScrollX(), getMaxScrollY(), setMaxScrollX(), and

setMaxScrollY() allow apps to get and set the maximum scroll offset for an

AccessibilityRecord object.

When touch-exploration mode is enabled to the user, a new secure setting called

ACCESSIBILITY_SPEAK_PASSWORD indicates whether the user requests the

IME to speak text entered in password fields, even when a headset is not in use.

By default, no password text is spoken unless a headset is in use.

DATABASE

A new CrossProcessCursorWrapper class lets content providers return results for

a cross-process query more efficiently. The new class is a useful building block

for wrapping cursors that will be sent to processes remotely. It can also transform

normal Cursor objects into CrossProcessCursor objects transparently.

The CrossProcessCursorWrapper class fixes common performance issues and

bugs that applications have encountered when implementing content providers.

The CursorWindow(java.lang.String) constructor now takes a name string as

input. The system no longer distinguishes between local and remote cursor

windows, so CursorWindow(boolean) is now deprecated.



CAMERA

MediaMetadataRetriever adds the new constant

METADATA_KEY_LOCATION to let apps access retrieve location information

for an image or video.

CamcorderProfile adds the QVGA (320x240) resolution profiles. Quality level is

represented by the QUALITY_QVGA.and QUALITY_TIME_LAPSE_QVGA

constants.

New methods setVideoStabilization() and isVideoStabilizationSupported() lets

you check and manage video stabilization for a camera.

PERMISSIONS

The following are new permissions:

READ_SOCIAL_STREAM and WRITE_SOCIAL_STREAM: Allow a sync adapter

to read and write social stream data to a contact in the shared Contacts Provider..

High level diagram

Fig 4.3: High Level Diagram



As shown in the above Fig 4.3, there are two users: actual user and the end user

(Raspberry pi chip). The user has the control over the appliances that is camera and lights.

The user sends the signal to the appliances. The signal sent by the user will be processed by

the Raspberry chip and it will send the appropriate response to the devices that are internally

connected to it. The signal sent by the user will be validated by the Raspberry pi chip. If the

validation made by the Raspberry pi chip is unsuccessful then there will be generation of

error messages, else the result will be generated, user request will be executed. If there is an

error in the creation of a response to the user then the appropriate error messages are

generated which are notified to the end user. This figure explains how the user will have

control over the devices connected to the device.

4.3 LOW LEVEL DIAGRAMSequence diagram

CONNECT

APPLIANCE’S STATUS

CONTROL APPLIANCES

ACTIVATE/DECTIVATE APPLIANCES

APPLIANCE’S STATUS PROPOGATE STATUS

Fig 4.4: Sequence Diagram

As shown in the above Fig 4.4 the actual user is connected to the server through

internet. The user will send a request to the server which will be processed by the raspberry

pi.The raspberry pi will reply the appliance’s status to the user’s device.


WIFI CLIENT OTHER CLIENTS RASPBERRY PISERVER/ACCESS POINT


The message sent by the user will not be received by the Raspberry pi chip directly.

We will create a web page which use that as a web service that is the message sent by the

user to the Raspberry pi chip will be communicated through web page, where a service will

be created.

Python code will be running for the particular message that is sent by the user that

make sure that it is running on the command. Application status will be received through the

Server access point which is nothing but the web service. Here we use web service because,

it will be running in the background. Web service is used because, it provides the service

even though the web page is closed.

Since we cannot communicate directly with the Raspberry pi chip, the XML

document will be transmitted. We can activate/deactivate the appliances through the

raspberry pi chip.

4.4 User interface design

Fig 4.6 shows the prototype design of android application development. The initial

design had to be kept in mind the functional and non-functional requirements listed above.

Fig 4.6 Android Application Prototype



CHAPTER 5

IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation is the stage of the project when the theoretical design is turned out

into a working system. Thus it can be considered to be the most critical stage in achieving a

successful new system and in giving the user, confidence that the new system will work and

be effective. The implementation stage involves careful planning, investigation of the

existing system and it’s constraints on implementation, designing of methods to achieve

changeover and evaluation of changeover methods.

5.1 INTERFACE

Once the template was produced, it was time integrate all the development work to

make a complete interface. The python code manages the list of controls that are to be

displayed to the user. The software package provides various views to control different

aspects of the controls, such as how they are managed and how they appear on specific client

software. The Servlet application runs on OpenShift PAAS wherein the Raspberry Pi

microprocessor and the users are clients to it. Since OpenShift can provide more powerful

applications, a more advanced user interface was created.

5.2 SOFTWARE

The backend code that we produced for the applications is explained in the next

section. The code flow charts will help describe the flow of the code. The server and client

application is written using Python code as the interface for Raspberry Pi to connect to lights

and sensors. The software produced utilizes both the built in functions as well as user

defined methods.



The application consists of several classes which will be discussed in detail in this

section. The first section describes the code produced by the interface design software and

several header files which must be included. The second section describes code we produced.

5.2.1 ANDROID CLIENT APPLICATION

The Android client application was developed using Eclipse Kepler IDE which is is

an integrated development environment (IDE). It contains a base workspace and an

extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment. Written mostly in Java, Eclipse

can be used to develop applications. The Eclipse software development kit (SDK), which

includes the Java development tools, is meant for Java developers. Users can extend its

abilities by installing plugins written for the Eclipse Platform, such as development toolkits

for other programming languages, and can write and contribute their own plug-in modules.

The Android SDK provides you the API libraries and developer tools necessary to

build, test, and debug apps for Android. We can use ADT Bundle to quickly start developing

apps. It includes the essential Android SDK components and a version of the Eclipse IDE

with built-in ADT (Android Developer Tools) to streamline your Android app development.

The SDK has Eclipse with ADT plugin, Android SDK Tools, Android Platform-tools, the

latest Android platform and the latest Android system image for the emulator.

An Android emulator is used to visualize the finally developed software using a

android in-built API level 15 known as Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0.x series. A mobile client is

used to simulated software on client side in real time.

ANDROID 4.0.3 API’S

Android 4.0.3 (ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH_MR1) is an incremental release of the

Android 4.x (Ice Cream Sandwich) platform family. This release includes new features for

users and developers, API changes, and various bug fixes. For developers, the Android 4.0.3

platform is available as a downloadable component for the Android SDK. The downloadable

platform includes an Android library and system image, as well as a set of emulator skins and

more. To get started developing or testing against Android 4.0.3, use the Android SDK

Manager to download the platform into your SDK.



5.3 Control flow diagram

Fig 5.1: Control Flow diagram

The Fig 5.1 depicts the working of the home automation system using Raspberry Pi.

Initially there are several devices such as camera, magnetic door sensor and lights. As soon

as the door opens the magnet gets separated and a magnetic field is generated between the

magnets and thus sending a signal through the wires which are connected to the Raspberry

Pi. If a “0” is received the magnet is said to be connected or else if “1” the magnet is said to

be disconnected thereby sending a signal to the device. The camera and the lights works in a

similar fashion , if the input is “0” the lights and camera are set to “off” state and if the input

is “1” the lights and camera are set to “on” state.


ANDROID DEVICE

WEB SERVICES

(URL)

RASPBERRY PI

CONNECT – 0

DISCONNECT - 1

APPLIANCES

USED

URL

CONSTANT CHECK


The Raspberry Pi communicates with the web services through url which acts as an

interface between the application and the device. The web service application will be located

on the web service server i.e., on the raspberry pi.

The general syntax of the URL is given by

Protocol: //apploc:port/app/keyword

Where,

Protocol is the general HTTP protocol,

Apploc is the IP address of the Raspberry Pi,

Port is the port number,

App is the application name,

Keyword is the subject of the message sent to the user.

The keyword can be anything such as “door-d”, which gives an indication that the

“dth” door has been opened. The application keeps a constant check on the web services. The

web service is generally an XML file which is a platform for communication between

android applications as well as Raspberry Pi. All the android phones must be logged in to a

Gmail account to access the services. In order to get remote access, the user has to login

using the Gmail account.

The web service is generally located on the machine and works on web service

application server. The application in this context refers to the android application which is

used for communication or it can be any other source such as mail, messages or any other

source of information which can be easily conveyed to the user. If each device must point to

a specific application then there must be a static IP assigned to each Raspberry Pi. The

increasing demand for IPs as well as the usage of IPv6 in the near future will decrease the

cost of static IPs. Every user can buy a domain for himself to have a secure access to his

home or workplace.



The raspberry Pi is set up using Python code with certain networking concepts

embedded into it in order to connect to the internet as well as the other devices. We make use

of standard set of APIs to generate a python code which can perform user specified tasks.

Since Raspberry Pi can only interact through Python we make use of this language to

communicate with the server as well as the android device.

5.4 Pseudo code

Magnetic door sensor

The program for this project just loops round printing a message every time motion is

detected, or the magnet is moved away from the door.

import time

import RPi.GPIO as io

io.setmode(io.BCM)

pir_pin = 18

door_pin = 23

io.setup(pir_pin, io.IN) # activate input

io.setup(door_pin, io.IN, pull_up_down=io.PUD_UP) # activate input with PullUp

while True:

if io.input(pir_pin):

print("PIR ALARM!")

if io.input(door_pin):

print("DOOR ALARM!")

time.sleep(0.5)

The program sets the pir_pin to be just a plain old input. This is because the PIR

sensor has a digital output of either 3.3V or 0V. By contrast, the door_pin, since it is a switch

does not generate a voltage for a digital input. So, that input pin uses the extra argument



(pull_up_down=io.PUD_UP). This activates an internal resistor that makes the input HIGH

(pulled-up) unless something stronger (like a switch connecting it to GND) pulls it LOW.

The loop then reads each of the inputs in turn and prints a message appropriately.

Remember that the door switch warning will be activated when the magnet is removed from

the sensor rather than the other way around.

Camera

First, at the Python prompt or at the top of a Python script, enter:

import picamera

This will make the library available to the script. Now create an instance of the PiCamera

class:

camera = picamera.PiCamera()

And take a picture:

camera.capture('image.jpg')

Horizontal and vertical flip

Like with the raspistill command, you can apply a horizontal and vertical flip if your

camera is positioned upside-down. This is done by changing the hflip and vflip properties

directly:

camera.hflip = True

camera.vflip = True

Be sure to use an upper case T in True as this is a keyword in Python.

Preview

You can display a preview showing the camera feed on screen. Warning: this will

overlay your Python session by default; if you have trouble stopping the preview, simply

pressing Ctrl+D to terminate the Python session is usually enough to restore the display:

camera.start_preview()

You can use the stop_preview method to remove the preview overlay and restore the display:

camera.stop_preview()



Alternatively, you can access the Pi using SSH from another computer, open a Python

prompt and enter these commands, displaying the preview on the monitor connected to the Pi

(not the computer you're connected from).

Camera settings

You can change other camera configuration by editing property values, for example:

camera.brightness = 70

This will change the brightness setting from its default 50 to 70 (values between 0 and 100).

Other settings are available. Here is a list with their default values:

camera.sharpness = 0

camera.contrast = 0

camera.brightness = 50

camera.saturation = 0

camera.ISO = 0

camera.video_stabilization = False

camera.exposure_compensation = 0

camera.exposure_mode = 'auto'

camera.meter_mode = 'average'

camera.awb_mode = 'auto'

camera.image_effect = 'none'

camera.color_effects = None

camera.rotation = 0

camera.hflip = False

camera.vflip = False

camera.crop = (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)

Sleep

You can add pauses between commands using sleep from the time module:

import picamera

from time import sleep

camera = picamera.PiCamera()

camera.capture('image1.jpg')



sleep(5)

camera.capture('image2.jpg')

You can also use sleep in a preview to adjust settings over time:

camera.start_preview()

for i in range(100):

camera.brightness = i

sleep(0.2)

Video streaming

Record 5 seconds of video:

camera.start_recording('video.h264')

sleep(5)

camera.stop_recording()

Lights

In order to make our LEDs flash on and off we will be using python code, so open up

IDLE3, all code that you need to type in is indented into the page, make sure you get the case

and the indents exactly as I have typed them.

As we will be writing Python scripts you need to adjust IDLE3 (your code editor)

slightly so that it brings up the script edit window as well as the shell windows. to do this go

to Options > Configure IDLE > General > Startup Preferences and then select 'Open Edit

Window'. Now when you restart IDLE you will get two windows, one called 'Python Shell'

and the other called 'Untitled'. The 'Untitled' window is your python script which you will

want to save somewhere to you can find it later. To run this script select Run > Run Module

or just press F5.

The first code you will want to put in your script is


import pifacedigitalio

This imports the sleep command which will come in handy later on and imports the PiFace

libraries. The next thing we do is create a PiFace Digital object so we can control the PiFace.

pfd = pifacedigitalio.PiFaceDigital()



pfd.output_port.all_off()

pfd is now our PiFace object and you will also notice we have turned all the ports off in case

any LEDs are still on. Next we need to make an LED flash on and off, we will also set a

small time delay between turning them on and off.

pfd.leds[0].turn_on()

sleep(0.05)

pfd.leds[0].turn_off()

sleep(0.05)

So that flashed the LED once, we can use a for loop to flash it more than once.

for x in range(0, 10):

pfd.leds[0].turn_on()

sleep(0.05)

pfd.leds[0].turn_off()

sleep(0.05)

In the for loop the first number is the starting number and the second is the ending

number, so if you want the light to flash more or less than 10 times, feel free to change the

number to suit. In the next step I'll show you how to get the lights to flash one after another

(chasing).

GSM

The code to send the message to the destination is specified by the following set of

lines. The command AT+CMGS sends a SMS message to a GSM phone. The phone number

is specified at the end of the file.

def sendMessage(self,phone_number, message):

flag = False

self.sendCommand('AT+CMGS=\"' + phone_number + '\"')

time.sleep(2)

print 'SUCCESS'

self.serialPort.write(message)

self.serialPort.write('\x1A') # send messsage if prompt received



flag = True

time.sleep(5)

return flag

The code for the message to be read is specified here. Both the message as well as the

phone number is specified at the end of the file.

def readMessage(self):

flag = False

message = ''

self.sendCommand('AT+CMGR=1')

self.serialPort.flushInput()

self.serialPort.flushOutput()

self.serialPort.readline().rstrip()

while True:

response = self.serialPort.readline().rstrip()

if len(response)>1:

if response == 'OK':

break

else:

message = message +" " + response

flag = True

Audio

Certain set of built-in functions have to be included in order to get the audio output

from the device.

import os

from os import listdir

import subprocess




import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

The function to read the mp3 file from the file system is given below.

mp3_files = [ f for f in listdir('.') if f[-4:] == '.mp3' ]

The .mp3 file is stored in the index. Since we have used only 1 file it is stored at the

beginning of the index. The GPIO port is specified ehich is connected to the speaker and the

audio output device.

if (GPIO.input(24)):

subprocess.Popen(['mpg123', mp3_files[index]])

Stepper Motor

4 GPIO pins are used for the stepper motor. Two of them are used for the clockwise

rotation and the other two are used for the anti-clockwise rotation. Finally those 4 pins are

connected to a common pin which is enabled by the following code.

enable_pin = 18

coil_A_1_pin = 4

coil_A_2_pin = 17

coil_B_1_pin = 23

coil_B_2_pin = 24

GPIO.setup(enable_pin, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.setup(coil_A_1_pin, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.setup(coil_A_2_pin, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.setup(coil_B_1_pin, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.setup(coil_B_2_pin, GPIO.OUT)

The clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation is set accordingly using these set of lines

def forward(delay, steps):

for i in range(0, steps):

setStep(1, 0, 1, 0)

time.sleep(delay)



setStep(0, 1, 1, 0)

time.sleep(delay)

setStep(0, 1, 0, 1)

time.sleep(delay)

setStep(1, 0, 0, 1)

time.sleep(delay)

def backwards(delay, steps):

for i in range(0, steps):

setStep(1, 0, 0, 1)

time.sleep(delay)

setStep(0, 1, 0, 1)

time.sleep(delay)

setStep(0, 1, 1, 0)

time.sleep(delay)

setStep(1, 0, 1, 0)

time.sleep(delay)

The speed of the motor as well as the angle at which it rotates is set by using the following

code.

delay = 20 #raw_input("Delay between steps (milliseconds)?")

steps = 50 #raw_input("How many steps forward? ")

forward(int(delay) / 1000.0, int(steps))

steps = 50 #raw_input("How many steps backwards? ")

backwards(int(delay) / 1000.0, int(steps))

os.system("python gsm.py")



CHAPTER 6

TESTING

Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the

ultimate service of specification design and coding. It provides a road map for the developer,

the quality assurance organization and the customer, a roadmap that describes the steps to be

conducted as path of testing, when these steps are planned and then undertaken and how

much effort, time and resources will be required. It is not unusual for a software development

to spend between 30 and 40 percent of total project effort in testing.

Testing demonstrates that software functions appear to be working according to specification

and that performance requirements appear to have been met. In addition, data collected as

testing is conducted provides a good indication of software. Testing can’t show the absence

of defects, it can only show that software errors are present.

6.1 Aim of Testing

The main aim of testing is to analyse the performance and to evaluate the errors that occur

when the program is executed with different input sources.

In this project, we developed an automated system which focuses on supermarket Queue

prevention and automation. The main aim of testing in this project is to find the compatibility

issues as well as the working performance when different sources are given as the inputs.



6.2 Levels of testing:

6.2.1 Unit testing

Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program

logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision

branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software

units of the application. It is done after the completion of an individual unit before

integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction and is

invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business

process, application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a

business process performs accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly

defined inputs and expected results.

6.2.2 Integration testing

Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if

they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the

basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the

components were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the

combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed

at exposing the problems that arise from the combination of components.



6.2.3 System Testing

System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets requirements.

It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of system testing

is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on process

descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.

6.3 RASPBERRY PI COMPONENTS TESTING

Home App Description Action Working

Door SensorsNo

arguments

Check and notify Pi

about door open or close Yes

GSM ModuleNo

arguments

Send Alert messages when door Triggered Yes

Stepper Motor

Stepper motor

Rotation 360 Degree Yes

Camera Monitoring No

argumentsRelay live

stream to Pi Yes

Lights No

arguments

On and Off LED’s

status to Pi Yes

Table 6.1 - Raspberry Pi Component Testing

6.4 ANDROID CLIENT COMPONENT TESTING

Problem Action taken Working

The user gets notification from Door Sensor on android

Pi obtains the status of door and reports back to

user Yes



User tries to access camera remotely with android

Pi obtain’s a live video stream from the camera

and relay’s it back to user Yes

User tries to turn on/off LED Lights with android Pi switches on/off the led’s Yes

Table 6.2 - Android client component testing

6.5 Sample Test Cases

A Test Case (TC) is a set of test inputs, executions and expected results developed

for a particular objective.

An excellent test case satisfies the following criteria:

Reasonable probability of catching an error.

Does interesting things

Doesn’t do unnecessary things



Table 6.3 - Sample test cases

CHAPTER 7


Test case ID

Test case Name

Test case description

Test stepsTest Status P/FInput

GivenExpected Output

Actual Output

TC-01Testing

A Wi-Fi Router is used as a method of communication between Pi and

android

Successfully user commands are executed by

Raspberry Pi

Pass

TC-02

Integration Testing

Remote login into Pi using PuTTy for

configuration

The IP and Port number is identified, configured and

successful connection takes place

Pass

TC-03

Integration is checked with

Python Programming

Input -> LightsOutput -> Turn On / Turn

Off lights using PiInput -> Camera

Output -> Live StreamInput -> Door

Output -> StatusInput -> GSM Module

Output -> Alert messagesInput -> Door triggeredOutput -> Stepper motor

Rotation 360 Degree

Pass

TC-04 Unit Testing

Executing main program which involves all the modules

Successful execution of program Pass


SNAPSHOTS AND RESULT DISCUSSION

Fig 7.1: Authentication screen Fig 7.2: Main screen

This is the start-up screen of the android application. It is the authentication page of the user

where the user gives his username and password.

This is the second screen of the application. As soon as the user logins to his account

there are two options which appear on the screen. i.e., one option is to control the devices

such as camera, door sensors and lights. The other option is to view the live streaming

content on the user’s smartphone. It also provide the option such as to set the host ip address

and the port number to view the stream. Along with these option, we also have provided the

option to change the resolution of the video.



Fig 7.3: Appliances used Fig 7.4: Light Notification

After clicking on the home devices option he will be directed to the page where you will see

three options to control the lights, door sensors and camera. The user can select the desired

options depending upon his requirements.

The user can access the accessories like camera, light and door sensor magnet by

sending the signal from the application to raspberry pi. If the user sends the signal to

light,then the raspberry pi sends the signal back with necessary action that the light is ON or

OFF.



Fig 7.5: Door notification Fig 7.6: Camera notification

The user sends the signal to raspberry pi to check on door and the raspberry sends

back the signal as follows, if the magnet is separated the message will be displayed as door is

OPEN or if the magnets are joined then the message will be displayed as door is CLOSED.

Now if the user wants to access the camera for live feed, then the user sends the

signal to raspberry pi to switch on the camera and to send back the message that the camera

is ON or OFF. If the camera is on then the live feed of the view inside the hall will be

displayed on the mobile device and user can see the live feed.



CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

The system as the name indicates, ‘Android based home automation’ makes the system more

flexible and provides attractive user interface compared to other home automation systems.

In this system we integrate mobile devices into home automation systems. A novel

architecture for a home automation system is proposed using the relatively new

communication technologies. The system consists of mainly three components is a Wi-Fi

module, raspberry pi board and relay circuits. Wi-Fi is used as the communication channel

between android phone and the raspberry pi board. We hide the complexity of the notions

involved in the home automation system by including them into a simple, but comprehensive

set of related concepts. This simplification is needed to fit as much of the functionality on the

limited space offered by a mobile device’s display.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Predicting the future of just about anything is very risky business. Home automation is an

industry that largely started with X10 devices in 1980. Today, we believe the future of home

automation will very much ride the digital age and develop along with the computer and

networking systems in the years to come. Initially it appeared, companies such as Microsoft

and Exceptional Innovation with their Life/ware software were positioning the Windows

Media Centre PC as the heart and soul of a complete solution for home automation relying on

web services to seamlessly interface with lighting controls, climate controls, security panels,

and IP surveillance cameras to compliment the digital media management capabilities of

Windows Media Centre.



BIBILIOGRAPHY

[1]1Sarthak Jain, 2Anant Vaibhav, 3Lovely Goyal Student member, “Raspberry Pi based

Interactive Home Automation System through E-mail” IEEE, ICROIT 2014, India, Feb 6-8

2014.

[2] 1Nausheen Belim, 2Harshada Bhambure, 3Priyanka Kumbhar, 4Simranjit Tuteja

“Automate and Secure Your Home Using Zigbee Technology”, International Journal of

Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 1, Issue 1, March

2013.

[3] 1Dr. S. Kanaga suba raja, 2C. Viswanathan, 3Dr. D. Sivakumar, 4M. vivekanandan Secured

smart home energy monitoring system (Schemes) using raspberry pi Journal of Theoretical

and Applied Information Technology 10th August 2014. Vol. 66 No.1.

[4] 1Ali Ziya Alkar, 2Umit Buhur, “An Internet Based Wireless Home Automation System for

Multifunctional Devices Member”, IEEE Volume: 51, Issue: 4

[5] 1R.A.Ramlee, 2M.H.Leong, 3R.S.S.Singh, 4M.M.Ismail, 5M.A.Othman, 6H.A.Sulaiman, 7M.H.Misran, 8M.A.Meor Said “Bluetooth Remote Home Automation System Using Android

Application”, The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES) ||Volume|| 2 ||

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Agent System” Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol.

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Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks” International Journal of Innovative Research in

Computer and Communication Engineering Vol.2, Special Issue 4, September 2014.

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using Android based Smart Phone” International Journal of Internet of Things 2013, 2(1): 5

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Automation Systems with Different Network Technologies”, Centre for Applied Internet

Research (CAIR), University of Wales, NEWI, Wrexham, UK.

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 8, August-2012.


http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?isnumber=33160


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Voice Controlled Wireless Intelligent Home Automation System Based on ZigBee”

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Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013 ISSN: 2277 128X

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ME for Mobile Phone” International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science

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Controlling Through Spoken Commands Using Handheld Devices”, Vol. 7, No. 1, January,

2013

[14] 1Rajeev Piyare, 2Seong Ro Lee Department of Information Electronics Engineering,

Mokpo National University “Smart Home-Control and Monitoring System Using Smart

Phone” Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2014

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Abdelmonim Fakhreldin “Smart Home Design using Wireless Sensor Network and

Biometric Technologies”, Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2013

[16] 1Ulya Sabeel, 2Nidhi Chandra Department of Computer Science and Engineering,

Amity University “An Ingenious Wireless Home Security System and Protocol based upon

Multi-hop 802.15.4 standard, Magnetic contact and PIR sensor”, MECS Publisher 2013



APPENDIX A

Hardware components Description and Purpose

Raspberry Pi Microprocessor

The Raspberry Pi shown in Fig 1 is a series of credit card-sized single-board

computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. The Raspberry Pi shown in

fig 3.2 has a Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-

S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes

of RAM, later upgraded to 512 MB. It does not include a built-in hard disk or solid-state

drive, but it uses an SD card for booting and persistent storage. The Raspberry Pi primarily

uses Linux-kernel-based systems. The ARM11 chip at the heart of the Pi is based on version 6

of the ARM. The current releases of several popular versions of Linux,

including Ubuntu, will not run on the ARM11. It is not possible to run Windows on the

original Raspberry Pi, though the new Raspberry Pi 2 will be able to run Windows 10. The

Raspberry Pi 2 currently only supports Ubuntu Snappy

Core, Raspbian, OpenELEC and RISC OS. The install manager for the Raspberry Pi is

NOOBS.

Fig 1: Raspberry Pi Device


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC_OS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenELEC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspbian

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_10


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM11

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card


Raspberry Pi Pin out diagram

One powerful feature of the Raspberry Pi is the row of GPIO (general purpose

input/output) pins along the edge of the board, next to the yellow video out socket. These

pins are a physical interface between the Pi and the outside world. At the simplest level, you

can think of them as switches that you can turn on or off (input) or that the Pi can turn on or

off (output). Seventeen of the 26 pins are GPIO pins; the others are power or ground pins as

shown in Fig 2.

Fig 2: Pin out diagram of Raspberry PI

You can program the pins to interact in amazing ways with the real world. Inputs

don't have to come from a physical switch; it could be input from a sensor or a signal from

another computer or device, for example. The output can also do anything, from turning on

an LED to sending a signal or data to another device. If the Raspberry Pi is on a network, you

can control devices that are attached to it from anywhere and those devices can send data

back. Connectivity and control of physical devices over the internet is a powerful and

exciting thing, and the Raspberry Pi is ideal for this.



Android Smartphone and Router

There are several phones on the market currently that employ Android OS

technology. Most major smartphones are capable of working with this type of application.

For the testing and implementation, the Samsung Galaxy Trend smartphone was used.

Fig 3: Samsung Galaxy Smartphone

This phone provides android Jellybean OS version 3 support. An Android application

is developed that is compliant with the device. This phone was chosen because it provides the

tools needed to load and test our mobile application that is connected to Raspberry Pi through

a DLink-2750U Router.

Fig 4: Router



Magnetic Door Sensors

The Magnetic Door Sensors as shown in figure below contains a reed switch which is

an electrical switch operated by an applied magnetic field. It was invented at Bell Telephone

Laboratories in 1936 by W. B. Ellwood. It consists of a pair of contacts on ferrous metal

reeds in a hermetically sealed glass envelope. The contacts may be normally open, closing

when a magnetic field is present, or normally closed and opening when a magnetic field is

applied. The magnet sends a signal 1 when it is connected and it sends a signal 0 when the

magnets are disconnected. These door sensors are attached to the user which is helpful to

notify to the user about the door’s status.

Fig 5: Magnetic Door Sensor

The switch may be actuated by a coil, making a reed relay, or by bringing a magnet

near to the switch. Once the magnet is pulled away from the switch, the reed switch will go

back to its original position. The reed switch contains a pair (or more) of magnetizable,

flexible, metal reeds whose end portions are separated by a small gap when the switch is

open. The reeds are hermetically sealed in opposite ends of a tubular glass envelope. A

magnetic field (from an electromagnet or a permanent magnet) will cause the reeds to come

together, thus completing an electrical circuit. The stiffness of the reeds causes them to

separate, and open the circuit, when the magnetic field ceases. One important quality of the

switch is its sensitivity, the amount of magnetic field necessary to actuate it. Sensitivity is


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_connector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field


measured in units of Ampere-turns, corresponding to the current in a coil multiplied by the

number of turns. Typical pull-in sensitivities for commercial devices are in the 10 to 60 AT

range.

Microsoft Webcam VX-2000

A webcam is used with our hardware for a security surveillance module. The webcam

must be compatible with Raspberry Pi hardware for security monitoring program.

Fig 6 Camera

Any camera can be chosen for the video surveillance. The cameras resolution has to

be known in prior so that it can be given in the application. Better the quality of the camera

better will be the view to the user. The basic resolution which is used will be 640x480 pixels.

Another aspect which has to be looked onto is the internet speed which will have a major

influence on the streaming content. Fig 6 shows the Microsoft camera which is being used.

Breadboards and LED’s

Breadboards and a bunch of LED’s i.e. Light emitting diodes are used that can be

used to replicate the function of an actual Lighting devices in home automation system.

Router configuration

The Wi-Fi unit provides the medium for communication. It can be also configured to

make security services. The Wi-Fi should be configured with a certain address and user

commands will be directing through Wi-Fi unit. We may use sudo nano

/etc/network/interfaces for configuring Wi-Fi with raspberry-pi.



Audio configuration

The Raspberry Pi has two audio output modes: HDMI and headphone jack. You can

switch between these modes at any time.

.

Fig 7: Audio Configuration of Raspberry Pi device

If your HDMI monitor or TV has built-in speakers, the audio can be played over the

HDMI cable, but you can switch it to a set of headphones or other speakers plugged into the

headphone jack. If your display claims to have speakers, sound is output via HDMI by

default; if not, it is output via the headphone jack. This may not be the desired output setup,

or the auto-detection is inaccurate, in which case you can manually switch the output.

Changing the audio output

There are two ways of setting the audio output.

Command line



The following command, entered in the command line, will switch the audio output to

HDMI:

amixer cset numid=3 2

Here the output is being set to 2, which is HDMI. Setting the output to 1 switch to

analogue (headphone jack).The default setting is 0 which is automatic.

raspi-config

Open up raspi-config by entering the following into the command line:

sudo raspi-config.This will open the configuration screen:

Fig 8: Configuration Screen 1

Select Option 8 Advanced Options and hit Enter, then select Option A6: Audio and hit Enter

Fig 9: Configuration Screen 2



Now you are presented with the two modes explained above as an alternative to the

default Auto option. Select a mode, hit Enter and press the right arrow key to exit the options

list, then select Finish to exit the configuration tool.

L293D pin configuration

L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as

current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current

signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.

L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of

operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse

direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7

and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will

rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively.

Fig 10: Pin Configuration of L293D

Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to

start operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result,

the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable

input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.



Pin No

Function Name

1 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high Enable 1,22 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 13 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 14 Ground (0V) Ground5 Ground (0V) Ground6 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 27 Input 2 for Motor 1 Input 28 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to 36V) Vcc 29 Enable pin for Motor 2; active high Enable 3,410 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 311 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 312 Ground (0V) Ground13 Ground (0V) Ground14 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 415 Input2 for Motor 1 Input 416 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 36V) Vcc 1

Table 1: Pin description of L293D

Stepper motor

Stepper motors provide a means for precise positioning and speed control without the

use of feedback sensors. The basic operation of a stepper motor allows the shaft to move a

precise number of degrees each time a pulse of electricity is sent to the motor. Since the shaft

of the motor moves only the number of degrees that it was designed for when each pulse is

delivered, you can control the pulses that are sent and control the positioning and speed. The

rotor of the motor produces torque from the interaction between the magnetic field in the

stator and rotor. The strength of the magnetic fields is proportional to the amount of current

sent to the stator and the number of turns in the windings.

The stepper motor uses the theory of operation for magnets to make the motor shaft

turn a precise distance when a pulse of electricity is provided. You learned previously that

like poles of a magnet repel and unlike poles attract. The stator (stationary winding) has eight

poles, and the rotor has six poles (three complete magnets).



Fig 11: Stepper Motor

The rotor will require 24 pulses of electricity to move the 24 steps to make one

complete revolution. Another way to say this is that the rotor will move precisely 15° for

each pulse of electricity that the motor receives.

The number of degrees the rotor will turn when a pulse of electricity is delivered to

the motor can be calculated by dividing the number of degrees in one revolution of the shaft

(360°) by the number of poles (north and south) in the rotor. In this stepper motor 360° is

divided by 24 to get 15°. When no power is applied to the motor, the residual magnetism in

the rotor magnets will cause the rotor to detent or align one set of its magnetic poles with the

magnetic poles of one of the stator magnets. This means that the rotor will have 24 possible

detent positions. When the rotor is in a decent position, it will have enough magnetic force to

keep the shaft from moving to the next position. This is what makes the rotor feel like it is

clicking from one position to the next as you rotate the rotor by hand with no power applied.



GSM SIM900A

Fig 12: GSM SIM900A

GSM (Global System for Mobile) / GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) TTL

Modem is SIM900 Quad-band GSM / GPRS device, works on frequencies 850 MHZ, 900

MHZ, 1800 MHZ and 1900 MHZ. It is very compact in size and easy to use as plug in GSM

Modem. The Modem is designed with 3V3 and 5V DC TTL interfacing circuitry, which

allows User to directly interface with 5V Microcontrollers (PIC, AVR, Arduino, 8051, etc.)

as well as 3V3 Microcontrollers (ARM, ARM Cortex XX, etc.). The baud rate can be

configurable from 9600- 115200 bps through AT (Attention) commands. This GSM/GPRS

TTL Modem has internal TCP/IP stack to enable User to connect with internet through GPRS

feature. It is suitable for SMS as well as DATA transfer application in mobile phone to

mobile phone interface. The modem can be interfaced with a Microcontroller using USART

(Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter) feature (serial

communication).

Features

Quad Band GSM/GPRS : 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 MHz

Built in RS232 to TTL or viceversa Logic Converter (MAX232)



Configurable Baud Rate

SMA (SubMiniature version A) connector with GSM L Type Antenna

Built in SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) Card holder

Built in Network Status LED

Inbuilt Powerful TCP / IP (Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) stack for

internet data transfer through GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

Audio Interface Connectors (Audio in and Audio out)

Most Status and Controlling pins are available

Normal Operation Temperature : -20 °C to +55 °C

Input Voltage : 5V to 12V DC

LDB9 connector (Serial Port) provided for easy interfacing



APPENDIX B

PUBLICATION

Journal P BHASKAR RAO, S.K. UMA (Associate Professor, Department Of Computer

Science Engineering), “RASPBERRY PI HOME AUTOMATION WITH WIRELESS

SENSORS USING SMART PHONE” International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile

Computing (IJCSMC), Vol. 4, Issue. 5, May 2015, pg.797 – 803 available at:

www.ijcsmc.com


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