Document

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Aoyama, Bud. Scene at the welcome banquet held in honor of Sgt. Kuroki at mess hall. 24 Apr.

1944. Photograph. UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library. Volume 13 Section B WRA no. G-

525. Calisphere. Web. 11 Sept. 2013. <http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft829007mp/>.

This photograph was taken at the Heart Mountain Relocation Center when Ben Kuroki

was sent to encourage enlistment of Nisei. This is a primary source because the photo

was taken in April of 1944. I used this photograph in the header of my website.

Aoyama, Bud. Sgt. Ben Kuroki responding to a speech of welcome given by Project Director

Guy Robertson and representatives of the Community Council upon his arrival at Heart

Mountain. 24 Apr. 1944. Photograph. UC Berkeley, Bancroft Library. Volume 13

Section B WRA no. G-524. Calisphere. Web. 11 Sept. 2013.

<http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft829007mp/>. This photograph was taken when Ben

Kuroki was sent to encourage enlistment of Nisei at Heart Mountain. It is a primary

source linked by time and experience.

AP. An undated photo provided by the 442nd Veterans Club shows Inouye in uniform during

World War II. {c. 1940s}. Washington Post. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.

<http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sen-inouye-of-hawaii-dies-at-

88/2012/12/17/19bb6914-489a-11e2-ad54-580638ede391_gallery.html#photo=1>. This

photograph was included in the obituary is of Sen. Daniel K. Inouye. It shows him when

he was enlisted in the 442nd all Nisei regimental group. This is primary because it was

taken during WWII and relates to the 442nd.

Ben Kuroki: AVC Tribute Video. American Veterans Center. American Veterans Center, Web.

13 Sept. 2013. <http://www.americanveteranscenter.org/2013/07/ben-kuroki/?

doing_wp_cron=1379084896>. This video clip narrated by Ben Kuroki explained why he

felt a responsibility to serve after the Pearl Harbor attacks. I used a clip in my website.

Connected by experience, it is a primary source.

Ben Kuroki on his 59th mission. {c. 1945}. PBS Most Honorable Son. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.

<http://www.pbs.org/mosthonorableson/59mission.html>. This is an image with a quote

from Ben Kuroki's about his 59th mission. This is used in my website, and is a primary

source, because it was stated by Mr. Kuroki.

Exec. Order No. 9066. 3 C.F.R. 1942 National Archives. Web. 1 Oct. 2013.

<http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/?dod-date=219>. This is the

Executive Order that relocated over 100,000 Japanese Americans after the bombing of

Pearl Harbor. This is a primary source because it was written in 1942.

Hirabayashi, Grant. Asia Pacific American Program in East Room of White House on May 10,

2007. Japanese American Veterans Association. Terry Shima, 18 May 2007. Web. 4 Apr.

2014. <http://javadc.org/Press%20release%2005-18-07%20Nisei%20WWII%20Veterans

%20Recognized%20by%20Pres%20Bush.htm>. This photograph of Nisei WWII

veterans shows their belated recognition for brave service. Ben Kuroki was given a front

row seat. The photograph appears on my site. It is primary because these men served in

WWII, so they are related by direct experience.

Inouye, Daniel K., Senator. "Pearl Harbor." 1941. Eyewitness to America. Ed. David Colbert.

New York: Pantheon, 1997. 398-403. Print. This eyewitness account helped me

understand why Inouye quit his studies to become a doctor to join the 442nd Regiment.

Like Ben Kuroki, he wanted to prove his loyalty. The account is a primary source

connected by time and experience.

Kuroki, Ben. Letter to the author. 8 Nov. 2013. TS. This letter was a reply to my letter to Mr.

Kuroki. It helped me appreciate his quiet heroism, because at age 96 he took the time to

carefully type me a response and send me information helpful to my research. This is a

primary source because it was written by Kuroki. It appears on my website.

Lange, Dorothea. Instructions to All Persons of Japanese Ancestry. 1942. Library of Congress,

Washington. Story Culture. Web. 8 Apr. 2014.

<http://www.storyculture.com/blog/2008/03/dorothea-lange.html>. This photograph

appears on the internment page of the site. It helped me understand the impact of

Executive Order 9066 on Japanese Americans living on the West Coast. It is primary

because of the time and experience connection.

Manbo, Bill. Billy Manbo, in Pilot Attire, Plays with a Model Airplane. c. 1943. Colors of

Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in

World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P,

2012. Print. This is a picture of the photographer's son wearing a pilot's uniform and

playing with a model airplane. This shows that even though Nisei lost rights when

interned, most displayed patriotism. This is a primary source linked by time.

- - -. Billy Manbo Poses in His Soldier Outfit with His Father's Model Racing Car. c. 1943.

Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American

Incarceration in World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of

North Carolina P, 2012. 17. Print. This photograph of Billy Manbo dressed in a soldier

uniform shows his patriotism. It helped me understand the desire of Nisei to serve,

despite the loss of rights through internment. This is a primary source because it is related

by time.

- - -. A Boy Scout, and behind Him a Drum Majorette, at the Head of a Parade. C. 1943. Colors

of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in


2012. 51. Print. This photograph sheds light on daily activities of internees. This

photograph is powerful because a Boy Scout is the main focus. He holds a huge

American flag showing his patriotism. This is primary because it is related by time.

- - -. Boy Scouts Carry the American Flag and Their Scouting Banners in a Parade past the

High School. c. 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of

Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L.

Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 53. Print. This photograph shows that

even though Japanese Americans were prisoners in a camp, many continued to show

respect for their country. This is primary source related by time.

- - -. Lights Coming in the Camp Just after Sunset. c. 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare

Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill

T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 63. Print. This

photograph shows the Heart Mountain Internment Camp just after sunset. It helped me

understand the isolation of the camps. It is a primary source due to the link to time.

- - -. Mary and Billy Manbo Look out over the Camp Form a Rocky Outcropping toward the

Distant Big Horn Mountains. C. 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome

Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill T. Manbo.

Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 35. Print. This photograph

show Bill Manbo's children looking at the Heart Mountain Camp. Little Billy wears his

military hat and pilot's jacket. It shows that the family continued to show patriotism

despite their loss of rights through internment. This photograph is primary due to the time

relationship.

- - -. One of the Fifteen Guard Towers at Heart Mountain Stands Atop a Hill Overlooking a

Residential Area. c. 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of

Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L.

Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 45. Print. This photograph of a guard

tower shows how the rights of Japanese American's were violated in internment camps.

The use of guard towers shows the depth of distrust of other Americans toward those who

had Japanese ancestry. This photograph is primary because it is related by time. I used

this in my website.

- - -. A Panorama of the Camp Shot from a Ridge at Its Western Edge. c. 1943. Colors of

Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in


2012. 65. Print. This photograph is looking in the distance of the Heart Mountain

Internment camp. It helped me see the isolation of the camp and emphasized the paranoia

resulting from the bombing of Pearl Harbor and Executive Order 9066 which placed

camps in areas previously unpopulated. This is primary by the relation of time, and I used

this in my website.

- - -. Send off of 434 Prisoners at Heart Mountain. 1932. Colors of Confinement: Rare

Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. Ed. Eric

L. Muller. Chapel Hill: Univ. Of North Carolina, 2012. 13. Print. This photograph is of a

group of about 4,000 people gathered at the Heart Mountain High School for a send off

of 434 prisoners considered "disloyal." It helped me understand the depth of distrust of

Japanese Americans after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. This is primary because of time

relationship.

- - -. A Splash of a Diver Can Be Seen in Heart Mountain's Swimming Hole, Dug by Prisoners in

Late 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese

American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel

Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 30. Print. This photograph shows how the Heart

Mountain Relocation Center was so lacking in accommodations that the prisoners

themselves had to build a swimming hole for enjoyment. This photograph is a primary

source because it is related by time. I used this in my website.

- - -. The View up Avenue E toward Heart Mountain. c. 1943. Colors of Confinement: Rare

Kodachrome Photographs of Japanese American Incarceration in World War II. By Bill

T. Manbo. Ed. Eric L. Muller. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2012. 36. Print. This

photograph shows many buildings leading up to the high school of Heart Mountain. It

helped me visualize the temporary nature of the facility due to its quick construction after

Executive Order 9066. This is primary because it is related by time. I used this in my

website.

Most Honorable Son: B-24 Mission List, 1942-43. Most Honorable Son: B-24 Mission List.

Web. 12 Sept. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/mosthonorableson/b24missionlist.html>. This

is a photograph of Ben Kuroki's flight record. This is a primary source because it gives an

insight to how many hours he had on a B-24 in WWII.

Nakamoto, Stan. "Go For Broke!" 1944. Eyewitness to America. Ed. David Colbert. New York:

Pantheon, 1997. 424-25. Print. In this account Nakamoto recalls the 442nd Regimental

Combat Team's rescue of 275 Texan soldiers surrounded by Germans near hill 617 in

Biffontaine, France. It helped me appreciate the brave and dedicated service of this all

Nisei unit, despite the violation of the rights of Nisei in internment camps. Connected by

time, it is a primary source.

Tateishi, Yuri. "Evacuation to Manzanar." 1942. Eyewitness to America. Ed. David Colbert. New

York: Pantheon, 1997. 406-08. Print. In this account recalling his family's forced

relocation to Manzanar Internment Camp, Tateishi recalls, "You felt like a prisoner...kept

inside a barbed wire fence..." It helped me understand the loss of all rights experienced

by those interned. Connected by time, it is a primary source.

Tully, Grace. "Pearl Harbor News Reaches FDR." 1941. Eyewitness to America. Ed. David

Colbert. New York: Pantheon, 1997. 403-08. Print. Grace Tully was FDR's secretary. In

this account, she recalls events leading up to her taking dictation from FDR for the

message he delivered to Congress on December 8. 1941, following the bombing of Pearl

Harbor. A primary source connected by time, it helped me understand the shock felt at

the highest levels.

"U.S., BRITISH NAVIES BATTLE JAPS AS TOKYO DECLARES WAR ON AMERICA;

ROOSEVELT BEFORE CONGRESS TODAY." Intelligencer Journal: Lancaster New

Era Sunday News [Lancaster] 8 Dec. 1941, eastern ed., Front Page. Print. This Sunday

newspaper headline was printed the day after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. It gave

historic perspective and helped me imagine what people in my local area might have

thought after the bombing. This is primary because of time and connection.

Vandament, Luke. Letter to Ben Kuroki. 29 Oct. 2013. TS. I wrote a letter to Ben Kuroki to

establish contact in hopes of an interview. This is a primary source because it established

a direct connection to Ben Kuroki.

"WAR EXTRA: ENEMY AIRPLANES OVER CALIF.; NOT RESISTED; HUNT CARRIER."

Intelligencer Journal: Lancaster New Era Sunday News [Lancaster] 9 Dec. 1941, Eastern

ed., Front Cover. Print. The Lancaster Sunday News published this "War Extra" after the

Pearl Harbor attacks. It helped me understand what people in the area where I live might

have thought about Japanese Americans after the attacks. This is a primary source

because it is related by time.

War Relocation Auth. Japanese Internment Camp Population Study. Table. Old Magazine

Articles. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. <http://oldmagazinearticles.com/Japanese-

American_Internment_Camp_Population_Study>. This chart gives data about the

population of Japanese Americans in internment camps from January to June of 1944.

This is a primary source because it is related by time.

"WRECKAGE LEFT BY JAPANESE BOMBS IN HAWAII." Intelligencer Journal: Lancaster

New Era Sunday News [Lancaster] 17 Dec. 1941, eastern ed., Front Page. Print. This

edition of the Lancaster New Era's front page shows the wreckage left by Japanese in

Pearl Harbor. Because this paper is still published in my region of PA, it helped me

understand the negative reaction some local people might have had to Japanese

Americans. This is primary because it is related by time.

Secondary Sources

The 442nd. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. <http://442nd.weebly.com/interviews.html>. This website is

about the 442nd all Nisei fighter group. It gave me a background information along with

pictures, and interviews and is a secondary source.

Academy of Achievement. American Academy of Achievement. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.

<http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ino0bio-1>. This website provided

background information of the all Nisei 442nd combat team. I used this source to gain a

knowledge about how heroic all those men fought and why they were the most decorated

unit in all of WWII. This website is secondary, because it is not linked by time.

"Broadsheet I, 1800's to Pearl Harbor." Japanese-American Internment: The Bill of Rights in

Crisis. By Leona Hiraoka and Ken Masugi. Amawalk: Golden Owl Pub., 1994. N. pag.

Print. This source provided background information on the history of Japanese

Americans from the early 1800's to December 7th 1941. It provided historic context and

perspective. Written after the events, it is a secondary source.

"Broadsheet II, From Pearl Harbor to Executive Order 9066." Japanese-American Internment:

The Bill of Rights in Crisis. By Leona Hiraoka and Ken Masugi. Amawalk: Golden Owl

Pub., 1994. N. pag. Print. This source provided background information on the events

after December 7th 1941 to February 13 1942 when Executive Order 9066 was signed.

This is a secondary source because it is no linked by time or experience.

"Broadsheet III, Life in the Camps." Japanese-American Internment: The Bill of Rights in Crisis.

By Leona Hiraoka and Ken Masugi. Amawalk: Golden Owl Pub., 1994. N. pag. Print.

This source looked at life in the camps after Executive Order 9066. It explained how

assembly centers, relocation centers, and internment camps were different. Written more

than 50 years after internment, it is a secondary source

"Broadsheet IV, Split Decisions: Americans of Japanese Ancestry Go to Court." Japanese-

American Internment: The Bill of Rights in Crisis. By Leona Hiraoka and Ken Masugi.

Amawalk: Golden Owl Pub., 1994. N. pag. Print. This source documented the aftermath

of mistreatment of Japanese Americans and how they went to court during WWII. This

was written after the fact, therefore it is secondary.

"Broadsheet V, Affirming Loyalty." Japanese-American Internment: The Bill of Rights in Crisis.

By Leona Hiraoka and Ken Masugi. Amawalk: Golden Owl Pub., 1994. N. pag. Print.

This source showed how the Japanese Americans after the bombing of Pearl Harbor were

very suspicious of anything and this source goes into detail about how they try affirm

their loyalty to show their patriotism. This was printed many years later, so it’s

secondary.

Carnes, Jim, Harry A. Blackmun, and Herbert Tauss. "Home Was a Horse Stall." Us and Them:

A History of Intolerance in America. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. 92-101. Print. This

story focused on relocation of families through Executive Order 9066. It helped me

understand that some families were temporarily moved to horse stalls at race tracks while

camps were being built. This is a secondary source because it was written after the

relocation.

"Executive Order 9066: Japanese Relocation Order." Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents

from the National Archives. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003. 178-79. Print. This introduction

gave me background information on the relocation of Japanese in the entrance of World

War II. This source is secondary because it is only background information on Executive

Order 9066, not the actual document.

"Japanese-American Internment Camps." Japanese-American Internment Camps. N.p., n.d.

Web. 15 Oct. 2013. <http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/camp.html>. This

website had information about the aftermath of Executive Order 9066. I found a glossary

that I included in my website. The source is secondary because it was created after the

period of research.

"Japanese Americans Interned during World War II." Multicultural Milestones in U.S. History.

Ed. Stephen Lewin and Francie Holder. Volume 2 ed. Upper Saddle River: Globe Fearon

Educational, 1995. 74-82. Print. This source showed significant importance to the

internment of Japanese internment. This is a secondary source because it gave

background information.

Lukesh, Jean A., Dr. Lucky Ears the True Story of Ben Kuroki. Grand Island/Palmer, NE: Field

Mouse Productions, 2010. Print. I used this book to get background information of Mr.

Kuroki during the beginning stages of WWII. This book is not related by time so this is a

secondary source.

"Most Honorable Son." Most Honorable Son. Ed. Public Broadcasting Service. PBS. Web. 12

Sept. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/mosthonorableson/>. This website was linked to the

PBS documentary of the same title. It is a secondary source because it gives background

information. This website provided a timeline that gave historical context.

"Most Honorable Son." Prod. KDN Films et al. Narr. Lane Nishikawa. PBS Home Video. Dir. Ed

Moore. 2006. 17 Sept. 2006. DVD. I acquired this video on the PBS website. The video

gave background information on two different histories- the U.S. air war and the

Japanese-American experience. This movie gives background information. It helped me

understand the responsibilities of airmen and how the rights of Japanese-Americans were

stripped. Even though there are primary sources in the movie, this is a secondary source.

Richter, Bob, ed. Nebraska Aviation Hall of Fame. Official Nebraska Government Website, n.d.

Web. 13 Sept. 2013. <http://www.aero.state.ne.us/bkuroki.htm>. This website provided

background information on Ben Kuroki as a member of Nebraska's Aviators Hall of

Fame. This is a secondary source published long after the period of research.

SENATOR DANIEL K. INOUYE, AMERICAN PATRIOT AWARD RECIPIENT, DIES AT

88. National Defense University Foundation. NDU Foundation, 2012. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.

<http://www.ndufoundation.org/NewsAlumniHeadlinesDec2012>. This gave me

background information on Inouye. This is a secondary source because it is not linked by

time or experience.

Stanley, Jerry. I Am an American: A True Story of Japanese Internment. New York: Crown,

1994. Print. This source provided me with quotes from California newspapers and Lt.

Gen. John L. DeWitt. It helped me understand the reactions that led to Executive Order

9066. It is a secondary source because I used it for quotes and background information.

Stewart, Carroll “Cal”. Most Honorable Son Ben Kuroki. PBS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Sept. 2013.

<http://www.ploesti.com/Kuroki%20Book%202-10.pdf>. This is a digital copy of a

pamphlet Mr. Kuroki mailed to me. I read the background information, so it is a

secondary source.