51 Questions Final Year

8/13/2019 51 Questions Final Year

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Study EQ Tip 11 (Indian Seismic Codes), EQ Tip 13 (Masonry Buildings

Structural Configuration), EQ Tip 14 (Horizontal BandsMasonry

Buildings), EQ Tip15 (Vertical ReinforcementMasonry Buildings), EQ

Tip16 (Stone Masonry Buildings), EQ Tip 20 (Beam Column Joints RCBuildings)

Assignment Marks: 15

15 Questions will be asked from every student and each question will be of 1

Mark Each.

1. What is strong-column weak beam theory?It is preferable to control inelasticity in columns, tothe extent possible, while dissipating most of the energy through yielding of the beams. This is

known as the strong-column weak-beam concept.

2. What is Impact Echo?Impact echo is the method for detecting discontinuities within thethickness of a wall.

3. What is an Active Fault? An active fault is the one that is likely to have another earthquake insome time in near future. Faults are generally considered to be active if they have moved one or

more times in the past.

4. What are dip slip faults? Dip slip faults are inclined fractures where the blocks have mostlyshifted vertically. They are mainly of two types; normal and reverse.

5. What do you mean by Interplate and Intraplate? Interplate pertains to process within theearths crustal plates. Intraplate refers to movement within plates.

6. What do you mean by the term Isoseismal? A contour or line on a map bounding points ofequal intensity for a particular earthquake.

7. Oceanic Trench Oceanic trench is a linear depression of the sea floor caused by seduction of oneplate under another.

8. Plate Tectonics It is a theory that considers earths crust and upper mantle to be made ofseveral large, thin, relatively rigid plates that move relative to one another.

9. Sand Boil Sand and water that come out onto the ground surface during an earthquake as aresult of liquefaction at a shallow depth.

10. Continental Drift: The horizontal movement of a crustal plate composed of both oceanic and continentalcrust: e.g. the Indian plate moved north and collided with the Asian plate; western Europe created by the

collision of a half dozen small continental plates

11.Subsidence: It is a type of ground failure that may result from earthquakes and calledsubsidence or vertically downward earth movement caused by reduction in soil water pressure.

12.Liquefactionis a type of ground failure which occurs when saturated soil loses its strength andcollapses or becomes liquefied.

13.Subduction: The process of one tectonic plate getting under another is called subduction.


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14.What is Seismic Hazard Analysis? Seismic Hazard Analyses involves the quantitative estimationof ground motion characteristics at a particular site. They may be estimated probabilistically or

deterministically.

15.What is Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis(DSHA)? DSHA involves the assumption ofoccurrence of an earthquake of a particular size at a particular location and based on these

assumption ground motion characteristics are determined.

16.What is Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)? PSHA allows uncertainties in the size,location, and effects of earthquakes to be explicitly considered in the evaluation of seismic

hazards. The accuracy of PSHA depends on the accuracy with which uncertainty in size, location,

recurrence, and effects of an earthquake can be characterized.

17.What do you mean by Soil Structure Interaction?The process, in which the response of the soilinfluences the motion of the structure and the response of the structure influences the motion

of the soil, is called soil-structure influence.

18.What is difference between Design Spectra and Response Spectra?Response Spectra fromEarthquake are highly irregular; their shapes reflect the details of their specific frequency

contents and phasing. Design Spectra are smooth and are usually determined by averaging or

enveloping the response spectra of multiple motions.

19.What is Steady State of Deformation of Soil?The state in which soil flows continuously underconstant shear stress and constant effective confining pressure at constant volume and constant

volume and constant velocity is called Steady State of Deformation of Soil

20.What is Flow Liquefaction?Flow Liquefaction can occur when the static shear stress in aliquefiable soil deposit is greater than the steady state strength of the soil. It can occur only in

loose soils.

21.What is Cyclic Mobility?It occurs when the static shear stress is less than the steady-statestrength and the cyclic shear stress is large enough that the steady-state strength is exceeded

momentarily. It can occur in both the dense and loose sands.

22.How do we judge liquefaction susceptibility of a soil?It can be judged on the basis of historical,geological, compositional, and state considerations of the soil.

23.When do liquefaction flow failures occur?Such failures can occur when static shear stressesexceed the shear strength of a liquefied soil. Such situations can arise after an earthquake.

24.Name different Seismic Codes followed by the BIS IS 4326, 1993, IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, IS13827, 1993, IS 13828, 1993, IS 13935, 1993, and IS 13920, 1993.

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Strong Motion Terminology

25.What is Peak Horizontal Acceleration PHA is the most commonly used measure of the intensityof shaking at a site and is taken to be the largest absolute value of the horizontal acceleration

recorded at the site.

26.What is v/a Ratio? The v/a ratio is related to the frequency of content of the earthquakemotion. The v/a ratio for rocky sites is substantially lower than those for alluvium.


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27.Ad/v2 Ratio This particular ratio is the ratio of peak accelerationdisplacement product to thesquare of the peak velocity and is related to the sharpness and flatness of the response

spectrum. For harmonic motions, this ratio is unity and for steady statestate square

acceleration wave, it is 0.5. For most earthquake motions this ratio ranges between 5-15.

28.Duration of Strong Motion It is the time interval in which 90% of the total contribution to theenergy of the accelerogram takes place. Usually the time interval between 5% and 95%

contributions is taken as the strong motion duration.

29.Power Spectrum The power spectrum is an alternate representation of the frequency content ofa time history. It is closely related to the Fourier amplitude spectrum of the record as:

S(w) = 1/2T * E [|X w|2]

S(w) = Power Spectrum |X w| = Fourier Amplitude Spectrum E = expectation

operator T = duration of the record

30.Response Spectrum Response Spectrum is a way of representation of effect of groundacceleration on structures. It reflects content, amplitude of ground motion and effect of

subsequent filtering by the structure.

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31.What are different types of Earthquakes? Shallow focus earthquakes (depth of focus 300km)

32.Explain the concept of Ductile Chain Design?33.What is difference between Intensity and Magnitude of an Earthquake?34.

What is Design Spectrum? Design spectrum is a smooth response spectrum specifying level ofseismic resistance required for design. Design Spectrum is a specification of the required

strength of the structure.

35.What is Degree Of Freedom of a Structure/System?36.Mathematical Modeling of a Structure? Study of dynamic behavior of a structure under

dynamic loading such as blasts, winds, earthquakes, heavy rotating machines etc. in a

mathematical form is called Mathematical Modeling.

37.Linear Static Analysis or Equivalent Static Analysis can be used for regular structure withlimited height. Non Linear Static Analysis is an improvement as it allows the inelastic behavior of

the structure to be studied.

38.What is code based Methods for Seismic Design Ductility Based Design, Capacity based Design,Energy based design, and Lateral Strength Based design.

39.What do you understand by Base Isolation?40.What are methods for Seismic Evaluation Capacity or Demand based method, push over

analysis method, inelastic time history method

41.What is Soft Storey Failure? A soft story building is a multi-story building with one or morefloors which are soft due to structural design. These floors can be especially dangerous in


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earthquakes, because they cannot cope with the lateral forces caused by the swaying of the

building during a quake. As a result, the soft story may fail, causing what is known as a soft story

collapse.

Soft story buildings are characterized by having a story which has a lot of open space. Parking

garages, for example, are often soft stories, as are large retail spaces or floors with a lot ofwindows.

42.What is diaphragm discontinuity? The diaphragm is a horizontal resistance element thattransfers forces between vertical resistance elements. The diaphragm discontinuity may occur

with abrupt variations in stiffness, including those having cut-out or open areas greater than

50% of the gross enclosed diaphragm area.

43.Moment Resisting Frames Beams and columns with moment resisting connections; resist lateralforces by flexure and shear in beams and columns. These develop ductility by flexural yielding of

beams, shear yielding of column panel zones, flexural yielding of columns.

44.What are Shear Walls?45.What is DBE and MCE? DBE stands for Design based earthquake and it is the maximum

earthquake that reasonably can be expected to experience at the site once during lifetime of a

structure. The earthquake corresponding to the ultimate safety requirement is commonly called

Maximum Considered Earthquake.

46.What is SSE, MPE, and OBE SSE stands for Safe Shutdown Earthquake, Maximum ProbableEarthquake for MPE, and Operating Basis Earthquake for OBE.

47.What are factors affecting ductility?48.Assumptions made during mathematical modeling of a structure?a) Entire mass of the structure is concentrated at the slab level and serves as the storage for

kinetic energy.b) Beam/slab is indefinitely rigid and entire lateral deformation is due to flexural deformations in

columns.

c) Joints are assumed to be rigid as the relative rotation between the beam and the column at thejoint will be negligible.

49.What is Elastic Rebound Theory?50.What is a Stone Column?51.What do you understand by Soil Stabilization?

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51 Questions Final Year