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SANSKRIT TEACHER All-in-One

With transliteration

A SYSTEMATIC TEACHING AND SELF-LEARNING TOOL

Prof. Ratnakar Narale

PUSTAK BHARATI

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BOOKS-INDIA

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Author : Dr. Ratnakar Narale, Ph.D (IIT), Ph.D. (Kalidas Sanskrit Univ.) Prof. Hindi, Ryerson University, Toronto. web : www.books-india.com * email : books.india.books@gmail.com Title : Sanskrit Teacher, All-in-One Teach or Learn to Read, Write, Understand, Speak and Think Sanskrit; with main emphasis on empowering the readers to understand and enjoy the precious wealth of knowledge that exists in the Sanskrit Shlokas. This ocean of jewels, as a result of extensive R&D, is worth its weight in gold. This unique book is Transliterated, in addition to the Sanskrit Script, for the benefit of English readers. This giant 700+ page All-in-One book (37 Chapters + 10 large Appendices) is for all levels of Sanskrit Self Learning. It is a fine Sanskrit Tutor as well as a Complete Reference Manual for a novice as well as an expert. The book begins with basic Sanskrit Alphabet and progresses step-by-step to encompass every aspect of Sanskrit grammar and its usage that one will not find in any other book. It even has some rare topics that one may not find elsewhere. It is a treasure of new ideas, techniques, information and reference material. The material at every stage and every page is cumulatively reviewed under a novel entry called, ‘what we have learned so far.’ This cumulative learning is one of the beautiful aspects of this book. It is rich with examples, exercises and an important chapter of “Answers to all the Exercises.” Published by : Pustak Bharati (Books-India), Division of PC PLUS Ltd. Web : www.books-india.com Email : books.india.books@gmail.com Copyright ©2014 ISBN 978-1-897416-67-9 © All rights reserved. No part of this book may be copied, reproduced or utilised in any manner or by any means, computerised, e-mail, scanning, photocopying or by recording in any information storage and retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the author.

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INDEX

anukraman<ika@ AnauÛmaiNaka _

INTRODUCTION paRitaP#apanama` ix

The anus>t>ubh metre AnauP@uBa`-Cnd: xvi

BOOK 1

LEARN TO READ & WRITE SANSKRIT Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet sa>s˜tavaNa|maaLaa 3

Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation) qccaara: 5

Lesson 3 Writing the Sanskrit Consonants vyaØjanaaina 10

Lesson 4 Writing the Sanskrit Vowels svara: 17

Lesson 5 Writing the Vowel-Signs svaricaÈaina 19

Application of Vowel-signs svaricaÈpaRyaaega: 20

Anusvara and Avagraha Anausvaar: AvagaRh: ca 21

Rules for Sanskrit to English Transliteration with diacritical marks 27 Lesson 6 The Sanskrit Characters sa>s˜tavaNaa|: 22

Vowels svara: 22

Consonants vyaØjanaaina 24

Sound Formulas from S}iva maaheovaraiNa saU%aaiNa 27

Lesson 7 Writing Compound Consonants 33 Lesson 8 Writing Special Compound Characters sa>yauFoabda: 39

Word endings oabdantaa: 48

Lesson 9 Rapid Reading : oaIzaRpa#nama 50

The Sanskrit Language sa>s˜taBaaPaa 50

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Ra@ma@yan<am ramaayaNama 52

A Devotional Song BaiFgaItama 54

Maha@bha@ratam mahaBaartama 55

The G&ta@ gaItaa 56

I am S}iva ioavaae~hma 57

Obeisance to Motherland vande maatarma 58

The Ga@yatr& Chant gaaya%aI-man%a: 59

BOOK 2

UNDERSTAND SANSKRIT, EASY WAY Lesson 10 Introduction to Sandhi sainZa: 62

Compounding Vowels svarsainZa: 62

Compounding Consonants vyaØjanasainZa: 70

Flowchart of Visarga-Sandhi ivasaga|sainZa: 73

Lesson 11 Introduction to Numerals sa>Syaa: 77

Lesson 12 Sanskrit Verbs iÛyaapadaina 87

Lesson 13 Persons pauwPaa: 92

Lesson 14 Numbers vacanaaina 94

Genders iLaGÐaina 99

Lesson 15 Nouns naamaaina 101

Dictionary of Nouns oabdkaeoa: 103

Lesson 16 Pronouns sava|naamaaina 155

Lesson 17 The Present Tense La@ 158

Use of the Particle sma sma 161

Lesson 18 The (Past) Imperfect Tense LaG 168

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Use of the phrase ma@ sma maa sma 172

Lesson 19 The (Past) Perfect Tense iLa@ 173

Lesson 20 The (Past Indefinite) Aorist Tense LauG 175

Use of the Particle ma@ maa 177

Lesson 21 The Indefinite Future Tense La\@ 178

Lesson 22 The Definite Future Tense Lau@ 182

WHICH TENSE TO USE? LakarpaRyaaega: 188

Lesson 23 Parasmaipad& and ‡tmanepad& Verbs AatmanaepadI parsmaEpadI ca 187

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs sakma|kma Akma|kma ca 192

The Causative Verbs iNajantapaRiÛyaa 194

The Desiderative Verbs sa²ntapaRiÛyaa 195

The Frequentive Verbs yaGnta-yaGLaugantapaRiÛyae 197

Lesson 24 The 11 Classes of Verbs gaNaa: 199

1. The First Class Bvaaid: 202

2. The Second Class Adaid: 209

3. The Third Class jauhaetyaaid: 215

4. The Fourth Class idvaaid: 220

5. The Fifth Class svaaid: 225

6. The Sixth Class taudaid: 229

7. The Seventh Class wZaaid: 235

8. The Eighth Class tanaaid: 239

The verb |(to do) þ× 243

9. The Nineth Class Û‘yaaid: 246

10. The Tenth Class cauraid: 250

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11. The Eleventh Class kNDÔaid: 254

Lesson 25 The Cases karkaiNa ca ivaBaFya: ca 258

The Nominative (1st) Case paRYamaa 263

The Accusative (2nd) Case iVtaIyaa 265

The Instrumental (3rd) Case ta\taIyaa 270

The Dative (4th) Case catauYaI| 276

The Ablative (5th) Case paØcamaI 281

The Possessive (6th) Case PaP#I 287

The Locative (7th) Case saptamaI 294

The Vocative Case sambaaeZanama 298

Lesson 26 The Voices paRyaaegaa: 300

The Active Voice kta|irpaRyaaega: 300

The Passive Voice kma|iNapaRyaaega: 302

The Bha@ve Voice BaavaepaRyaaega: 305

Lesson 27 The Moods AYaa|: 308

The Negative Mood nakaraYa|: 308

The Interrogative Mood paRonaaYa|: 310

The Imperative Mood Laae@ 312

The Potential Mood ivaiZaiLaG 315

The Benedictive Mood AaoaIiLa|G 319

The Conditional Mood La\G 320

Lesson 28 The Adjectives and Participles ivaoaePaNaaina ×dntaaina ca 322

The Adjectives ivaoaePaNaaina 323

The Degree of Comparison tar -tama -BaavaaE 301

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The Participles ×dntaaina 332

Past Passive Participle, ppp\ F 332

Past Active Participle Fvatau 334

Present Active Participle oata\-oaanaca 336

Potential Participle AnaIyar 343

Future Passive Participles 344 Indeclinable Past Participle Ktvaa, Lyapa 347

The Infinitive taumauna 351

set> and anit> verbs sae@ Aina@ 354

Creating Existance of Non-existent, chvi icva 356

Sati Saptami saita-saptamaI 356

Lesson 29 The Adverbs and Conjunctions 359 Adverbs iÛyaaivaoaePaNaaina 359

Dictionary of Adverbs 362 Conjunctions yaaEigakoabda: 375

Lesson 30 The Prepositions AaEpasaiga|koabda: 379

Lesson 31 The Compound Words samaasaa: 383

BOOK 3

SPEAK SANSKRIT Lesson 32 Conversations vaataa|Laapaa: 403

Lesson 33 Correcting Mistakes oau&IkrNama 412

Lesson 34 Prose Reading ga^pa#nama 417

Short Stories LazaukYaa: 417

Mother and the Baby Parrot oaukIoaavakaE 417

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Unnecessary Advice inarYa|k: qpadeoa: 419

The Inherant Nature jaaitasvaBaava: 421

Short Essays LazauinabanZaa: 423

The Horse Aova: 423

The Sun saUya|: 424

The Knowledge iva^a 426

Poetic Sayings sauBaaiPataaina 428

The Words of Wisdom sadupadeoaa: 429

Good Sayings sauvacanaaina 433

Lesson 35 General Knowledge saamaanyaXaanama 433

The Days of the Week vaasara: 433

The Names of the Months maasaa: 434

The Measurements pairmaaNaaina 435

The Names of the Directions idoa: 436

Time samaya: 437

Relationships sambanZaa: 439

Lesson 36 Antonyms ivaLaaemaoabda: 442

Lesson 37 Words with Suffixes paRtyayaantaoabda: 443

Words with Primary Suffixes ×tapaRtyayaantaoabda: 443

Words with Secondary Suffixes tai&ta-oabda: 449

Using Nouns as Verb Roots naamaZaatau: 456

Amazing Sanskrit Creations A®uta-sa>s×ta-kavya-vaEBavama` 457

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APPENDICES : (i) Charts of Conjugations of the Tenses 462 Ten Parasmaipad& tenses, Active voice 462 Ten Ètmanepad& tenses, Active voice 471 Ten Passive Voice tenses 479 (ii) Charts of Declensions of the Cases 481 rama (A), vana (A), gaaepaa (Aa) 489; maaLaa (Aa), kiva (}) 482; vaair (}), maita (}), sauZaI (}|)

483; nadI (}|), gauw (q) 484; maZau (q), Zaenau (q), svaBaU (Q) 485; vaZaU (Q), ipata\ (/) 486;

kta\| (/), Zaata\ (/), maata\ (/) 487; rE (]e), gaae (Aae), gLaaE (AaE) 488; naaE (AaE), oak‘ (k`)489;

iLaSa` (Sa`), vaaca` (ca`) 490; raja` (ja`), vaiNaja` (ja`), Qja|` (ja`) 491, Äja` (ja`), paRaØca` (Øca`) 492;

SaØja` (Øja`), mawta` (ta`),Bagavata` (ta`) 493; Bavata` (ta`), kÖva|ta` (ta`), jagata` (ta`) 494; mahta` (ta`),

sairta` (ta`) 495; sauÊd` (d`), Êd` (d`), xauZa` (Za`) 496; oaioana` (na`), Baaivana`` (}na`) 497; Aatmana` (na`),

kma|na` (na`), saImana` (na`) 498; gaupa` (pa`), LaBa` (Ba`) 499; car` (r`), vaar` (r`) igar` (r`), paur` (r`) 500;

idva` (va`), naoa` (oa`), ivaoa` (oa`) 501; idoa` (oa`), icakIPa|` (Pa`), ZanauPa` (Pa`) 502; AaioaPa` (Pa`),

candRmasa` (sa`) 503; OaReyasa` (sa`), payasa` (sa`) 504; garIyasa` (sa`), pau>sa` (sa`) 505, mauh` (h`), qpaanah`

(h`) 506.

Declensions of Irregular Words 507 saiSa, paita Aisa, ÅI 507; OaRI, BaU, ivaVsa` 508; paiYana`, jara, inaoaa 509; naaisaka, paad, Êdya,

qdk, maasa 510.

(iii) Declensions of Pronouns 511

Asmad, yauPmad, tad (asmad, yus<mad, tad) 511; yad, (yad) 512; ]tad, }dma (etad, idam) 513, Adsa, sava| (adas, sarva) 514; ikma (kim) 515; kiocata (kas{c{it) 516.

(iv) Declensions of Numerical Adjectives 517

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(v) Dictionary of 2000 Verbs with their Declensions ba\h&atauoabdkaeoa: 521

(vi) Which verb to use? 607 (vii) Charts of Verb Declensions 614 þAd`, þAca| , þAsa` 614; þAasa`, þ} 615; þ}Pa`, þ/cC`, þ]Za` 616; þkYa`, þkma` 617; þ×,

þÛya`, þÛID`, þixa 618; þxauBa`, þgaNa`, þgad` 619; þgama`, þgaRh` 620; þzaRa, þcaLa` 621; þicanta`,

þcaur`, þjana` 622; þija, þXaa, DI 623; þtana`, þtapa`, þtaud`, þtauPa` 624; þtyaja`, þ%aE, þdd` 625;

þdh`, þda 626; þidva`, þdIpa`, þdU 627; þ±oa`, þZaa 628; þZa\ 629; þZaava` 630; þZva>sa`, þnand`,

þnaoa` 631; þnaI 632; þpaca`, þpad` 633; þpaa, þpauPa` 634; þpaUja`, þbauZa` 635; þpaRcC`, þbaRU 636;

þBaxa`, þBaja` 637; þBaa, þBaI 638; þBauja` 639; þBaU, þBa\, þBaRma` 640; þBaR>sa`, þmana` 641; þimaLa`

642; þmauØca`, þma\, þma\oa` 643; þmLaE, þyaja` 644; þyaa, þyauja` 645; þrxa` 646; þrma`, þwca` 647;

þwd`, þwZa`, þLaBa` 648; þLaa, þiLaSa`, þvad` 649; þivaja`, þivad` 650; þivaoa`, þva\ 653; þva\ta`,

þvaRja` 654; þvah`, þoauca` 655; þoauBa`, þoauPa`, þÃu 656; þsad`, þsau 657; þsaU, þsa\ja`, þsYaa 658;

þsnaa, þÄ>sa` 659; þhna`, þhsa`, þha 660; þih>sa`, þhu, þÊ 661; þÊPa`, þÉI 662; þÌe 663.

(viii) Chart of Participles ×dntaaina 664

(ix) Breakdown, Transliteration and Meaning of the Verses 665 (x) ANSWERS to the Exercises qTaraiNa 682

References inade|oa: 688

Books by Ratnakar Narale 689

For Chhanda-Shastra of Pingala, see our “Sanskrit Grammar and Reference Book”

NOTE : ANSWERS to all EXERCISES are given in APPENDIX-10

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INTRODUCTION

Hari Om. The beauty and strength of this book is its new ‘methodology,’ which is unique in many respects. To a large extent the significant factor in the approach and structure of this book has been the input from the students regarding their needs and difficulties over number of years. Accordingly, while putting this book together, first consideration is given to the fact that learners may not know the Devana@gar& script if they came from the countries outside India or from the provinces of India where Hindi or Marathi is not taught. Thus, for such fresh learners, the book begins with the basic Devana@gar& alphabet and covers every aspect a reader may need to learn the Devanagari script properly. Eight full lessons are devoted to teach simple characters and eight more sections to the compound characters. Section 8.2 is then designed to digest this basic purpose properly. After this, there are eight additional reading lessons to confirm that the students have learned Devanagari fully well, before they touch any grammatical topic. Further more, Sanskrit words are English transliterated with proper diacritical marks and the English meaning of each Sanskrit word is provided for the help of new readers. The readers who have learned Sanskrit, Hindi or Marathi may choose to advance to Lesson 10. Unique is my proven scientific method of teaching Sanskrit language, even to absolutely new learners. In this new technique, purposefully, the consonants are discussed first, followed by the vowels. Within the consonants, the characters

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are grouped into sets based on their shapes, and not on their alphabetical order as commonly done. With this novel way, it is our experience that even the absolutely new learners learn to read Devanagar& Sanskrit as well as its Roman transliteration within a very short time of only few hours. Unique charts are key tools in this book. One of them you will find on the back cover of this book, in the form of the ‘Chart of Sanskrit Alphabet.’ Many of our students colour-copy this chart in a big size and pin it on a wall as a beautiful quick reference. Even though the book progresses slowly, without jumping ahead on what is not yet taught, it covers all aspects of the Sanskrit grammar required by even the advanced learners. In addition, at after every step, the material covered up to that point is cumulatively reviewed under a novel entry called, ‘what we have learned so far.’ This cumulative learning is one of the beautiful aspects of this book. Another significant thing in this methodology is the care to make sure that, the material being discussed on any stage and page deals ONLY with the information covered in previous pages, a very simple principle but most uncommon. For this substantial purpose, you will notice that the ‘tenses’ are discussed cumulatively in eight lessons without mixing with the ‘cases’ prematurely. After this, the cases are discussed in eight subsequent sections, now together with the use of the tenses learned in the previous lessons. While giving examples, generally an example that appears first time in the Gita is preferred. There are many unique techniques in this book, specially devised as easy but

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effective tools. Section 3.4 is a unique chart, depicting the ma@hes{vara@n<i su@tra@n<i. Section 10.1 is a handy guide showing the complete chart of compound vowels (svarsainZa), which is followed by full exemplification. Section 10.4 is a unique and

simple one-page flowchart of Ten Golden Rules on compounding with visarga (ivasaga|sainZa), designed to make it easy, which otherwise with the intricate and

conflicting rules, makes Sanskrit learning more difficult than it is. Section 22.2 is another unique flow chart to solve the dilemma of ‘which tense to use?’ from the available ten tenses and moods (Lakara:). Appendix 6 is similar important tool

titled ‘which verb to use?’ in a particular context from the available 2000 verbs. While discuussing the tenses in a logical order, first the fundamental aspects of person, number and gender are clarified, followed by a topic on nouns including a dictionary. After setting up such a background, the ten tenses (Lakara:) are

discussed one at time, and in a cumulative manner, giving a chart of suffixes and a chart of application with each tense. Wherever possible, at least one classical example is given in addition to other examples, in order to gradually familiarize the learners to the beautiful world of shlokas and suhbashitas. All ten (eleven) classes (gaNaa:) of the verbs are then individually explained with

their conjugational charts with ten tenses (Lakara:) and other important details. In

each case, the special verbs are specifically explained, for the reader to be aware. The study of tenses is concluded with a unique flowchart called ‘which tense to use,’ which walks you to the appropriate tense for any desired usage.

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While teaching the cases (ivaBaiF:), eight very unique charts (sections 25.1-25.8)

are given for the eight cases, including the Vocative, with twenty-five most common substantives. They form a very handy tool for all the learners, new and old. They form an uncommon but valuable aid for finding the root word in a given declined word, as well as for comparing the declensions within and among the Cases. Included in this book are the Dictionary of nouns, Pictorial dictionary of popular subjects, Dictionary adverbs and a gigantic Dictionary of 2000 verb roots with their common conjugations, past participle and other derivatives, space permitting. The 225 pages of the helpful Appendix of this book makes it a true learners-teachers’ handbook, like no other Sanskrit teaching book does. Besides the immense Dictionary of 2000 verbs, this appendix has Charts of 810 conjugations of verb |BaU given in Sanskrit and English transliteration, 94 charts of case

declensions of nouns, pronouns and numerical adjectives, charts of tense for 80 common verbs, a dictionary of ‘which verb to use,’ a handy chart of declinable and indeclinable participles, a section on breakdown, a transliteration and meaning of the 116 Sanskrit verses quoted in the book, and many other important things. The last but quite important Appendix is the ‘Answers to the Exercises.’ Without this, the self learners would have been left in the dark, annoyed and helpless,

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wondering at each question, ‘Did I Get it Right?’ and ‘Did I Pronounce it Correctly?’ To me, a book is not a self-learning tool, unless the answers to the questions are provided. With this principle in mind, the book is adorned with virtually hundreds of examples, with answers in Sanskrit and its English transliteration. Therefore, please treat all ‘Examples’ as Exercises with answers. A glossary of definitions could have been added in the Appendix, but as all the terms are defined at their proper places, it was deemed better to avoid the repetition. The book is filled with hundreds of examples, notes, definitions, conversational dialogues and quotes from the glorious Sanskrit literature. It is the glorious literature written by the immortal poets that attracts the learners to the Sanskrit language. It is the profound but poetic sweetness and the melodic nature of the Anus<t>ubha meter of the Sanskrit language that makes its learning so very interesting. It is its unique chemical, mathematical and digital nature, well developed system of grammar, intricate compounding style and highly flexible character of composition that makes Sanskrit writings so original to study and enjoy. It is the richest word-power of Sanskrit that makes its writings extremely ornate, splendid and amazing. Sanskrit is by far the most poetic and florid language in the world, which is exemplified in this book with a short section on it. On these strengths Sanskrit has survived for thousands of years and on the way has given birth to many wonderful cultures and numerous great languages. Naturally, therefore, explaining Sanskrit grammar with numerous examples, along with copious use of

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the appropriate Shlokas, spontaneously became natural in this book. Sanskrit has been found by various research scholars to be very closely related to several European languages, quite possibly (being older) a parent to them. The rich Tamil language did not originate from Sanskrit, but a strong influence of Sanskrit is an unmistakable feature in Tamil language. In our Sanskrit classes, the students speaking Tamil and the European languages find it educational to associate the words and grammatical aspects of their languages with Sanskrit and to trace their correlation. In this book specific Shlokas and examples have been subtly selected that contain such Sanskrit words which possess a relation with these languages. It can not be over emphasized that for learning Sanskrit, a proper understanding of its grammatical aspects is essential, before trying to speak it. Otherwise, you have to memorize model sentences, without really knowing the basics, a poor habit for the new learners. The present text is put together to deliver full benefit in return for the efforts, time and resources spent by the learners. You may learn Sanskrit in 30 days or even less, if you learn by heart ‘the pet sentences’ without knowing how to make them on your own, but this way you will never be able to understand a given shloka. Therefore, the objective of this book is to prepare you to make your own required sentences by understanding the basics. This way you will be able to understand any given shloka or Sanskrit text on your own. It is important to appreciate why a particular word is used, at any particular place,

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in a given shloka, when several other words could have been equally suitable. One must take a close look at the structure of the anus<t>ubha meter. A short explanation is given in the next section to serve this substantial purpose. With the same objective, simplifications and meanings of verses is given in the Appendix. While this book is a ‘Teach Yourself Manual,’ it is also a good tool for teachers of Sanskrit language. I hope that you will follow this material step-by-step. I urge you to proceed to next page when previous page is understood. Follow the book with this technique and your success in learning Sanskrit will be assured. I would like to thank Mr. J.C. Sharda, Mr. Sunil Narale and all others who have encouraged and helped me in the progress of this book. I must thank Dr. Penna Madhusudan, Prof. of Sanskrit, K.K. Sanskrit University, Nagpur and Dr. Pankaja Ghai, Prof. of Sanskrit, Lady Shriram College, New Delhi, for examining the MS. Thanks are due to Hindu Institute of Learning, Toronto, and the Sanskrit Bharati, Vidya Bharati and Kavikulaguru Kalidas Sanskrit University of India for being my undiminishing inspiration. I have tried to make this book easy, unique and useful as possible. Nevertheless, I beg the readers to forgive me for any errors, omissions or imperfections that they may find. I would welcome their suggestions with a gratitude. I hope the new as well as the learned readers, will find this book interesting and useful. Œ tata sata _

-Ratnakar

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The Anus<t>ubha Metre

The earliest and most important work on the Sam~skr<t prosody is the Pin[gala-c{handa-s{a@stra. Most popular among the metres used for the s{loka/ of the Sam~skr>t epics, such as Ra@mayan<a and Maha@bha@rata, is the celebrated anus<t>ubh metre. In general a meter with 32 syllables is anus<t>ubh metre. For their lyrical value and in order to maintain uniformity in this book, mostly the verses composed in the anus<t>ubh metre are included in this book. There are many types of the anus<t>ubh metre, however, the one that is used in the composition of the Sam~skr>t s{loka/ (|s{lok, to praise in verses) is defined as follows by the author of this book, itself written in the anus<t>ubh metre.

sa>s×taOLaaek:

‘oLaaek’’ PaP#> sada dIza|> Lazau ca paØcama> taYaa _ Axar> saptama> dIza|> ta\taIyae paRYamae pade __

catauPpaadsya OaRIyauFae vaaLmaIikkivanaa ×ta: _

Vai%a>oaVNa|yauFae ih Cndae~nauP@uBa` sa kYyatae __ rtnaakr:

The above definition says that in a s{loka (verse), there are four quarters (pa@da), each with eight syllables. The fifth syllable of each quarter should be short (laghu), the sixth long (d&rhga), and the seventh alternately long and short in the odd and even quarters. e.g. a classical example (gaItaa : 1.1)

Zama|xae%ae kÖòwóxaeó%ae samavaetaa yauòyauótsaòva: _

maamaka: paaNDòvaaóocaEóva ikmakÖva|taò sa>ójaòya __

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BOOK 1

LEARN TO READ & WRITE SANSKRIT

pa#ntau sa>s×tama`_ iLaSantau sa>s×tama`_ pat>hantu sam~skr<tam, likhantu sam~skr<tam.

It is hoped that, in order to receive full benefit of this work, you will follow this material step-by-step and page by page. Make sure that you understand all examples given at each step of this learning and teaching tool. Please note that the leatners are advised to consider the ‘examples’ given with each lesson as an ‘exercise,’ to see if they can translate the examples into Sanskrit themselves, before reading the Sanskrit translation or the English transliteration provided with each example. With this reason the exercises are kept at minimum, in order to avoid repetition in the book.

NOTE : MEANING OF ALL SANSKRIT VERSES is given in APPENDIX-9

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NOTE : MEANING OF ALL SANSKRIT VERSES is given in APPENDIX-9

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... 700 Pages